IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Halosulfuron Crop Safety

Transcription

1 IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Halosulfuron Crop Safety Authors: Kathleen Hester, Cristi L. Palmer and Ely Vea Date: June 29, 2011 Acknowledgements Lori Harrison Karen Sims 1

2 Table of Contents Table of Contents... 2 Table of Tables... 3 Abstract... 4 Introduction... 4 Materials and Methods... 4 and Summary... 5 Efficacy... 5 Phytotoxicity... 5 Label Suggestions Appendix 1: Contributing Researchers Appendix 2: Submitted Data

3 Table of Tables Table 1. List of Halosulfuron treated crops grown in-ground with no or minimal transitory injury....7 Table 2. List of Halosulfuron treated in-ground crops with no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 2X or 4X rate did cause significant phytotoxicity...7 Table 3. List of Halosulfuron treated in-ground crops exhibiting significant injury....7 Table 4. List of Halosulfuron treated in-ground crops where more information is needed....8 Table 5. List of Halosulfuron treated container grown crops with no or minimal transitory injury....9 Table 6. List of Halosulfuron treated container grown crops with no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 2X or 4X rate did cause significant phytotoxicity...9 Table 7. List of Halosulfuron treated container grown crops exhibiting significant injury....9 Table 8. List of Halosulfuron treated container grown crops where more information is needed....9 Table 9. Detailed Summary of Crop Safety Testing with Halosulfuron

4 Abstract Since 1995 IR-4 has completed 373 trials with products containing halosulfuron (Sedgehammer, Manage) on 132 crops. The data contained in this report was generated to expand the current SedgeHammer label to include both directed and over the top applications on certain plant species along with adding nursery production sites. The halosulfuron rates in the 2006 and 2007 testing program were 0.045, 0.09 and 0.18 pounds active ingredient per acre (lb ai per A) as the 1X, 2X and 4X rates. In 2008, 2009, 2010 halosulfuron rates were 0.031, 0.063, and lb ai per acre; the lowest registered rate is lb ai per acre. Of the 132 in-ground or container grown plant genera or species examined, 36 crops exhibited no or minimal transient injury after application at all three rates. Eleven crops exhibited no phytotoxicity at lb ai per acre but did have some injury at the higher rates. Twenty four crops exhibited phytotoxicity at even the lowest rate. Introduction Postemergence control of broadleaved weeds and sedges in the production of woody and herbaceous perennials can be problematic because nurseries grow many different types of plants and not all genera or species are listed on labels. These weeds can also be difficult to control in landscape settings for the same reason. Three herbicides, SedgeHammer, Sulfentrazone, and V WDG were chosen for 2006 research activities on crop safety. Additional research was conducted with Sedgehammer from 2007 to This report covers the results from SedgeHammer on 132 crop genera/species from 1996 through SedgeHammer is the same formulation as Manage. This formulation was transferred to Gowan from Dow. While research was conducted under both names and Table 9 contains both names, the report text uses the trade name SedgeHammer throughout. Materials and Methods In 2008 to 2010 the post-emergence application rates were 0.031, 0.061, lb ai per acre. In the 2006 protocol, slightly higher rates were tested including 0.045, 0.09, and 0.18 lb ai per acre. All protocols called for two applications of SedgeHammer made approximately 30 days apart. A minimum of four plants (replicate treatments) were required with many researchers exceeding this minimum. Phytotoxicity was recorded on a scale of 0 to 10 (0 = No phytotoxicity; 10 = Complete kill) at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after initial application. Some researchers also included readings 3 to 4 days after the initial and second applications. For more detailed materials and methods and available protocols from previous years research activities, please go to SedgeHammer and Manage were supplied to researchers (See list of researchers in Appendix 1) by Gowan and Dow AgroSciences, respectively. 4

5 and Summary Efficacy There are several reports of efficacy throughout the researcher reports. However, the main impetus to the research contained here was crop safety and the efficacy results cannot be considered exhaustive. Please see Table 9 for details on efficacy. Phytotoxicity research conducted since 1995 involved both in-ground crops and crops grown in containers. Data has been separated by in-ground (Tables 1-4) or container crops (Tables 5-8) based on the type and nature of injury seen with SedgeHammer applications. Tested plant species were placed into three categories: 1) no significant phytotoxicity or growth differences from the untreated check or any injury was transitory, 2) no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 2X and/or 4X rates did cause significant phytotoxicity, 3) significant injury sufficient to recommend growers not utilize this product, and 4) more trials are needed to clarify response. For in-ground field trials, SedgeHammer exhibited no or minimal negative impact on a wide range of plant species (Table 1). Nineteen plant genera or species fell into this category. Some minimal injury may be acceptable for growers if applications are made several weeks to months in advance of crop sale particularly for woody ornamental crops. For 10 crop species, there was no or little injury exhibited at the lowest tested rates, but significant phytotoxicity occurred at the higher rates (Table 2). Seventeen crops exhibited damage sufficient to recommend growers not utilize SedgeHammer as an over-the-top treatment (Table 3). Table 4 contains a list of plants where either only one trial was conducted or there were sufficiently divergent results among researchers to recommend additional testing. For trials involving container crops in field production, SedgeHammer exhibited no or minimal negative impact on a wide range of plant species (Table 5). Seventeen plant genera or species fell into this category. Some minimal injury may be acceptable for growers if applications are made several weeks to months in advance of crop sale particularly for woody ornamental crops. One crop exhibited little or no injury at the lowest tested rates but significant phytotoxicity occurred at the higher rates (Table 6). Ten crops exhibited damage sufficient to recommend growers not utilize SedgeHammer as an over-the-top treatment (Table 7). Table 8 contains a list of plants where either only one trial was conducted or there were sufficiently divergent results among researchers to recommend additional testing. The level of safety for field in-ground crops versus container grown crops may differ as herbicides may dissipate more rapidly in soilless media commonly used by container nurseries compared to field soils (Neal, J Horticulture Science Research Station Outcomes and Impacts, Part 2). Please see Table 9 for a list of research on SedgeHammer and the summary of the results. 5

