Garden insect pest management using chemical tactics: advanced training for Master Gardeners. Celeste Welty Ohio State University 2007

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1 Garden insect pest management using chemical tactics: advanced training for Master Gardeners Celeste Welty Ohio State University 2007

2 Chemical Control History Classification of insecticides available for garden food crops By origin Natural Synthetics By mode of action The OMRI list Data on efficacy against common pests

3 History of insecticides Sulfur, Homer 1000 BC Arsenic, China AD 900 Mineral oil for camel mange, 1300 Tobacco decoction on pears, 1690 Pyrethrum for fleas <1800 Paris Green (copper aceto-arsenite), 1867 Kerosene + soap, 1874 Lead arsenate, 1892 DDT, 1939

4 Insecticides, by Origin Minerals & elementals Oils & soaps Botanicals (plants) Diatomaceous earth Microbials Compounds derived from microbes Mimics of natural insect hormones Petroleum-based synthetic chemicals

5 Insecticides, by Mode of Action Nerve poisons Respiration disruptors Gut disruptors Insect growth regulators Suffocation agents Cuticle disruptors

6 Minerals & Elementals sulfur lime-sulfur kaolin ( Surround At Home ) iron phosphate (slug baits) boric acid (for indoor pests only)

sulfur Mostly for disease control Kills some mites & thrips ACTIVE INGREDIENT: Sulfur......................................90% INERT INGREDIENTS:........................... 10% TOTAL.

7 sulfur & $4 98 Dusting Sulfur lime-sulfur Use as a Dust or Spray! Controls Black Spot, Powdery Mildew, Leaf Spot, Rust and Brown Canker on Roses. Controls Listed Diseases & Insects on Shrubs, Flowers, Vegetables and Fruits. Controls Thrips, Rust Mites, Red Spider Mites and Two Spotted Mites on Citrus. Controls Chiggers. sulfur Mostly for disease control Kills some mites & thrips ACTIVE INGREDIENT: Sulfur % INERT INGREDIENTS: % TOTAL % KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN CAUTION See Back Panel For Additional Precautionary Statements NET WEIGHT 2 LBS. lime-sulfur Mostly for disease control on tree fruit Kills some scale insects

8 iron phosphate: slug bait

9 Surround on pumpkin

10 Surround on apple

11 Smothering agents Petroleum oil Soap (potassium salts of fatty acids)

12 Diatomaceous earth Silicon dioxide For indoor pests: sold alone For food crops: sold only in mix with pyrethrins + PBO prayer or other suitable 100 sq. ft. of area. C R A W L I N G I N S E C T Containing Diatomaceous Earth Effective Long Lasting When Kept Dry. Kills Cockroaches, Ants, Earwigs, Millipedes, Centipedes, Crickets, Silverfish, Fleas, Carpet Beetles, Bedbugs, Grasshoppers, Slugs and Other Crawling Insects. For Outdoor and Indoor Household Use. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS: Silicon dioxide, from diatomaceous earth % Other elemental oxides % INERT INGREDIENTS: % TOTAL INGREDIENTS: % KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN CAUTION See Back Panel for Additional Precautionary Statements. NET WEIGHT 5 LBS. (2.27 kg) Beetle, Cabbage th Larva, European ers, Leaftiers, Loopers, Weevils, Webworms ple Arrowroot, ot), Chervil (Turnip ish, Rutabaga, Salsify, ng but not limited to, dish, Rutabaga, Black n) and Shallot. Leafy antro, Corn Salad, k, Endive, Fennel, w Zealand), Swiss abbage, Chinese Greens. Legume oth Beans, Mung d Peas, Catjang, Beans), Guar, Jack Legume Vegetables, ed including any s, Peppers (Bell, Chili, r (Bitter Melon), neydew, Honey Balls, Fruit Flies, Japanese tals such as African a, Dogwood, Elm, e, Roses, Flies. Herbs and ary, Cumin, Curry Leaf, oyal, Rosemary, Rue, ops, such as illars, Corn Earworms, lies. Cereal Grains, e, Wheat and Wild ass, Gramineae Wheat and Wild Rice, s, including but not gots, Cabbage ant Worms, Japanese awberry Leaf Rollers, ats, Lemons, Limes, abapple, Loquat, Pear, es, Chickasaw Plum, erry, Currants, y. Subtropical dota, Black Mission, anate. Tree Nuts, Japanese ted, to Japanese en, Ginger, Ginseng, se Waxgourd. See side panel for additional precautions (See side of bottle) WARRANTY STATEMENT Seller warrants that this product conforms to the ingredient statement on the label. Since conditions of use, such as weather, compatibility with other chemicals, and conditions of application equipment will vary, seller makes no claims other than those stated on this label. CAUTION: Avoid conta USER SAFETY RECOMM clothing immediately if pest Wash outside of gloves be PERSONAL PROTECTIV and socks, and a dust/mist Follow manufacturer's instr detergent and hot water. K If Swallowed: Call a poiso 911 or an ambulance, then water for minutes. R treatment advice. Have the ENVIRONMENTAL HAZA from the treatment area. D residues on blooming crop STORAGE AND DISPOS of sunlight. Protect from mo disposal facility. Containe or, if allowed by State and l It is a violation of Federal workers or other persons, e your State or Tribe, consult AGRICULTURAL USE RE This standard contains req It contains requirements for pertaining to the statement this product that are covere (REI) of 12 hours. PPE req anything that has been trea GENERAL INFORMATIO greenhouses, up to and inc under the Worker Protectio long pants, waterproof glov Use Rates for the Fruits, upon the insect population. the plants be misted prior to Wettable Powder: Apply in of water or at a maximum o both the upper and lower le GRASSES, LAWNS, & TU per 1000 square feet of are hose-end sprayer for lawns the remaining water to the with a hand or power duste Use.6 oz. (4 tablespoons)

