Using IPM for Insect Pests in Organic Vegetable & Fruit Crops! Celeste Welty! Ohio State University! February 2011!
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1 Using IPM for Insect Pests in Organic Vegetable & Fruit Crops! Celeste Welty! Ohio State University! February 2011!
2 Integrated Pest Management (IPM)! What is it?! Principles?! Practices?! What are examples of how it is used in crop management?!
3 Integrated Pest Management (IPM)! Systems that reduce pest populations to tolerable levels using multiple tactics that are effective, economically sound, ecologically compatible.
4 Components of IPM! Multiple tactics! Preventive options! Remedial options! Monitoring! Scouting! Trapping! Action thresholds!
5 Insect Life Cycles: the search for a weak link!
6 Farm ecology: is food chain balanced or unbalanced?! producer (mustard) carnivores (parasitoid wasps) herbivore (cabbage maggot) herbivore (imported cabbageworm)
7 Issues of scale! crop diversity possible pests intensity of infestation tactics economics size large farms small farms gardens more monoculture more polyculture" Same Same Different Different Different
8 IPM Continuum! No!!!!! Intensive! Chemicals!!!Chemicals!
9 IPM uses a combination of tactics! Cultural *! Host Plant Resistance! Mechanical *! Biological *! Behavioral! Microbial *! Chemical *! Genetic! Regulatory!
10 Evaluate pest:! Pest Monitoring! presence/absence! abundance! life stage(s)! Evaluate damage! Evaluate natural enemies! Done so that current pest density can be compared with threshold density to determine need for control action!
11 Pheromone 1! 3! Traps! Sticky! 1 Open wing trap! 2 Closed wing trap! 3 Delta trap! 4 Scale trap! Bucket! 5 Unitrap trap! 6 Multi-Pher trap! Net/cone! 7 Heliothis trap! 8 stink bug trap! 5! 6! 8! 2! 4! 7!
12 Pheromone 1! 3! Traps! Sticky! 1 Open wing trap! 2 Closed wing trap! 3 Delta trap! 4 Scale trap! Bucket! 5 Unitrap trap! 6 Multi-Pher trap! Net/cone! 7 Heliothis trap *! 8 stink bug trap! 5! 6! 8! 2! 4! 7!
13 Cultural Controls! Minimize infestations by choosing appropriate crop management practices! Categories:! Crop selection! Crop location! Timing of operations! Field preparation! Crop maintenance!
14 Cultural Controls! Under-utilized tactics:! Delayed planting! Trap cropping! Combined delayed planting + trap cropping! Best as part of multi-tactic plan!
15 Delayed planting! Cucumber beetle! Problem if plant in late May! Less problem if plant in mid-june! Squash vine borer! Same! Bean leaf beetle! Peak populations in May, July! Fewer in June!
16 Trap cropping! Lure pest away from main crop to a more attractive crop! Once the pest infests trap crop:! Leave it (sacrifice)! or! Hand-pick pests from trap crop! or! Spray trap crop with insecticide!
17 Trap cropping examples! Main crop Trap crop Target pest cabbage collards diamondback moth cabbage kale harlequin bug cucumber hubbard squash cucumber beetles peppers sweet corn (late) Europ. corn borer potato eggplant Colo. potato beetle
18 Trap Crop Example! Collards around cabbage! Diamondback moth!
19 Trap Cropping Variations! Plant 2 crops (trap crop & main crop) at same time! Plant only 1 crop (main crop) but at 2 times: small amount early, & larger amount later! Gardens: trap crop can be a potted plant!
20 To weed or not to weed?! Some weeds act as trap crop! Smartweed in sweet corn for Japanese beetle! Weeds are alternate hosts of some pests! Remove horsenettle to control pepper maggot! Remove curly dock to control rhubarb curculio!
21 Cultural control: trade-offs! E.g. Straw Mulch! Benefits! Moisture retention! Weed suppression! Reduces soil splash! Reduces fungal spore dispersal! Makes some pest problems worse! E.g. cucumber beetles, slugs!
22 Mechanical Controls! Tactics to prevent or delay pests from infesting a site! Tactics not needed for purposes other than pest management! 2 types:! Exclusion! Removal!
23 Exclusion by barriers! Row covers **! Netting, screening! Paper bags! Localized shields! Copper barriers! Trenches (deep furrows)! Plant collars! Fences!
24 Row covers to exclude pests! Key pests! Worms on cole crops! Beetles on beans! Leafhoppers on beans! Disease vectors:! Beetles on cucumbers (before flowering)! Aphids! ʻSuper-light insect barrierʼ! Gardens Alive: $9. (8ʼ x 20ʼ)! Johnnyʼs: $20. (10ʼ x 50ʼ)!