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7 Table 1. List of Halosulfuron treated crops grown in-ground with no or minimal transitory injury. Cupressus sp. Euonymus radicans 1 Hemerocallis sp. Ilex cornuta Ilex rotunda Ilex verticillata Ilex vomitoria nana Juglans nigra Juniperus chinensis Juniperus horizontalis Lagerstroemia indica Loropetalum sp. Magnolia sp. Picea abies (see ) Pinus strobus (see ) Quercus alba Quercus rubra Thuja occidentales Vinca minor (see Lieth) 1 Other species may be added based on container data (see tables 5 and 9) Table 2. List of Halosulfuron treated in-ground crops with no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 2X or 4X rate did cause significant phytotoxicity Acer rubrum Acer saccharum Betula sp. Hosta fortunei Metasequoia sp. Myrica pensylvanica Pinus taeda Quercus acutissima Quercus velutina Rhodoendron catawbiense Table 3. List of Halosulfuron treated in-ground crops exhibiting significant injury. Buddleia davidii Chamaecyparis thyoides Chrysanthemum (garden mum) Cornus florida Iris xiphium Juniperus virginiana Ligustrum sp. Myrica pensylvanica Plantanus occidentalis 1 No injury to dormant trees; more study needed on actively growing trees. Prunus serótina Prunus americana Prunus avium Pseudotsuga menziesii 1 Robinia pseudoacacia Rhododendron catawbiense Taxus sp. Viburnum sp. 7

8 Table 4. List of Halosulfuron treated in-ground crops where more information is needed. Abies sp. 3 Amelanchier sp. Aronia melanocarpa Betula sp. Buxus sp. Callistemon sp. Carya sp. Cercis canadensis Cornus sp. Cryptomeria japonica Elaeocarpus decipiens Forsythia sp. Fraxinus pensylvanica Gardenia augusta 1 Gleditsia triacanthos Hydrangea sp. 1 Illicium parviflora Itea virginica Juglans nigra Laurus nobilus Liquidambar styraciflua Lirodendron tulipfera Lonicera japonica Lonicera sempervirens Malus baccata Nandina domestica Olea wilsonii Penstemon sp. Phlox sp. Picea glauca Pinus nigra Pinus resinosa Prunus caroliniana Quercus acutissima Quercus ilex Quercus nuttali Quercus prinus Quercus virginiana Rhaphiolepis indica Rhus lancea Rosa sp. 2 Rudbeckia fulgida Spirea prunifolia Taxodium distichum Trachycarpus fortunei Tradescantia x andersoniana Tsuga canadensis Vinca minor 1 1 Other species may be added based on container data (see tables 5 and 9) 2 Response varied by cultivar 8

9 Table 5. List of Halosulfuron treated container grown crops with no or minimal transitory injury. Euonymus fortunei Euonymus alatus Gardenia augusta Helleborus niger Hemerocallis sp. (see Gilliam) Hosta sp. Ilex cornuta Ilex crenata Ilex x meserveae Ilex vomitoria nana Juniperus conferta Juniperus horizontalis Lagerstroemia indica Liriope muscari (See Neal 2006) Rhododendron sp. Spirea bumalda (see Ahrens & Mervosh) Trachelospermum asiaticum (See Lieth 2006) Table 6. List of Halosulfuron treated container grown crops with no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 2X or 4X rate did cause significant phytotoxicity Delosperma sp. Table 7. Abelia x grandiflora Abies balsamea Acer rubrum Chamaebatiaria sp. Cotoneaster dammeri List of Halosulfuron treated container grown crops exhibiting significant injury. Cotoneaster horizontalis Gypsophila elegans Hedera helix Salvia sylvestris Viburnum sp. Table 8. needed. List of Halosulfuron treated container grown crops where more information is Berberis sp. Betula sp. Buddleia daviddi Buxus sp.(see Gilliam) Canna sp. Cuphea hyssopifolia Delosperma sp. Dichanthelium clandestinum Echinacea sp. Fragaria sp. Gypsophila sp. Hemerocallis sp. Hierochloe odorata 1 Response varied by cultivar. Hydrangea sp. Lamiastrum galeobdolon Lantana sp. Leymus arenarius Ligustrum sp. Lilium longiflorum Liriodendron tulipifera Mahonia aquifolium Mazus reptans Nandina domestica Nepeta cataria Ophiopogon japonicus Pentas sp. Phlox subulata Picea abies (seedlings) Pseudotsuga menziesii Rosa sp. 1 Rudbeckia fulgida Sorghastrum nutans Spirea japónica Spirea decumbens Taxus sp. Thuja occidentalis Thymus praecox Vinca minor 9

