Horticultural Systems and Practices to Facilitate Mechanization in Apples and Pears

Transcription

1 Horticultural Systems and Practices to Facilitate Mechanization in Apples and Pears Stefano Musacchi WSU-TFREC, Wenatchee, WA WSHA December 2 nd, 2014 Orchard issues: cultivarsandhabitus, rootstocks, vigor, orchard design, fruit quality, color andhomogeneity of the fruit distribution, mechanization Template C Plain-crimson-bright 1

2 Different apple need RED DELICIOUS GOLDEN DELICIOUS GALA (bicolor) GRANNY SMITH Apple habitus 4 Lespinasse, 1980 Template C Plain-crimson-bright 2

3 PASSA CRASSANA (1885) ANJOU(1800) WILLIAM (1765) BLANQUILLA (<1700) ROCHA(1836) Pear cultivars CONFERENCE (1885) DECANA DEL COMIZIO (1849) ABATE FETEL (1876) KAISER( 1830) MAX RED BARTLETT (1938) Pear fruit-bud models Type 1 Bartlett. 2-year-old branch with brindilla and spurs Type 2a Doyenné du Comice. 2-year-old branch with brindles 2a Type 2b - Abbè Fétel. 2-years-old branch with spurs 1 2b Type 3 Conference. 2-years-old branch with spurs 3 Type IV Beurré Bosc. 2-year-old branch with spur and short brindilla Type V - Passe Crassane. 4-year-old branch with spur 4 5 Sansavini 1966 a e b Template C Plain-crimson-bright 3

4 Orchard issues: cultivarsandhabitus, rootstocks, vigor, orchard design, fruit quality, color andhomogeneity in the fruit distribution in the canopy, mechanization Main Apple Rootstocks New rootstocks are under evaluation in Europe. M9 337 is the most important rootstock utilized. Template C Plain-crimson-bright 4

5 Geneva Apple Rootstocks by Tree Size Bud 118 Seedling Mark B.9 M.9 (Small) T337 M.9 (Large) Pajam 2, EMLA Nic29 M.26 M.7 MM % 30-35% 35-40% 40-50% 50-75% >75% G.11 G.41* G.16 G.210* G.214* G.222 G.935 G.30 G.202 G.890* G.969 Fire blight resistant Replant tolerant * Wooly apple aphid resistant Modified for Washington State conditions after Terence Robinson, Cornell-Geneva; Gennaro Fazio, USDA-ARS Geneva 9 MAIN PEAR ROOTSTOCKS VIGOUR SPECIES CLONE Dwarfing Cydonia oblonga EM C, Adams, MH and Sydo Pyrodwarf Medium vigour Cydonia oblonga Cts 212, MA and BA29 Vigorous (Seedling) Pyrus communis BP1, Fox 9 and Fox11 Pyrus communis BP2 BP3 Farold 40, 69, MC Adams MH Sydo MA BA29 Fox11 Seedling Template C Plain-crimson-bright 5

6 Orchard issues: cultivarsand habitus, rootstocks, vigor, orchard design, fruit quality, color andhomogeneityof the fruit distribution mechanization Effect of root pruning on tree vigour less uptake of water less uptake of nutrients changing the hormonal balance less cytokinines reduced shoot growth flower buds induction Template C Plain-crimson-bright 6

7 Root pruning: lateral pruning in winter (February) Root pruning: vertical pruning in winter Template C Plain-crimson-bright 7

8 Root pruning effects Control Two sides pruned in winter Orchard issues: cultivarsandhabitus, rootstocks, vigor, orchard design, fruit quality, color andhomogeneity of the fruit distribution, mechanization Template C Plain-crimson-bright 8

9 Training system and planting density Classic vase Central leader Varietà Forma di allevamento Densità Produzione (media anni) Variety Training system Planting density Yield (average years) (tree/ha) Alberi/ha Kg/albero kg/tree McIntosh/MM111 Vaso aperto Central leader Palmette leader Lasko et al., 1989 Ferree(1980) collected more productive efficiency with Palmette (1,121 tree/ha) than Slender Spindle (2,151 tree/ha), mini central leader (795 tree/ha) and pyramid (425 tree/ha). Palmette Training system and planting density Training systems development Spindle-bush Slender spindle Superspindle or vertical axis Tatura trellis Y V Bi-axis Template C Plain-crimson-bright 9