25 Mechanical Control by Removal! Removal trapping! Removal by vacuum! Removal by hand *!
26 Removal by hand! Recommended for growers who do not want to use insecticides! Target pests:! Conspicuous pests! Pests not too active! In relatively restricted area!
27 Removal by beating/shaking/ knockdown Hold bucket under plant! Tap plants with broom! Kill the pests (mechanically)! Repeat daily! Works for Colorado potato beetle!
28 Removal by aspirator! Aspirator = Mouth-operated suction device! $8 14 from:! BioQuip! Forestry Suppliers! Gemplerʼs! Good for flea beetles, bean leaf beetle, cucumber beetle!
29 Removal by aspirator: Eggplant flea beetle!
30 Other Hand Removal Methods! Hand picking! Spinach leafminer (infested leaves)! Hornworms! Cabbageworms! Asparagus beetle (eggs)! Japanese beetle (adults)! Shelter traps! Squash bugs! Slugs!
31 Biological Control! Control of pest by other organisms that act as natural enemies! Overview of common natural enemies! Predators! Parasitoids! Tactics of biocontrol!
32 Predators: Lacewings! adult! larva! Green lacewings! Brown lacewings!
33 Predatory Beetles! adult Lady beetles! larva adult Ground beetles! larva adult
34 Predatory Bugs! Stink bugs! Spined soldier bug" Twospotted stink bug" Flower bugs! Minute pirate bug" Insideous flower bug" adult! Damsel bugs! Assassin bugs! nymph!
35 Predatory Flies! larva adult Hover flies (flower flies)! larva Aphid midges! adult Robber flies!
36 Other Insect Predators! Some wasps: Yellowjackets Some thrips: Black hunter thrips Some mites: Phytoseiid mites"
37 & Vertebrate predators!! Bats Toads Birds Geese Hogs!
38 Natural enemies of pests! Parasitoids Some wasps Some flies
39 Life Cycle of Parasitoid! Hyposoter wasp attacking caterpillar!
40 Life Cycle of Parasitoid! Trichogramma wasp attacking caterpillar egg!
41 Parasitoids! Some wasps! Braconid wasps! On hornworm: Cotesia congregata! On imported cabbageworm: Cotesia glomeratus! On aphids: Diaeretiella rapae! Ichneumonid wasps! On diamondback: Diadegma insulare! Other wasps! On whiteflies: Encarsia! On caterpillar eggs: Trichogramma!
42 Parasitoids! Tachinid flies! On squash bug: Trichopoda pennipes On striped cucumber beetle: Celatoria setosa! pupa! eggs! adult! adult!
43 Biological Control! Categories! ʻNaturalʼ (local species)! Importation (exotic species)! Conservation (local species) **! Augmentation (local species)! Tactics:! Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides! Refuge planting for natural enemies! Collect-&-transfer generalists!
44 Collect-&-transfer generalists! What to do?! Hunt for predators in spring! Collect them! Transfer them to crop! Who, where, when?! Ladybug larvae on Spirea in early May! Lacewings & aphid midges on apple leaves in early June! Damsel bugs on alfalfa in April-June!
45 Refuge planting for natural enemies! Adult parasitoids need nectar! Adult predators need pollen! Plant flowering border at field edge to enhance biocontrol!
46 Refuge planting for natural enemies! sweet alyssum *! Phacelia! nasturtium! cilantro! dill!
47 Chemical Control! The OMRI list! Classification of insecticides available for food crops! By origin! Natural! Synthetics! By mode of action! Data on efficacy against common pests!
48 ʻBiorationalʼ insect control products! Microbials that are host-specific! Pheromones (for mating disruption)! Insect growth regulators!
49 OMRI: The Organic Materials Review Institute! Used by certified organic growers! List of products applied to crops! Fertilizers! Pesticides! Two categories:! ʻAllowedʼ! ʻRestrictedʼ!
50 OMRI: The Organic Materials Review Institute! Example of label with OMRI logo!
51 Insect control products on the OMRI List! Behavioral control! pheromone mating disruption! Microbial control! viruses! B.t. (DiPel)! Smothering agents! soaps! oils! Nerve poisons! spinosad (Entrust)! pyrethrins (PyGanic)! Repellents! kaolin (Surround)! neem! garlic!
52 Insecticides, by Origin! Minerals & elementals! Oils & soaps! Botanicals (plants)! Diatomaceous earth! Microbials! Compounds derived from microbes! Mimics of natural insect hormones! Petroleum-based synthetic chemicals!
53 Insecticides, by Mode of Action! Nerve poisons! Respiration disruptors! Gut disruptors! Insect growth regulators! Suffocation agents! Cuticle disruptors!