10 10 Table 9. Detailed Summary of Crop Safety Testing with Halosulfuron Notes: Table entries are sorted by crop name. Only those trials with research reports received by 6/1/11 are listed below. Table entries with blank results have been received but not yet cataloged in the database SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer Manage Manage SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer ion Common Site Abelia sp. A. x Abelia grandiflora 'John Creech' Abelia sp. A. x Abelia grandiflora 'Little Richard' Abies fraseri Fir, Fraser In- Abies fraseri Fir, Fraser In- Abies fraseri Fir, Fraser Abies fraseri Fir, Fraser Abies sp. A. balsamea Fir In- Abies sp. A. lasiocarpa 'Arizonica' Acer rubrum Acer rubrum Acer rubrum Fir In- Maple, Red Maple, Red In- Maple, Red In- Neal 2006 Over the top Moderate to significant injury increasing with rate (0.047, 0.094, lb ai per acre). Gilliam 2006 Over the top Slight to moderate injury increasing with rate and time (0.047, 0.094, lb ai per acre). Ahrens & 2006 Over the top No injury to dormant trees, unacceptable Mervosh injury to actively growing trees at all rates (0.047, and lb ai per 2009 Over the top acre with NIS) Data unreliable due to high temperatures; crop appears to be tolerant with 0.31, and lb ai per acre; researchers recommend repeating trial. Freiberger 2006 Over the top No to very slight injury at lb ai per acre, slight to moderate at higher rates; no growth reduction Lieth 2007 Over the top Moderate injury and growth reduction at 0.047, and lb ai per acre. Ahrens & 2001 Over the top Moderate injury (chlorosis and necrosis) Mervosh at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per 2009 Over the top acre); poor control of Asiatic dayflower. Data not reliable. No significant injury at 0.031, and lb ai per acre early in the season. Altland 2006 Over the top Significant injury with single application at all rates (0.047, and lb ai per acre) 2009 Over the top Significant early season injury with complete recovery at 0.031, and lb ai per acre; all treated plants marketable. Derr 2008 Directed spray Slight injury and growth reduction at lb ai per acre; complete yellow nutsedge control b.pdf a.pdf e.pdf a.pdf pdf a.pdf a.pdf q.pdf p.pdf a.pdf a.pdf

11 SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer Acer rubrum ion Site Common Maple, Red In- Acer rubrum Maple, Red Acer rubrum 'Red Maple, Red Sunset' Acer sp. A. Maple Insaccharinum Acer sp. A.saccharum Maple In- Acer sp. R. rubrum 'Red Sunset' Amelanchier sp. Shadblow serviceberry Arenaria sp. A. montana Aronia sp. A. melanocarpa Berberis sp. B. thunbergii 'Rosy Glow' Maple Serviceberr y Sandwort In- In- Chokeberry In- Barberry Betula sp. Birch In- Betula sp. B. nigrens Birch 'Heritage' Betula sp. B.nigra Birch In- Betula sp. 'Heritage' Birch Inand 'Duratree' Buddleia davidii Butterfly Bush In- Derr 2008 Over the top Slight injury and growth reduction at 0.031, and lb ai per acre; complete yellow nutsedge control Freiberger 2006 Over the top High injury at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre) Williams 2007 Over the top Virtually no injury at 0.047, and lb ai per acre Derr 2009 Over the top No significant injury or growth reduction at 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre Over the top Significant early season injury with complete recovery at 0.031, and lb ai per acre; all treated plants Kuhns 2003 Directed spray marketable. No injury at 0.045, 0.09, and 0.18 lb ai per acre; good weed control at 4 weeks after treatment, but not at 9 weeks after treatment. Derr 2009 Over the top No significant injury or growth reduction at 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre. Senesac 2001 Over the top Minor to moderate phytotoxicity at all rates, with only the lowest rate recovering by 6 weeks after treatment (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Czarnota 2010 Over the top Moderate (but likely acceptable) crop injury with two applications at 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre. Derr 2002 Over the top Moderate to significant injury increasing with rate (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre) Over the top Moderate but transient injury at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre with NIS). Williams 2007 Over the top Virtually no injury at 0.047, slight at and lb ai per acre 2009 Over the top Significant injury with some recovery at 0.031, and lb ai per acre. Kuhns 2003 Directed spray Derr 2008 Directed spray No injury at 0.045, 0.09, and 0.18 lb ai per acre; good weed control at 4 weeks after treatment, but not at 9 weeks after treatment. Unacceptable injury and growth reduction at lb ai per acre; complete yellow nutsedge control a.pdf pdf a.pdf a.pdf a.pdf h.pdf a.pdf j.pdf a.pdf b.pdf b6.pdf a.pdf r.pdf h.pdf a.pdf

12 SedgeHammer Manage SedgeHammer Manage SedgeHammer SedgeHammer Manage Manage Manage SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer Common Buddleia davidii Butterfly Bush Buddleia davidii 'Black Knight' Buddleia davidii 'Nanho White' Butterfly Bush Butterfly Bush ion Site In- In- Buxus sp. Boxwood Buxus sp. B. 'Green Boxwood In- Mountain' Buxus sp. B. macrophylla 'Winter Green' Buxus sp. B. microphylla 'Green Velvet' Buxus sp. B. microphylla var japonica Buxus sp. B. microphylla var koreana Boxwood Boxwood Boxwood Boxwood In- Callistemon sp. C. Bottlebrush Inviolac Canna sp. 'Cherry' Canna Carya sp. Pecan Hickory In- Cercis canadensis Cercis canadensis Red Bud, Eastern Red Bud, Eastern In- In- Derr 2008 Over the top Unacceptable injury and growth reduction at 0.031, and lb ai per acre; complete yellow nutsedge control Derr 2005 Over the top Very low injury at lb ai per acre, low at 0.09 and 0.18 lb ai per acre. Derr 2009 Over the top No significant injury but reduced growth and flowering at 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre. Derr 2005 Over the top No injury at 0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre Mathers 2010 Over the top Zelenka: in- ground, significant injury especially with second application 0.031,.063, lb aia. Gilliam 2010 Over the top No differences in phytotoxicity or reduction in growth with one or two applications at 0.67, 1.33, 2.66 oz/a at any time during the 10 month evaluation period. Senesac 2001 Over the top Slight, transient injury increasing with rate (0.031, 0.062, lb ai per acre). Derr 2002 Over the top Slight injury increasing with rate (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre) and with reduction of fresh weight at highest rate; poor pre-emergent control of large crabgrass and spotted spurge. Gilliam 2006 Over the top No injury until 4 weeks after initial treatment when pronounced chlorosis appeared at all rates (0.047, 0.094, lb ai per acre) and plants were significantly stunted. Derr 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre. Fraelich 2006 Over the top Slight, moderate and high injury at 0.045, 2006 Over the top 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre with NIS. Slight injury only at 4X rate but unacceptable growth reduction at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre with NIS) Foliar Unacceptable injury (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre with NIS) Over the top Slight injury at and 0.063, moderate at lb ai per acre a.pdf p.pdf a.pdf p.pdf a.pdf a.pdf k.pdf c.pdf a.pdf a.pdf s.pdf b.pdf h.pdf b.pdf