13 Insecticides from plants (botanicals) pyrethrum, from chrysanthemum azadirachtin, from neem tree rotenone, from cubé root capsaicin, from hot pepper garlic extract

14 Insecticides from plants (botanicals) limonene from citrus peels for indoor pests nicotine from tobacco sabadilla from seeds of tropical lily cancelled ryania from stems of So. American shrub cancelled

15 neem: azadirachtin & neem seed oil (7 brands)

16 Rotenone Dust, or mix with water to spray More effective as dust Very low toxicity to bees

17 Repellents from plants: capsaicin & garlic

18 Oils from plants example: Mite-X is cottonseed oil + clove oil + garlic oil

19 Pyrethrins = Pyrethrum? = Pyrethroids?

20 Pyrethrum: the raw natural product from dried flowers Dalmatian Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) Persian Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coccineum) Pyrethrins: the extracted active ingredients from pyrethrum pyrethrin I pyrethrin II cinerin I cinerin II jasmolin I jasmolin II Pyrethroids: synthetic mimics of pyrethrins

21 Pyrethrins + PBO* *PBO= piperonyl butoxide, a synergist

22 What s PBO? PBO = piperonyl butoxide A synergist When mixed with some insecticides, makes them more active Most common with pyrethrins Also used with pyrethroids, rotenone, & carbamates Prevents enzymes from detoxifying the a.i. before it acts on target site

23 Status of Pyrethrin Products Pyrethrins + PBO (piperonyl butoxide) Many brands through 2005 Far fewer brands starting in 2006 Pyrethrins + oil Common in shops in 2006 Pyrethrins + soap Common in shops in 2006 Pyrethrins (alone) Sold in larger packages For larger farms

24 Examples of pyrethrin products available Pyrethrins + PBO FoxFarm Don t Bug Me Spectracide Bug Stop For Gardens Pyrethrins + oil Garden Safe Fruit & Vegetable Insect Spray Garden Safe Houseplant & Garden Insect Spray Pyrethrins + soap Safer Tomato & Vegetable Insect Killer Safer Yard & Garden Insect Killer Pyrethrins (alone) MGK s PyGanic 1.4 EC

25 Microbial Insecticides Micro-organisms that cause disease in insects B.t. (bacterium) Beauveria (fungus) Nosema (protozoan) Viruses Nematodes Derived from micro-organisms spinosad (from actinomycete)

26 What is B.t.? A natural soil-borne bacterium Species: Bacillus thur in gi en sis produces crystal-like proteins that kill certain insects Produced by fermentation methods Discovered 1915; used since 1957

27 How does B.t. work? B.t. must be eaten by target insect B.t. contains toxins that are activated by insect s gut enzymes toxins paralyze insect s digestive tract feeding stops within 2 hours death takes 1-5 days

28 Bacteria for Insect Control B.T. = Bacillus thuringiensis B.t. kurstaki (caterpillars) B.t. aizawai (caterpillars) B.t. tenebrionis (certain beetle larvae) B.t. israelensis (mosquito larvae) Bacillus popillae (Milky Spore)

29 B.t. products Sprayable or dusts For caterpillars: DiPel, Thuricide For Colorado potato beetle: Potato Beetle Beater Transgenic crops Attribute sweet corn (5 acre minimum)

30 Sprayable B.t.: performance Sometimes erratic due to: Breakdown in U.V. light Reduced toxicity to older larvae Incomplete spray coverage Too long a spray interval Best if: Target young larvae Apply at 3-4 day intervals Get thorough coverage (lot of water)

31 Spinosad: more brands Dow: Entrust Fertilome: Borer, Bagworm, Leafminer & Tent Caterpillar spray GreenLight: Lawn & Garden Spray Spinosad Concentrate Monterey: Garden Insect Spray Gardens Alive: Bulls-Eye Bioinsecticide