54 Smothering or Suffocation Agents! Oils: usually petroleum, some plant! horticultural oil! Soaps:! potassium salts of fatty acids (Saferʼs Insecticidal Soap)
55 Minerals & Elementals! sulfur! lime-sulfur! kaolin (ʻSurroundʼ)! iron phosphate (slug baits)! boric acid (for indoor pests only)"
56 ʻSurroundʼ on pumpkin!
57 ʻSurroundʼ on apple!
58 Insecticides from plants (botanicals)! pyrethrum, from chrysanthemum! azadirachtin, from neem tree! rotenone, from cubé root! capsaicin, from hot pepper! garlic extract!
59 Insecticides from plants (botanicals)! limonene! from citrus peels! for indoor pests! nicotine! from tobacco! sabadilla! from seeds of tropical lily! cancelled! ryania! from stems of So. American shrub! cancelled!
60 Microbial Insecticides! Micro-organisms that cause disease in insects! B.t. (bacterium)! Beauveria (fungus)! Nosema (protozoan)! Viruses! Nematodes! Derived from micro-organisms! spinosad (from actinomycete)!
61 Examples of Products: Micro-organisms for Insect Control! Viruses! Cyd-X, Spod-X, Gemstar! Fungi! Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol, Naturalis)! Protozoans! Nosema (Hopper Stopper; Nolo Bait)! Nematodes! Steinernema carpocapsae (Millenium)! Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Symbion)!
62 Insecticides, by Mode of Action! Suffocation agents (oils, soaps)! Cuticle disruptors (diatomaceous earth)! Respiration disruptors (rotenone)! Gut disruptors (B.t.)! Insect growth regulators (neem)! Nerve poisons!
63 Insect growth regulators! Mimics of insect growth hormones! juvenile hormone (neem)! molting hormone! chitin biosynthesis! For control of caterpillars & other immature insects!
64 Bioassays to test efficacy of insecticides on pests! Basic set-up! 8 oz deli dish! Leaf sprayed both sides! Residual tests! Pests added after residue dry! Direct tests! Pests added before spray!
65 Bioassay evaluations! After 24 & 48 hours! % Mortality, for all pests! Damage rating, for chewing pests! Importance:! #1: Prevention of damage! #2: Death of pest! Done: 15 pests, 24 chemicals!
66 Striped cucumber beetle tested on pumpkin leaves, 7/5/05; 4 replicates/treatment, 5 beetles/replicate"
67
68 3 replicates/treatment! 3 bugs/replicate! Harlequin Bug (on kale)! nymph! adult!
69 A natural enemy: Lady Beetle tested on broccoli leaves, 11/1/05; 3 replicates/treatment, 4 beetles/replicate!
70 Note on natural products! Can be toxic to natural enemies! Natural is not always good!!
71 Field trial on snap bean! Late planting (seed late August)! Heavy beetle pressure! Start sprays as soon as seedlings emerge! Spray 10 times on 1- to 5-day schedule! Azadirachtin! Capsaicin! Garlic! Neem seed oil! Pyrethrins! Rotenone! Spray 5 times on 5- to 8-day schedule! Spinosad! Spray 4 times on 7- to 10-day schedule! Carbaryl! Permethrin! Endosulfan!
72 Field trial on snap beans (bean leaf beetle + spotted cucumber beetle)
73 Trends in efficacy! spectrum! Exc./Good! Good/Fair! Fair/Poor! broad! pyrethrins+pbo! permethrin! azadirachtin! carbaryl! malathion! neem seed oil! esfenvalerate! bifenthrin! pyrethrins+oil! pyrethrins l-cyhalothrin! silicon dioxide +soap! cyfluthrin! +pyrethrins! garlic! endosulfan! rotenone capsaicin! +pyrethrins! less broad! narrow! Spinosad! rotenone! acetamiprid! dicofol! soap! oil! B.T.! in red if on OMRI list!
74 Conclusions: insecticide choices! Userʼs general preference! Best bets! OMRI*-listed only! Natural products only, non- OMRI! 1) spinosad! 2) soap! 1) pyrethrins+pbo! 2) rotenone! Conventional products only! esfenvalerate (Bug-B-Gon Max)! Anything goes! pyrethrins+pbo! * Note lack of effective beetle control product!
75 Examples of integrated or biorational programs!
76 Can biological & chemical control be integrated?! Use selective chemical (kills pest but not the natural enemies)! Allows natural enemies to help kill pest! B.t. is least disruptive to biocontrol! Examples: Cabbage, sweet corn, apples!!
77 3 Caterpillar Species! Imported cabbageworm! Cabbage looper! Diamondback moth!
78 3 Caterpillar Species & their parasitoids! Imported cabbageworm! Cotesia larvae! spinning cocoons! Cotesia adult wasp! Cabbage looper! Copidosoma floridanum wasps emerging from one cocoon! Diamondback moth! Diadegma insulare oviposits on larvae!