13 SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer ion Common Site Chamaebatiaria sp. Fernbush Chamaebatiaria sp. Fernbush Chamaebatiaria sp. Fernbush Chamaecyparis obtusa C. pisifera 'Filifera Aurea' Chamaecyparis obtusa C. thyoides Chamaecyparis obtusa C. thyoides 'White Cedar' Chrysanthemum/Dend ranthema sp. Chrysanthemum/Dend ranthema sp. Cornus florida Cotoneaster sp. C. dammeri 'Skolgshomen' Cotoneaster sp. C. horizontalis Cryptomeria japonica Cuphea hyssopifolia C. allyson False cypress False cypress False cypress Chrysanthe mum, Garden Chrysanthe mum, Garden In- In- In- In- Dogwood, In- Flowering Cotoneaster Cotoneaster Japanese Cedar Mexican Heather, False Heather, Elfin Herb In- Klett 2006 Over the top Experiment A: Slight to moderate injury at lb ai per acre with Capsil surfactant, high at and lb ai Klett 2006 Over the top Experiment B: Severe injury at all rates (0.047, and lb ai per acre with Capsil surfactant) Klett 2006 Over the top Experiment C: Moderate to high injury at all rates (0.047, and lb ai per acre with Capsil surfactant) Senesac 2001 Over the top No injury at 0.031, 0.062, and lb ai per acre Foliar Unacceptable injury (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre with NIS) Over the top Unacceptable injury and growth reduction at all rates (0.045, 0.09 and 0.18 lb ai per acre + NIS) Unacceptable injury and growth reduction at lb ai per acre; complete yellow nutsedge control Derr 2008 Directed spray Derr 2008 Over the top Unacceptable injury and growth reduction at 0.031, and lb ai per acre; complete yellow nutsedge control 2005 Foliar Unacceptable injury (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre with NIS) Over the top Significant but transient injury with all rates (0.047, 0.094, 0.188) and plants were stunted in comparison to the untreated ones. Neal 2006 Over the top Moderate to significant injury increasing with rate (0.047, 0.094, lb ai per acre). Czarnota 2010 Over the top Minor crop injury with two applications at 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre. Derr 2006 Over the top Slight injury at all rates with complete recovery at the lower rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre) a.pdf a.pdf a.pdf l.pdf a.pdf i.pdf a.pdf a.pdf g.pdf g.pdf b.pdf a.pdf l.pdf

14 SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer Manage SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer Cuphea hyssopifolia 'Itsy Bitsy White' Cupressus sempervirens Cupressus sempervirens Common Mexican Heather, False Heather, Elfin Herb Italian Cypress Italian Cypress ion Site In- In- Cupressus sp. Cypress In- Cupressus sp. Cypress In- Delosperma sp. 'Kelaidis' Delosperma sp. 'Kelaidis' Delosperma sp. 'Kelaidis' Dichanthelium clandestinum Echinacea sp. Echinacea sp. Echinacea sp. Echinacea sp. E. purpurea magnus Echinacea sp. E. purpurea 'Magnus' Delosperm a sp. Delosperm a sp. Delosperm a sp. Deertongue Purple Coneflower Purple Coneflower Purple Coneflower Purple Coneflower Purple Coneflower Lieth 2006 Over the top High injury and growth reduction at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Czarnota 2010 Over the top Minor crop injury with two applications at 0.031, 0.063, or lb ai per acre. Uber 2008 Over the top No injury at 0.031, and lb ai per acre; significant growth reduction at 4X Czarnota 2010 Over the top Minor crop injury with two applications at 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre. Gilliam 2008 Over the top Slight injury with quick recovery after the 2nd application at 0.031, and lb ai per acre; no growth reduction Klett 2006 Over the top Experiment A: Moderate to high injury with increasing rates (0.047, and lb ai per acre with Capsil surfactant) Klett 2006 Over the top Experiment B: Significant injury with almost complete recovery at end of trial at all rates (0.047, and lb ai per acre with Capsil surfactant) Klett 2006 Over the top Experiment C: Slight injury at lb ai per acre with Capsil surfactant, moderate at and lb ai Senesac 2003 Over the top No injury at lb ai per acre; slight injury at and 0.18 lb ai per acre. Klett 2006 Over the top Experiment A: Severe injury at all rates (0.047, and lb ai per acre with Capsil surfactant) Klett 2006 Over the top Experiment B: Significant injury with complete recovery at lb ai per acre with Capsil surfactant, high at and lb ai Klett 2006 Over the top Experiment C: No significant injury at lb ai per acre with Capsil surfactant, high at and lb ai Fraelich 2006 Over the top Very slight injury with complete recovery at higher rates; no growth reduction (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre with NIS). Boydston 2006 Over the top Severe injury after one application (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre) a.pdf a.pdf c.pdf a.pdf b.pdf a.pdf a.pdf a.pdf a.pdf a.pdf a.pdf a.pdf t.pdf z.pdf