10 Pear training system and planting distance (2013) Training system Spacing (m) Density (tree/ha) Density (tree/a) Cultivar Free Palmetta 3.6 x x 2.0 1,850 1, Main Slender spindle 3.5 x x 1.5 2,850 1,660 1, Main Vertical axes 3.5 x 0.7 4,080 1,651 Abbé Fétel/ Conference/ Doyenné du Comice/Bosc Y tatura 4.0 x x 1.2 Y longitudinal Bibaum 3,125 1,850 Main V system 3.5 x 0.7 4,081 1,652 Abbé Fétel/ Conference/ Doyenné. Bosc Very high density 3.3 x 1.0 3,030 1, ,226 V system intensive 3.5 x ,000 2,429 Abbé Fétel/ Conference/ Doyenné du Comice/ Bosc Main Vertical axis 3.0 x x ,000 13,000 4,453 5,263 Abbé Fétel Source: Rielaborated from Sansavini e Musacchi 2000 Template C Plain-crimson-bright 10

11 Fruit distribution in the canopy. Harvest is done by zone due to the different fruit distribution. Abbe Fetel self-rooted - Fruit distribution in the canopy 50,0 45, ,0 35,0 Kg/tree 30,0 25,0 20,0 15,0 10, ,0 0,0 Bottom Middle Top Total Yield :50.3 t/ha (20.36 tonne /A) Template C Plain-crimson-bright 11

12 Abbé Fétel -Top (2006) Fruit weight 308 Firmness 3.95 Brix 15.1 Acidity (ml NaOH/10) 5.07 ph 4.03 Abbé Fétel Middle(2006) Fruit weight 288 Firmness 3.74 Brix 14.1 Acidity (ml NaOH/10) 5.11 ph 3.78 Abbé Fétel bottom (2006) Fruit weight 241 Firmness 3.90 Brix 14.4 Acidity (ml NaOH/10) 4.77 ph 4.04 Main Training systems actually used: Slender spindle Solaxe- Centrifuge Bi-axis Template C Plain-crimson-bright 12

13 CRIPPS PINK/M9 - FERRARA PLANTING YEAR YEAR 2007 CRIPPS PINK: COMPARISON BEWTEEN SOLAXE (CENTRIFUGE) AND SLENDER SPINDLE IN THE PO VALLEY (FERRARA) C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 PINK LADY CRIPPS PINKLADY CRIPPS PINK LADY CRIPPS PINK PINK LADY CRIPPS PINK Template C Plain-crimson-bright 13

14 Cripps Pink: effect of fruit position in the canopy Bottom Middle Top SpindleFuji/M9 2 nd leaf 3.3 x 0.9 m (10.8 x 2.95 ) FUJI/PAJAM2 SPINDLE 2 nd leaf 3.3 x 0.9 m (10.8 x 2.95 ) Template C Plain-crimson-bright 14

15 Cripps Pink/M9 2 nd year BI-AXIS Spacing 3.3 x 1 m -Density 3,030 trees/ha (10.8 x 3.3 ) (1226 trees/a) Template C Plain-crimson-bright 15

16 Year of plantation Toshiro/M9 T337. Yield 2006 New ideas regarding tree shape include plants with 2 or 3 axis so as to divide the vigor over more branches. Tri-axis: 2,020 trees/ha Carmen Spindle: 3,788-3,030 Bi-axis: 3,030 trees/ha trees/ha Abbe Fetel Template C Plain-crimson-bright 16

17 Advantages and Drawbacks of Bi-axis High productivity Fruit distribution in the canopy is homogeneous Low pruning cost. Only few branches have to be bended Better vigor control esp. in the Po valley High level of mechanization: pruning and thinning Difficult to produce good tree in the nursery. Sometime the two axes present a different vigor. BIBAUM Double chip budding 2014 Stefano Stefano Musacchi Musacchi Trial: Location: Migliaro(Ferrara) Graft combination: Rosy Glow/M9T337 Training system: Bi-axes and Spindle Year of planting: 2006 Planting distance and density: Spindle: 3.3 x 0.8 m (3,788 trees/ha) 10.8 x 2.6 (1,534 trees/a) Bi-axis: 3.3 x 0.8 m (3,788 trees/ha) 10.8 x 2.6 (1,534 trees/a) Template C Plain-crimson-bright 17