79 Cole crops: Biocontrol of Diamondback by Diadegma wasps! % of diamondback larvae attacked:! 53 to 88% in Wisconsin study! 46 to 69% in Virginia study! Diamondback pupae! Photo by J. Ogrodnick! Healthy! pupa! Parasitized! pupae!
80 Biological & microbial control of caterpillars on cole crops! Plant border of sweet alyssum to attract parasitoids! Use the microbial insecticide BT as a selective insecticide! ʻDiPelʼ etc.! Kills caterpillars! Does not kill parasitoids! Allows natural enemies to help kill pests! Spinosad also easy on parasitoids!
81 Summary of Caterpillar Management on Cole Crops! Insecticide! Imported cabbageworm! Diamondback moth! Cabbage looper! Natural enemies! Conventional! Excellent control! Fair control! Good control! Poor survival!!b.t.!! Good control! Good control! Fair control! Excellent survival! Thus B.t. works best when diamondback moth or imported cabbageworm is dominant pest!
82 Adjust irrigation timing for caterpillars! Sprinkler irrigation affects diamondback moth (adult)! 5 minutes at dusk! Daily! Disrupts flight and mating!
83 Integrated Methods for Cole Crops!!!! Cultural!Biological Chemical! Caterpillars! Thrips!!!!! Flea beetles! Aphids!!! Root maggots!!!!!
84 Data on >80 varieties! Trials ! C.Hoy, K.Scaife, M.Kleinhenz Choose Cabbage Variety to Avoid Thrips! Less damage!!more damage! Bravo!!!Azan! Fresco!!!Atria! Cheers!!!Coleguard! Titanic90!!!Megaton! KingCole!!!Upton! Superkraut!!Hinova!!!!!!Krautpacker!!!!!!Rodolpho!!!!!!Superdane!
85 Adjust Cover Crops for Thrips! Used to protect soil over winter! Affects onion thrips! Overwinters in small grains! Does best in wheat! Does poorly in rye!
86 Adjust planting date for Cabbage Maggot! Crop most susceptible if in!!!seedling stage when new!!!!adults are laying eggs! Emergence of the adults:! on different calendar dates each year! but always at the same time that certain well known plants are flowering! GEN.! PLANT!!!AVG. BLOOM (Ohio)!!1! yellow rocket!!early May!!2! day lilies!!!late June!!3! Canada thistle!!early August!!4! New England aster!early Sept.!
87 Integrated Methods for Cole Crops!!!! Cultural!Biological Chemical! Caterpillars! Thrips!!!!! Flea beetles! Aphids!!! Root maggots!!!!!
88 Corn earworm in sweet corn! egg Source: moths migrate from Southern USA! Egg laying site: on silks! Egg hatch time: 2-3 days!
89 Organic Alternative for Worms in Sweet corn: B.t. + Oil (Ruth Hazzard, Univ. Mass.)! ʻZea-later IIʼ applicator! Hand-held! $99 (Johnnyʼs Selected Seeds)! Mix:! 900 ml food-grade corn oil! Lecithin 5% (emulsifier)! 28.6 grams DiPel DF (a B.t.)! 100 ml water! Treat:! Once, 5 days after silking begins! Squirt 0.5 ml of oil mix into each ear tip!
90 Apple Pest Management Tactics! Multi-tactics for key pest, codling moth! Biological control of foliar pests (Spider mites, Aphids, Leafminers, Leafhoppers)! Conserve natural predators! Avoid broad-spectrum insecticide! Mechanical control of apple maggot! Biocontrol of plum curculio by hogs!!
91 Codling Moth Management Overview! Cultural! Sanitation: Clean bins! Cut down abandoned orchards! Mechanical! Sticky traps! Trunk banding! Fruit bagging! Microbial sprays! Virus sprays! Behavioral modification (>5A)! Pheromone mating disruption! Chemical sprays! Selective insecticides!
92 Mechanical control of apple maggot! Adult female fly attracted to round red object! Sticky ball trap for mechanical control: 1 trap per 100 real fruit!
93 Suggested Program for Organic Apples! Time!Target pest!product!!pf!!plumcurc.! Surround!!1C!!CodMoth-1! Entrust!!2C!!CodMoth-1! Entrust!!3C!!-!!! virus!!4c!!codmoth-2! Pyganic!!5C!!CodMoth-2! Pyganic!!6C!!-!!! virus!!7c!!-!!! virus!!8c!!-!!! virus!
94 So how can pests be managed organically?! Maximize non-chemicals tactics! Include chemical control only if biorational products chosen, usually as last resort! Never assume that natural = good!
95 For beginners: Which crops have fewest pests?! Veg crops! Lettuce! Beets! Peas! Fruit crops! Blueberries! Raspberries!
96 Info on vegetable & fruit pest management Questions?
97 The End!
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