15 SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer Common Elaeocarpus decipiens Japanese blueberry tree Euonymus radicans E. fortunei Euonymus radicans E. 'Prurpleaf Wintercreeper Euonymus sp. E. alatus Compacta Euonymus sp. E. fortunei Euonymus sp. E. fortunei Coloratus Forsythia sp. F. intermedia 'Golden Bells' Forsythia sp. 'Lynwood Gold' Fragaria sp. F. x ananassa 'Pink Panda' Fraxinus pennsylvanica Fraxinus pennsylvanica Gardenia augusta 'Radicans' Gardenia augusta 'Radicans' Gardenia augusta 'Radicans' 'Radicans' Purpleleaf Wintercree per Purpleleaf Wintercree per Euonymus Euonymus Euonymus Golden Bells Golden Bells Strawberry (Non- Bearing) Ash, Green Ash, Green Cape Jasmine, Radicans Cape Jasmine, Radicans Cape Jasmine, Radicans ion Site In- In- In- In- In- In- In- Uber 2008 Over the top Significant but commercially acceptable injury at and 0.063, marginal at lb ai per acre; no significant growth reduction Gilliam 2005 Foliar No injury (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Gilliam 2010 Over the top No crop injury or reduction in growth with one or two applications at 0.67, 1.33, 2.66 oz/a during 10 month evaluation period. Williams 2007 Over the top Virtually no injury at and 0.094, very slight at lb ai per acre Derr 2005 Over the top Very slight injury at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Williams 2007 Over the top Virtually no injury at 0.047, and lb ai per acre Gilliam 2010 Over the top Very slight injury at 2WAT decreasing with time from one to two applications at 0.67, 1.33, 2.66 oz/a. Untreated plants and 4X were larger than 1X and 2X treated plants. Derr 2009 Over the top Slight injury and moderate growth Senesac 2001 Over the top reduction at 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre. Moderate injury increasing with rate (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre) Over the top Low to moderate injury and reduced plant growth increasing with rate (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre with NIS) Over the top Significant early season injury which lasted seasonlong at 0.031, 0.063, and lb ai per acre; plants not marketable c.pdf i1.pdf a.pdf a.pdf p.pdf a.pdf a.pdf a.pdf m.pdf d.pdf c.pdf Czarnota 2006 Over the top No injury at lb ai per acre c.pdf Derr 2006 Over the top No injury at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Fraelich 2006 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre with NIS) l.pdf u.pdf

16 SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer Manage Gardenia sp. 'August Beauty' Gleditsia sp. G. triacanthos var inermis 'Skyline' Gypsophila elegans Gypsophila paniculata 'Festival Star' Hedera helix L. ssp. Helix Hedera helix L. ssp. Helix Hedera helix L. ssp. Helix 'Glacier Ivy' Helleborus niger Helleborus niger Helleborus niger Helleborus niger 'Pink Lady' Common Jasmine, Cape, Common Gardenia Honey Locust Baby's Breath Baby's Breath English Ivy English Ivy English Ivy Hellebore, Christmas rose, Lenten Rose Hellebore, Christmas rose, Lenten Rose Hellebore, Christmas rose, Lenten Rose Hellebore, Christmas rose, Lenten ion Site In- In- Rose Hemerocallis sp. Daylily Derr 2009 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre. Kuhns 2003 Directed spray No injury at 0.045, 0.09, and 0.18 lb ai per acre; good weed control at 4 weeks after treatment, but not at 9 weeks after treatment. Senesac 2006 Over the top Unacceptable injury at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre with NIS). Lieth 2006 Over the top Unacceptable injury and growth reduction at 0.047, and lb ai per acre Boydston 2006 Over the top Severe injury at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Derr 2005 Over the top Significant injury increasing with rate (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Fraelich 2006 Over the top Moderate injury at and 0.09 lb ai per acre with NIS, severe at lb ai per acre; severe stunting at all rates Klett 2006 Over the top Experiment A: No significant injury after 1st application at all rates (0.047, and lb ai per acre with Capsil surfactant), significant after 2nd application at 4X Klett 2006 Over the top Experiment B: No significant injury after 1st application at all rates (0.047, and lb ai per acre with Capsil surfactant), significant after 2nd application at 4X Klett 2006 Over the top Experiment C: Slight injury at and lb ai per acre with Capsil surfactant, moderate at lb ai Boydston 2006 Over the top Virtually no injury at 0.047, and lb ai per acre; most plants did not survive severe winter Fraelich 1996 Broadcast Very slight injury at and lb ai per acre with no injury at lb ai per acre; good to excellent nutsedge control increasing with rate a.pdf h.pdf e.pdf b.pdf x.pdf p.pdf p.pdf a.pdf a.pdf a.pdf g.pdf b.pdf