18 Second Trial: Rosy Glow/M9 T337 Medelana(FERRARA) Planting year Productive and vegetative traits 2007 Training system Planting density (trees/ha) Planting density (trees/a) Fruit number Yield kg/tree Avr. fruit weight (g) TCSA (cm 2 ) Yield effic. (kg/cm 2 ) Calc. Yield (t/ha) Calc. Yield (tonne/a) Bi-axis 3,788 1, a 238 a 5.34 a Spindle 3,788 1, b 226 b 4.27 b Significance ns ns * * ns ns ns Bi-axes Planting density (trees/a) Fruit number kg/tree Avr. fruit weight (g) TCSA (cm 2 ) Yield effic. (kg/cm 2 ) Calc. Yield (t/ha) Calc. Yield (%) Large branch Small branch 1, b 2.07 b a 0.61 b , a 2.95 a b 1.37 a Significance * * ns * * Cumulated yield and the average fruit weight 60 yr 2009 yr 2010 Fruit weight Yield (kg/tree) b 22.8 a Fruit weight (g) Bibaum Spindle 100 Template C Plain-crimson-bright 18

19 Cumulated yield and the average fruit weight in the canopy Cumulated Yield (kg/tree) % 19.7 b 43.1% 73.5% 26.9 a Fruit weight 8g) Cumulated Yield Low Cumulated Yield High Fruit weight Low Fruit weight High % 14.9 a b 0 Bibaum Spindle 80 Fruit size distribution (%) (yrs ) % Bibaum Spindle mm 70 mm 75 mm 80 mm 85 mm % Bibaum Spindle mm 55 mm 60 mm 65 mm 70 mm 75 mm 80 mm 85 mm Template C Plain-crimson-bright 19

20 Fruit size distribution (%) in the canopy (yrs ) % mm 70 mm 75 mm 80 mm 85 mm low high low high % 56 Bibaum Spindle 50 mm 55 mm 60 mm 65 mm 70 mm 75 mm 80 mm 85 mm Low High Low High Bibaum Spindle Pear cv Abbé Fétel: 2 training systems and 4 quince rootstocks: Location: Ferrara Year of planting: 2006 Bi-axis (Bibaum ) Spindle Quince MC with Butirra Hardy interstem Quince BA29 Quince MH Quince Sydo Template C Plain-crimson-bright 20

21 Comparison between 2 training systems and 4 quince rootstocks: cumulated yield (kg/tree t/ha): 2-6 year ( ) (2nd leaf) 2008 (3rd leaf) 2009 (4th leaf) 2010 (5th leaf) 2011 (6th leaf) 43.2 a (130.9 t/ha) yield (kg/tree) a (108.7 t/ha) 13.1 (39.8 t/ha) 5.8 (17.6 t/ha) 30.8 b (93.4 t/ha) 11.4 (34.4 t/ha) 5.2 (15.8 t/ha) 8.8 a (26.6 t/ha) 7.7 b (23.4 t/ha) 25.9 c (78.4 t/ha) 10.6 (32.1 t/ha) 3.8 c (11.4 t/ha) 7.3 b (22.2 t/ha) 13.3 (40.2 t/ha) 7.4 a (22.5 t/ha) 10.7 a (32.3 t/ha) 7.8 a (23.7 t/ha) 34.1 b (103.3 t/ha) 12.7 (38.4 t/ha) 5.9 b (18.0 t/ha) 8.2 b (24.8 t/ha) 30.3 bc (91.7 t/ha) 12.5 (37.7 t/ha) 4.9 bc (14.7 t/ha) 6.8 b (20.6 t/ha) (18.6 t/ha) (17.1 t/ha) 3.5 c (10.6 t/ha) 1.6 (4.9 t/ha) 1.6 (4.9 t/ha) 0.8 b (2.4 t/ha) 7.1 a (21.5 t/ha) 4.1 a (12.5 t/ha) 0.6 b (1.9 t/ha) 1.0 b (3.0 t/ha) 5.2 b (15.7 t/ha) Bibaum Spindle BA29 BH-MC MH SYDO Fruit size distribution (%) (6 year ) < < Bibaum Spindle < < BA29 BH-MC MH SYDO Template C Plain-crimson-bright 21