32 Insecticides, by Mode of Action Suffocation agents (oils, soaps) Cuticle disruptors (diatomaceous earth) Respiration disruptors (rotenone) Gut disruptors (B.t.) Insect growth regulators (neem) Nerve poisons

33 Insect growth regulators Mimics of insect growth hormones juvenile hormone (neem) molting hormone chitin biosynthesis For control of caterpillars & other immature insects

34 Conventional petroleum-based synthetic insecticides: Nerve poisons 3 old classes: shrinking Organo-chlorines (2 a.i.s) Carbamates (1 a.i.) Organo-phosphates (3 a.i.s) 1 class: growing Pyrethroids (5 a.i.s) Other new classes: Neonicotinoids: 1 a.i. OK for commercial food crops & home ornamentals, but not yet for garden food crops

35 endosulfan (Thiodan) dicofol (Kelthane): Organochlorines concentrates

36 Carbamate carbaryl (Sevin) concentrate RTU

Organophosphates malathion For use on many

veg crops dimethoate (Cygon) For only a few

Systemic Insecticide Granules FOR ROSES,

.................100.00% U.S. Patent No.

37 Organophosphates malathion For use on many crops disulfoton (Di-Syston) For only a few veg crops dimethoate (Cygon) For only a few veg crops diazinon Not sold since 2001 Systemic Insecticide Granules FOR ROSES, SHRUBS, FLOWERS AND TOMATOES KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN WARNING $ 6 98 ACTIVE INGREDIENTS: 0-0-Diethyl S-2-(ethylthio) ethyl phosphorodithioate* % INERT INGREDIENTS % TOTAL % U.S. Patent No. 2,759,010 See back panel for additional warnings NET WEIGHT 1 LB.

38 Pyrethroids: 5 for food crops cyfluthrin esfenvalerate bifenthrin permethrin lambda- cyfluthrin cyhalothrin

39 Beware of similar names esfenvalerate bifenthrin

40 Comparison of 2 Bug-B-Gon Max Crop esfenvalerate bifenthrin Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower Yes, 3 d PHI Yes, 7 d PHI Cuke, squash, pumpkin Yes, 3 d PHI Yes, 3 d PHI Pepper, eggplant Yes, 7 d PHI Yes, 7 d PHI Tomato Yes, 1 d PHI Yes, 1 d PHI Sweet corn Yes, 1 d PHI Yes, 1 d PHI Snap beans, green peas Yes, 3 d PHI Yes, 3 d PHI Dry beans, dry peas Yes, 21 d PHI No Potato Yes, 7 d PHI No Radish, Carrot Yes, 7 d PHI No Collards Yes, 7 d PHI No Head lettuce No Yes, 7 d PHI Lima beans No Yes, 3 d PHI

41 Biorational insect control products Microbials that are host-specific Pheromones (for mating disruption) Insect growth regulators

42 OMRI: The Organic Materials Review Institute Used by certified organic growers List of products applied to crops Fertilizers Pesticides Two categories: Allowed Restricted

43 Insect control products on the OMRI List Behavioral control pheromone mating disruption Microbial control viruses B.t. (DiPel) Smothering agents soaps oils Nerve poisons spinosad (Entrust) pyrethrins (PyGanic) Repellents kaolin (Surround) neem garlic

quantified for chewing pests Residual tests Pests

44 Bioassays Basic set-up 8 oz deli dish Leaf sprayed both sides 24 & 48-hr mortality evaluation Damage quantified for chewing pests Residual tests Pests added after residue dry Direct tests Pests added before spray

45 Bioassays to test efficacy of garden insecticides % Mortality, for all pests Damage, for chewing pests Importance: #1: Prevention of damage #2: Death of pest

46 Bioassays pests 16 chemicals pests (4 repeats, 2 new) 2 more chemicals 3 more pyrethrins +/- PBO pests (2 repeats, 2 new) 1 more chemical

47 Conventional Products Tested Ingredient bifenthrin carbaryl cyfluthrin dicofol endosulfan esfenvalerate lambdacyhalothrin malathion Brand Ortho Bug-B-Gon Max Lawn & Garden Garden Tech Sevin Bug Killer Bayer Advanced Garden Power Force Hi-Yield Kelthane Spray Hi-Yield Thiodan Ortho Bug-B-Gon Max Garden & Landscape Spectracide Triazicide methoxyfenozide Dow Intrepid permethrin Bonide Malathion Insect Control Bonide Eight Garden & Home