17 Manage Manage SedgeHammer SedgeHammer Manage SedgeHammer Manage SedgeHammer Manage Manage SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer ion Common Site Hemerocallis sp. Daylily Hemerocallis sp. Daylily Hemerocallis sp. Daylily In- Hemerocallis sp. Daylily In- Hemerocallis sp. 'Happy Returns' Hemerocallis sp. 'Lavender' Hemerocallis sp. 'Little Red Hot' Hemerocallis sp. 'Stella' Hemerocallis sp. 'Stella D'Oro' Hierochloe odorata Hosta fortunei Hosta fortunei 'Fragrant Blue' Daylily Daylily Daylily Daylily Daylily Indian Grass Lily, Plantain Lily, Plantain In- In- In- In- Hosta sp. Hosta Hosta sp. 'Francee' Hosta Hosta sp. 'Gold Standard' Hosta Gilliam 2005 Foliar No injury (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Neal 2001 Over the top Minor to moderate injury increasing with rate (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Derr 2008 Directed Slight injury and growth reduction at spray lb ai per acre; complete yellow nutsedge control Derr 2008 Over the top Slight injury and growth reduction at 0.031, and lb ai per acre; complete yellow nutsedge control Senesac 2001 Over the top Slight injury 6 weeks after treatment with all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Derr 2009 Over the top No significant injury at 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre after 1st, slight at 1X and 2X, moderate at 4X after 2nd application; growth reduction at all rates. Gilliam 1996 Over the top Significant visible injury and growth reduction increasing with rate (0.063, Freiberger 2009 Broadcast soil surface 0.126, lb ai per acre). Very minor injury, comparable to untreated, at 2.67 oz per acre (rate unclear: approx lb ai per acre) Derr 2001 Over the top Slight, transient injury at all rates with only the highest reducing shoot fresh weight (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre); fair to good pre-emergent oxalis control. Senesac 2003 Over the top No injury at 0.045, and lb ai per acre. Czarnota 2010 Over the top Minor to moderate crop injury with two applications at 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre. Derr 2009 Over the top No significant injury or growth reduction at 0.031, slight to moderate at 0.063, lb ai per acre. Gilliam 2005 Over the top No visible injury at any rate; increased growth observed with 0.18 lb ai per acre Derr 2001 Over the top Minor visible injury with significant fresh weight reduction at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre); poor to great spotted spurge control. Fraelich 2006 Over the top Slight injury at and 0.09 lb ai per acre with NIS, moderate at 0.18 lb ai per acre; growth reduction at all rates i6.pdf d.pdf a.pdf a.pdf n.pdf a.pdf a.pdf e.pdf o.pdf a.pdf a.pdf a.pdf i8.pdf p.pdf q.pdf

18 SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer Manage Manage Manage Manage Manage Common Hosta sp. 'Golden Hosta Tiara' Hosta sp. H. plantaginea 'Royal Standard' Hosta ion Site Hosta sp. 'Halcyon' Hosta Hydrangea sp. Hydrangea Hydrangea sp. H. Hydrangea paniculata 'Pink Diamond' Hydrangea sp. oakleaf hydrangea Ilex cornuta Ilex cornuta Hydrangea Holly, Chinese Holly, Chinese In- In- In- Ilex cornuta 'Buford Holly, In- Nana' Chinese Ilex rotunda Holly, In- Round Leaf Ilex sp. Holly Ilex sp. I. cornuta 'bufordii nana' Ilex sp. I. crenata 'Chesapeake' Ilex sp. I. crenata 'Compacta' Ilex sp. I. crenata 'Green Lustre' Holly Holly Holly Holly Mathers 2006 Over the top No injury after first application with only very slight injury occurring at the highest rate after the second application (0.047, 0.094, lb ai per acre). Gilliam 2006 Over the top Slight transient injury increasing with rate (0.047, 0.094, lb ai per acre) with a slight reduction in plant size. Derr 2005 Over the top Very slight injury at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Derr 2005 Over the top Very low injury at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Norcini 2005 Over the top No phytotoxicity at lb ai per acre and 0.09 and 0.18 lb ai per acre plants recovered by 12 WAT Derr 2009 Over the top No significant injury or growth reduction at 0.031, significant at and lb ai per acre. Czarnota 2010 Over the top No crop injury with two applications of 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre. Gilliam 2010 Over the top No crop injury with one or two applications at 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre. All treated plants were smaller compared to the untreated at 10 months after application. Gilliam 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 0.031, and lb ai per acre Czarnota 2010 Over the top No crop injury with two applications of 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre. Fraelich 1996 Broadcast Very slight injury at and lb ai per acre with no injury at lb ai per acre; good to excellent control of nutsedge and oxalis increasing with rate. Neal 2006 Over the top No significant injury at 0.047, 0.094, and lb ai per acre. Beste 2003 Over the top Slight to moderate injury increasing with rate (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Derr 2002 Over the top Virtually no injury at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre); poor preemergent control of large crabgrass and spotted spurge. Norcini 2005 Over the top Very slight injury decreasing over time at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre); Virtually no control of spurge, woodsorrel, crabgrass and coreopsis l.pdf a.pdf p.pdf p.pdf q.pdf a.pdf a.pdf a.pdf b.pdf a.pdf d.pdf b.pdf k.pdf e.pdf q.pdf

19 Manage Manage Manage Manage Manage Manage Manage Manage Manage SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer Common Ilex sp. I. crenata Holly 'Helleri' Ilex sp. I. crenata 'Rotundifolia' Holly ion Site In- Ilex sp. I. meserveae Holly Ilex sp. I. rotunda Holly In- Ilex sp. I. rotunda Holly In- Ilex sp. I. verticillata Holly In- Ilex sp. I. verticillata Holly In- Ilex sp. I. x meserveae 'Blue Princess' Ilex sp. I. x meserveae 'China Girl' Ilex vomitoria nana Ilex vomitoria nana Ilex vomitoria nana Illicium sp. I. parviflorum Illicium sp. I. parviflorum Iris xiphium 'Louisiana Purple' Holly Holly Holly, Dwarf Yaupon Holly, Dwarf Yaupon Holly, Dwarf Yaupon Anise Tree Anise Tree Bulbous Iris In- In- In- In- Beste 2003 Over the top Slight chlorosis increasing with rate l.pdf which decreased over time (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Beste 1997 Over the top No significant injury or reduction in p.pdf growth at any rate (0.031, 0.062, lb ai per acre); good to excellent control of yellow nutsedge, but little control of morningglory or henbit. Gilliam 2005 Over the top No injury at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb i3.pdf ai per acre). Czarnota 2005 Over the top Very slight injury at , 0.135, and a.pdf 0.27 lb ai per acre. Czarnota 2006 Over the top No injury at lb ai per acre c.pdf 2005 Over the top No injury after single application but slight injury after second application, increasing with rate with no impact marketability at end of experiment (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre with NIS) Over the top No significant injury or growth reduction at 0.031, and lb ai per acre; all treated plants marketable. Altland 2006 Over the top No injury at any rate (0.047, and lb ai per acre) Gilliam 1996 Over the top No significant visible injury or difference in growth indices with 0.063, 0.126, and lb ai per acre. Gilliam 2006 Over the top No visible injury and no impact on plant size with any rate (0.047, 0.094, lb ai per acre). Gilliam 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 0.031, and lb ai per acre Neal 2006 Over the top No significant injury at 0.047, 0.94 and 1.88 lb ai per acre a.pdf l.pdf p.pdf c.pdf a.pdf b.pdf b.pdf Czarnota 2005 Over the top Very slight injury at , 0.135, and a.pdf 0.27 lb ai per acre. Czarnota 2006 Over the top No injury at lb ai per acre c.pdf Derr 2009 Over the top Severe injury and significant growth reduction at 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre a.pdf