22 Yield distribution on tree canopy: cumulated yield from 3 to 6 year ( ) yield low yield high fruit weight low fruit weight high a a 285 b 272 b 305 ab 299 a 328 a 308 a % 250 yield (kg/tree) % 19.1 a 63.8% 18.7 a 58.4% 24.0 a 56.4% 18.8 b 61.9% 18.1 b fruit weight (g) 14.6 b a 15.0 a 14.7 a 10.5 b 10.5 b 11.2 b 50 5 Bibaum Spindle BA29 BH-MC MH SYDO 0 Fuji: Other experience on Bi-axis tree Clone Site Planting year Kiku 8 Lugo (Ra) 2003 Plant. dist. & tree density Spindle 3.6 m x 1.0 m (2,778 trees/ha) 11.8 x 3.3 (1,127 trees/a) Plant. dist. & tree density Bi-axis 3.6 m x 1.2 m (2,315 trees/ha) 11.8 x 3.9 (937 trees/a) Fuji - Year 4 (Ravenna) Spindle Bi-axis Template C Plain-crimson-bright 22

23 Fuji (Ravenna): different overcolorin the bottom part of the tree Year 4 Spindle Bi-axis Fuji: Year 4 (Ravenna) -Data 2006 Shoots number at various tree heights (m) >2.4 b a P< b a P<0.01 Tree height layers (cm) b b a P<0.01 a P< Shoot number Bi-axis Spindle (Source: Dorigoni, 2008; Dorigoni et al., in press) Template C Plain-crimson-bright 23

24 Fuji: Year 4 (Ravenna) -Data year shoot lenght at various tree heights (m) >2.4 n.s. Tree height layers (cm) b b a a P<0.01 P< b a P<0.01 Bi-axis Spindle Length (cm) (Source: Dorigoni, 2008; Dorigoni et al., in press) Orchard issues: cultivarsandhabitus, rootstocks, vigor, orchard design, fruit quality, color andhomogeneity of the fruit distribution, mechanization Template C Plain-crimson-bright 24

25 12/2/2014 Example of fruit distribution in the tree canopy on the basis of the different training system. Abbé Fetel /MC - Training system: Spindle. Density: 3,571 tree/ha Planting distance: 3.50 x 0.80 m Abbé Fetel/Sydo - Training system 4 axes Density: 1,666 tree/ha Planting distance: 4.0 x 1.5 m (Ferrara. 2005) Abbé Fetél/ Sydo Y longitudinal - Bibaum Abbé Fetel /MC - Training system: vertical axes Density: 12,121 tree/ha Planting distance: 2.75 x 0.30 m Planting distance 3.5 x 1m Density 2,857 tree/ha. Year 7 Fruit distribution in the canopy. Spindle % of the fruit are located in the bottom part Template C Plain-crimson-bright 25

26 PROGETTO AGER INNOVAPERO Fruit distribution in I DA classes at harvest V/Sydo Bibaum/Sydo Fusetto/Sydo Fusetto/Adams Fusetto/MH spindle Harvest 2011 (30-31/8) (%) V/Sydo Bibaum/Sydo Fusetto/MH Fusetto/Adams Fusetto/Sydo < > ripening - Harvest 2012 (10-11/9) (%) < >2.10 MODI Yield (kg) per training systems per bearing wood b 2.8% % Farm M 2.41 b 23.0% b 3.9% % Kg/tree % Spur on branches (2-3-4) Shoot a 70.3% Brindilla Spur on axis % 0.00 Bi-axis Spindle Template C Plain-crimson-bright 26

27 Column-system of apple trees with up to 155 t / ha (62.8 tonne/a) (Geyzengeym Germany). Narrow canopy tree in Washington Template C Plain-crimson-bright 27

28 Orchard issues: cultivarsandhabitus, rootstocks, vigor, orchard design, fruit quality, color andhomogeneity of the fruit distribution, mechanization Flat canopy is the requirement for mechanical pruning Template C Plain-crimson-bright 28

29 NEW ORCHARDS Three- axis Two-axis Stefano Musacchi Bi-axis tree 58 Template C Plain-crimson-bright 29

30 Fruit wall? Concept of mechanization trimming Pommier, le Mur fruitier, 2002 A. Masseron MUR FRUITIER PRUNING Fruit wall? Concept of pruning 12 leaves pruning Summer 2-3 h/ha Pommier, le Mur fruitier, 2002 A. Masseron Winter manual pruning to integrate the mechanical Template C Plain-crimson-bright 30