48 Natural Products Tested Ingredient Brand azadirachtin B.T. capsaicin garlic extract neem seed oil oil (cottonseed + clove + garlic) Safer BioNeem Bonide Thuricide BT; GreenLight Dipel Dust Bonide Hot Pepper Wax Garlic Barrier Garden Safe Fungicide-3 Bonide Mite-X pyrethrins + PBO Schultz F&V Spray; Spectracide BugStop pyrethrins+ oil GardenSafe Fruit & Veg. Insect Spray pyrethrins+ soap Safer Tomato & Vegetable Insect Killer rotenone soap spinosad Bonide Rotenone Insect Control Garden Safe Insecticidal Soap Fertilome Borer, Bagworm,. Spray

49 Chewing pests

50 Most effective products at top of graph Sample of results Least effective products at bottom of graph Common for the most effective products to have both LOW damage & HIGH mortality

51 Striped cucumber beetle tested on pumpkin leaves, 7/5/05; 4 replicates/treatment, 5 beetles/replicate

52 Striped Cucumber Beetle tested on pumpkin leaves, 6/30/ replicates/treatment, 5 beetles/replicate Evergreen Schultz Veg Spray Garden Safe Veg Spray PyGanic PyGanic Safer Veg Killer

53 Striped Cucumber Beetle tested on pumpkin leaves, 9/25/ replicates/treatment, 3 beetles/replicate

54 Spotted cucumber beetle tested on pumpkin cotyledon & leaf, 8/22/05; 5 replicates/treatment, 5 beetles/replicate

55 Spotted cucumber beetle 2nd test with extra pyrethroids, tested on pumpkin leaves, 9/22/05; 5 replicates/treatment, 5 beetles/replicate

56 Spotted Cucumber Beetle tested on pumpkin leaves, 9/21/ replicates/treatment, 3 beetles/replicate

60 Blister Beetle tested on swiss chard leaves, 9/6/05 5 replicates/treatment; 2 beetles/replicate

62 Sucking pests

63 Two-spotted spider mite tested on snap bean leaves, 10/26/05; 3 replicates/treatment, 30 mites/replicate

64 Melon Aphid tested on pumpkin leaves, 10/5/05; 3 replicates/treatment, 10 aphids/replicate

65 Potato Aphid tested on tomato leaves, 10/3/ replicates/treatment, 10 aphids/replicate

66 Potato Leafhopper, nymphs tested on bean leaflet, 7/28/05; 3 replicates/treatment, 5 bugs/replicate

67 Squash bug, young nymphs tested on zucchini leaf & petiole, 8/27/05; 5 replicates/treatment, 5 bugs/replicate

68 Squash bug, adults tested on zucchini leaf & petiole, 9/19/05; 5 replicates/treatment, 3 bugs/replicate * * * Not registered for use on cucurbit crops

69 Squash bug adult nymph

70 3 replicates/treatment 3 bugs/replicate Harlequin Bug (on kale) nymph adult

71 Natural Enemies

72 Lady Beetle tested on broccoli leaves, 11/1/05; 3 replicates/treatment, 4 beetles/replicate

73 Efficacy of Pyrethrins Pyrethrins + PBO Very effective in field & lab tests Pyrethrins + oil Somewhat effective in lab tests Pyrethrins + soap Not effective in lab tests Field data needed!!

Field trial on snap bean Late planting (seed late August) Heavy beetle pressure Start sprays as soon as seedlings emerge Spray 10 times on 1- to 5-day schedule

74 Field trial on snap bean Late planting (seed late August) Heavy beetle pressure Start sprays as soon as seedlings emerge Spray 10 times on 1- to 5-day schedule Azadirachtin Capsaicin Garlic Neem seed oil Pyrethrins Rotenone Spray 5 times on 5- to 8-day schedule Spinosad Spray 4 times on 7- to 10-day schedule Carbaryl Permethrin Endosulfan

75 Field trial on snap beans (bean leaf beetle + spotted cucumber beetle)

76 Trends in efficacy spectrum Exc./Good Good/Fair Fair/Poor broad less broad narrow pyrethrins + PBO carbaryl esfenvalerate lambda-cyhalothrin cyfluthrin bifenthrin spinosad endosulfan rotenone dicofol soap oil permethrin malathion pyrethrins +oil B.T. neem seed oil azadirachtin capsaicin garlic pyrethrins +soap in red if on OMRI list

77 Conclusions: insecticide choices User s general preference Best bets Natural products only (OMRI)* 1) spinosad Natural products only (non- OMRI) Conventional products only Anything goes 2) soap 1) pyrethrins+pbo 2) rotenone esfenvalerate (Bug-B-Gon Max) pyrethrins+pbo * Note lack of effective beetle control product

78 Info on vegetable pest management on web site

Jerry Brust IPM Vegetable Specialist

Organic Vegetable Pest Management Jerry Brust IPM Vegetable Specialist Insects Numbers of species Bacteria and Fungi Animals Plants Other Arthropods Insects Metamorphosis: Complete Metamorphosis: Incomplete