20 SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer Manage SedgeHammer SedgeHammer Manage Manage Manage Manage Manage Manage Common Itea virginica Virginia Sweetspire Juglans nigra Juglans nigra Juglans nigra Juglans nigra Walnut, Black (Non- Bearing) Walnut, Black (Non- Bearing) Walnut, Black (Non- Bearing) Walnut, Black (Non- ion Site In- In- In- In- In- Bearing) Juniperus sp. Juniper Juniperus sp. J. chinensis Juniperus sp. J. chinensis 'Parsonii' Juniperus sp. J. chinensis procumbens Juniperus sp. J. conferta 'Blue Pacific' Juniperus sp. J. conferta 'Blue Pacific' Juniperus sp. J. conferta 'Blue Pacific' Juniperus sp. J. horizontalis 'Bar Harbor' Juniperus sp. J. horizontalis 'Bar Harbor' Juniper Juniper Juniper Juniper Juniper Juniper Juniper Juniper In- In- Czarnota 2010 Over the top Little to no crop injury with two applications at 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre Foliar Slight to moderate injury increasing with rate and dissipating with time (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre with NIS) Broadcast Slight to minor injury increasing with rate (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre), but by end of season no apparent injury except a reduction in height in the highest rate Over the top Significant injury and growth reduction with complete recovery at trial's end at all rates (0.045, 0.09 and 0.18 lb ai per acre + NIS) 2009 Over the top A soil or seed borne disease caused severe early season injury and death of seedlings; trial has to be repeated. Fraelich 1996 Broadcast No injury at 0.031, 0.062, and lb ai per acre; good to excellent control of nutsedge increasing with rate. Freiberger 2009 Broadcast No injury at 2.67 oz per acre soil surface Gilliam 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 0.031, and lb ai per acre Gilliam 1996 Over the top No injury at 0.063, 0.126, and lb ai per acre. Gilliam 2005 Over the top No injury at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Gilliam 2006 Over the top No significant visible injury at any rate (0.047, 0.094, lb ai per acre) but there was a reduction in plant size. Senesac 2001 Over the top Slight injury at all rates (0.031, 0.062, lb ai per acre). Derr 2005 Over the top No injury at 0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre. Senesac 2001 Over the top No injury at any rate (0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre) a.pdf b.pdf b.pdf m.pdf s.pdf g.pdf e.pdf b.pdf e.pdf i2.pdf a.pdf r.pdf p.pdf q.pdf

21 Manage Manage Manage Manage Manage SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer Manage Manage Common Juniperus sp. J. Juniper horizontalis 'Plumosa Compacta' Juniperus sp. J. horizontalis 'Plumosa Compacta' Juniperus sp. J. horizontalis 'Wiltonii' Juniperus sp. J. horizontalis 'Wiltonii' Juniperus sp. J. horizontalis 'Wiltonii' Juniper Juniper Juniper Juniper ion Site In- In- Juniperus sp. J. Juniper Invirginiana Juniperus virginiana Cedar, Red In- Lagerstroemia indica Crape In- Myrtle Lagerstroemia indica Crape In- Myrtle Lagerstroemia indica Crape In- Myrtle Lagerstroemia indica Crape In- Myrtle Lagerstroemia indica Lagerstroemia indica Lagerstroemia indica 'Acoma' Lagerstroemia indica 'Cheyenne' Crape Myrtle Crape Myrtle Crape Myrtle Crape Myrtle In- In- Ahrens 1996 Broadcast No injury at 0.031, 0.063, and lb ai q.pdf per acre with second-year applications to the same plants; excellent control of annual sedges and horseweed, moderate to good control of prostrate spurge, and poor control of carpet weed. Ahrens & 1995 Broadcast No injury at 0.031, 0.063, and lb ai f.pdf Mervosh foliar per acre; moderate control of crabgrass and moderate to good control of annual sedges increasing with rate. Gilliam 2005 Over the top No injury at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb i4.pdf ai per acre). Neal 2001 Over the top Slight tip chlorosis and necrosis at all f.pdf rates with recovery over time (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Norcini 2005 Over the top No injury at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb q.pdf ai per acre); No control of spurge, woodsorrel, eclipta, hawkweed, and coreopsis Over the top Phytotoxicity observed in this juniper species Foliar Unacceptable injury at all rates (0.045, b.pdf 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre with NIS). Czarnota 2005 Over the top No injury at , 0.135, and 0.27 lb ai a.pdf per acre. Czarnota 2005 Over the top No injury at , 0.135, and 0.27 lb ai a.pdf per acre. Czarnota 2006 Over the top No injury at lb ai per acre c.pdf Derr 2008 Directed spray Very slight injury with quick recovery at lb ai per acre; complete yellow nutsedge control Derr 2008 Over the top Very slight injury with quick recovery at 0.031, and lb ai per acre; complete yellow nutsedge control Gilliam 2008 Over the top Slight injury after the 2nd application at 0.031, and lb ai per acre; no growth reduction Gilliam 2005 Foliar No injury at 0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre. Norcini 2005 Over the top Very low injury at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre); Virtually no control of spurge, woodsorrel and crabgrass a.pdf a.pdf b.pdf i5.pdf q.pdf