31 Pruning basis AOC -Winter pruning by hand A= Affaisses = Sagging O= Oublies = Forget C= Concurrents = Competitor A C O Pommier, le Mur fruitier, 2002 A. Masseron Fruit wall - Filling surface 13,000 to 17,000 m 2 of surface per ha (25 fruits/m 2 ) 400,000 fruit /ha (161,900 fruits/acre) Template C Plain-crimson-bright 31

32 Front looping machine for orchards (hedging and topping) Pruning machine suitable for high density orchard. Vertical bar, up to 280 cm long with knife SCH, can be matched upper and lower top with tilting and hydraulic return. The max cutting diameter is 3cm. Apparato-taglio-per-CMA250.pdf Saw with bar and windows (different levels of cutting) Template C Plain-crimson-bright 32

33 Examples of mechanical pruning in apple Summer pruning 12 leaves Effect of mechanical pruning on flower bud formation Template C Plain-crimson-bright 33

34 Mattawa: Apple Mechanical pruning PINK LADY/M9-337 YEAR OF PLANTING: 2012 PLANTING DISTANCES = 3 ft X 10 ft overall row length: 1,200 ft Apple Mechanical pruning PINK LADY/M9-337 YEAR OF PLANTING: 2012 PLANTING DISTANCES = 3 ft X 10 ft overall row length: 1,200 ft 1313 trees/a row (avr. 3 reps) Mechanical summer pruning row (2 June 2014) avr. cut leaves kg/tree avr. cut wood kg/tree tot material removed kg/tree avr. numcut fruit /tree mechanical pruning time sec/tree Template C Plain-crimson-bright 34

35 Pink Lady 2014 harvest trt num fruit/tree net weight fruit (kg/tree) TCSA (cm 2 ) avr. fruit weight (g) yield efficiency (kg/cm 2 ) control 42 a 10.4 a 11.9 b a summer pruning 44 a 10.9 a 13.7 a ab winter pruning 34 b 9.0 b 12.4 b b significance *** *** ** ns ** Template C Plain-crimson-bright 35

36 Effects of mechanical pruning on fruit maturity/ripeness Fruit DA distribution according to pruning Control Summer Winter DA meter: non-destructive measure of absorbance related to chlorophyll levels DA Effects of mechanical pruning on fruit ripeness/maturity Starch index Winter 5.3 Control 5.8 Summer 6.4 Brix Titratable acidity Template C Plain-crimson-bright 36

37 Effects of mechanical pruning on fruit quality: color measurements Hue angle on reddest side of fruit Control Summer Winter Chroma on reddest side of fruit Control Summer Winter intensity, vividness Orchards mechanizations THINNING Template C Plain-crimson-bright 37

38 DARWIN 300 apparatus positioned in the front -right side of the tractor constituted by a rotating spindle on which are inserted numerous plastic whips (2 ftlong). a hydraulic motor rotates the spindle. the action of whipping whips makes flower buds drop. Darwin manages to thin a vegetative wall tall 9 ftwith a working capacity of 3 h / 5 acres. Apple mechanical thinning intervention date: 15/04/2010 corymb retracted 50-60% open flowers rotation: 240 rpm/min Speed: 6-7 km/h Template C Plain-crimson-bright 38

39 Effect of mechanical thinning over the cluster Effect of mechanical thinning over the cluster Template C Plain-crimson-bright 39

40 Gala: mechanical thinning Fruit Treatment Weight N fruit Stat. (Kg/tree) Stat. average (g) Stat. ATS 151,9 ab 21,4 a 142,6 ab Control 174,1 a 22 a 127,1 b Mechanichal thinning+ba 98,9 b 16,7 a 171,8 a Mechanical thinning 122,4 ab 17,6 a 148 ab ,1 a ,1 b 98,9 b 171,8 a ATS controllo diradamento meccanico+ba diradamento meccanico n frutti Frt number Kg/tree Avr. Frt wt (g) Peso alb.(kg) Peso medio (g) Source: Fondazione Navarra Orchards mechanizations Harvest Template C Plain-crimson-bright 40

41 Source: Template C Plain-crimson-bright 41

42 Mechanization Template C Plain-crimson-bright 42

43 Harvest THANK YOU!!! Thank you for your attention Template C Plain-crimson-bright 43