22 Manage SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer Manage SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer Common Lagerstroemia indica Crape L. x Tuscarora Myrtle Lamiastrum Yellow galeobdolon 'Herman's Archangel Pride' Lantana sp. Shrub Verbena Lantana sp. Shrub ion Site Verbena Laurus nobilis Bay Laurel In- Leymus arenarius Blue Lyme 'Blue Dune' Grass Ligustrum sp. Privet In- Ligustrum sp. Privet In- Ligustrum sp. Privet In- Ligustrum sp. Privet 'Chinense' Lilium longiflorum Lily, Easter 'Nellie White' Liquidambar sp. L. styraciflua Liquidambar sp. L. styraciflua Sweetgum Sweetgum In- In- Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree In- Liriope muscari Liriope muscari Lilyturf, Big Blue;Giant Lilyturf, Big Blue;Giant Neal 2006 Over the top No significant injury at 0.047, 0.094, and lb ai per acre. Senesac 2001 Over the top Slight to moderate transient injury increasing with rate (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Derr 2006 Over the top Slight injury at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Williams 2007 Over the top No injury at 0.047, slight at and lb ai per acre Uber 2008 Over the top Significant but commercially acceptable injury at 0.031, and lb ai per acre; no growth reduction Senesac 2001 Over the top Very slight injury increasing with rate (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Derr 2008 Directed Unacceptable injury and growth spray reduction at lb ai per acre; complete yellow nutsedge control Derr 2008 Over the top Unacceptable injury and growth reduction at 0.031, and lb ai per acre; complete yellow nutsedge control Gilliam 2008 Over the top Moderate injury and growth reduction at 0.031, and lb ai per acre Derr 2005 Over the top Low injury at and 0.09 lb ai per acre, moderate at 0.18 lb ai per acre. Lieth 2006 Over the top Unacceptable injury and growth reduction at 0.047, and lb ai per acre 2009 Over the top No significant injury but slight height reduction at 0.031, and lb ai per acre; all treated plants marketable Over the top Two applications made 6 weeks apart at , 0.063, lb ai per acre resulted in sever crop injury at 2x and 4x with reduced height Foliar Low injury and plants marketable at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre with NIS). Gilliam 2005 Over the top No visible injury, but plant growth was significantly suppressed at 0.09 lb ai per acre Williams 2007 Over the top No injury at 0.047, very slight at and lb ai per acre b.pdf s.pdf l.pdf a.pdf c.pdf t.pdf a.pdf a.pdf b.pdf p.pdf f.pdf t.pdf a.pdf f.pdf i10.pd f a.pdf

23 SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer SedgeHammer Common Liriope sp. L. muscari Lilyturf, variegata Creeping Liriope sp. L. muscari Lilyturf, variegata Creeping Liriope sp. L. muscari Lilyturf, variegata 'Aztec' Creeping Lonicera sp. L. japonica Lonicera sp. L. sempervirens Loropetalum sp. Loropetalum sp. Honeysuckl e Honeysuckl e Loropetalu m Loropetalu m ion Site In- In- In- In- Loropetalum sp. Loropetalu In- Burgundy loropetalum m Magnolia sp. Magnolia In- Magnolia sp. Magnolia In- Magnolia sp. M. grandiflora Magnolia stellata 'Pinkie' Mahonia aquifolium M. repens Malus sp. M. baccata Malus sp. Sargent crabapple Magnolia Magnolia, Star Oregon Grape Apple & Crabapple (Non- Bearing) Apple & Crabapple (Non- Bearing) In- In- In- Derr 2005 Over the top No injury 44 DAT with all rates (0.045, po.pdf 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Neal 2006 Over the top Significant injury at all rates (0.047, b.pdf 0.098, lb ai per acre) Derr 2006 Over the top No to slight injury but shoot weight l.pdf decreased significantly as rate increased (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre). Gilliam 2010 Over the top Crop injury first observed 2WAT with a.pdf 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre. By 4WAT all plants including untreated began to decline and no additional injury ratings taken. Some differences in growth among treatments. Derr 2009 Over the top Slight to moderate injury at 0.031, 0.063, a.pdf lb ai per acre; no growth reduction. Derr 2008 Directed No significant injury or growth reduction a.pdf spray at lb ai per acre; complete yellow nutsedge control Derr 2008 Over the top No significant injury or growth reduction a.pdf at 0.031, and lb ai per acre; complete yellow nutsedge control Derr 2009 Over the top No significant injury or growth reduction a.pdf at 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre. Czarnota 2006 Over the top No injury at lb ai per acre c.pdf Gilliam 2008 Over the top Slight injury at 0.031, moderate at and lb ai per acre; growth reduction at 2X and 4X Czarnota 2005 Over the top No injury at , 0.135, and 0.27 lb ai per acre. Senesac 2001 Over the top No injury with 0.031, and lb ai per acre. Senesac 2001 Over the top Slight to moderate injury increasing with rate (0.031, 0.062, lb ai per acre) Foliar Unacceptable injury at all rates (0.045, 0.09, 0.18 lb ai per acre with NIS). Derr 2009 Over the top No significant injury or growth reduction at 0.031, 0.063, lb ai per acre b.pdf a.pdf u.pdf v.pdf a.pdf a.pdf