IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Mesotrione Crop Safety

Transcription

1 IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Mesotrione Crop Safety Authors: Cristi L. Palmer and Ely Vea Date: May 1, 2009 Acknowledgements Lori Harrison Karen Sims 1

2 Table of Contents Table of Contents... 2 Table of Tables... 3 Abstract... 4 Introduction... 5 Materials and Methods... 5 Results and Summary... 5 Phytotoxicity... 5 Label Suggestions Appendix 1: Protocols Appendix 2: Contributing Researchers Appendix 3: Submitted Data

3 Table of Tables Table 1. List of Mesotrione SC treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury Table 2. List of Mesotrione SC treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 2X or 4X rate did cause significant phytotoxicity... 6 Table 3. List of Mesotrione SC treated crops exhibiting significant injury Table 4. List of Mesotrione SC treated crops where more information is needed Table 5. Detailed Summary of Crop Safety Testing with Mesotrione SC

4 Abstract During 2007 and 2008, IR-4 completed 113 trials on Mesotrione SC. The data contained in this report was generated to register uses of mesotrione on and around ornamental horticulture plants with over-the-top applications. The mesotrione rates were 0.187, 0.25 and 0.37 pounds active ingredient per (lb ai per A) as the 1X, 1.5X and 2X rates. Mesotrione SC had been applied to 39 plant genera or species. Of these, five exhibited no or minimal transient injury after application at all three rates. Twenty crops exhibited significant phytotoxicity at even the lowest rate: Buddleia davidii, Dianthus gratianopolitanus, Echinacea purpurea, Hydrangea quercifolia, Ilex sp., Lagerstroemia indica, Liriope sp., Ophiopogon sp., Phlox paniculata, Phlox subulata, Picea sp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rosa sp., Salvia sylvestris, Spiraea sp., Taxus sp., Thuja occidentalis, Veronica sp., Viburnum sp., and Vinca sp. 4

5 Introduction Control of broadleaved weeds and sedges in the production of woody and herbaceous perennials can be problematic because nurseries grow many different types of plants and not all genera or species are listed on labels. These weeds can also be difficult to control in landscape settings for the same reason. Starting in 2007, crops safety for the new active ingredient mesotrione was investigated. Both Mesotrione G and Mesotrione SC were examined. Materials and Methods Two applications of Mesotrione SC were made approximately 4 or 6 weeks apart. The application rates were 0.187, 0.25 and, plus a water treated control. A minimum of four plants (replicate treatments) were required with many researchers exceeding this minimum. Phytotoxicity was recorded on a scale of 0 to 10 (0 = No phytotoxicity; 10 = Complete kill) at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after initial application. Some researchers also included readings 3 to 4 days after the initial and second applications. For more detailed materials and methods, please see Appendix 1: Protocols. Mesotrione G and Mesotrione SC was supplied to researchers (See list of researchers in Appendix 2) by Syngenta Corporation. Results and Summary Phytotoxicity Based on the type and nature of injury seen with Mesotrione SC applications in the conducted research, tested plant species were placed into four categories: 1) no significant phytotoxicity or growth differences from the untreated check or any injury was transitory, 2) no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 1.5X and/or 2X rates did cause significant phytotoxicity, 3) significant injury sufficient to recommend growers not utilize this product, and 4) more data is needed to make informed recommendations. Mesotrione SC exhibited no or minimal negative impact on five plant genera or species with over the top applications (Table 1). Some minimal injury may be acceptable for growers if applications are made several weeks to months in advance of crop sale particularly for woody ornamental crops. Twenty tested crops exhibited damage sufficient to recommend growers not utilize Mesotrione SC as an over-the-top treatment for pre-emergent weed control (Table 3): Buddleia davidii, Dianthus gratianopolitanus, Echinacea purpurea, Hydrangea quercifolia, Ilex sp., Lagerstroemia indica, Liriope sp., Ophiopogon sp., Phlox paniculata, Phlox subulata, Picea sp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rosa sp., Salvia sylvestris, Spiraea sp., Taxus sp., Thuja occidentalis, Veronica sp., Viburnum sp., and Vinca sp. For 14 genera/species, more information is needed either because only 1 or 2 trials were conducted or because consistent results were not achieved among the research sites (Table 4). A single trial was conducted with Mesotrione G on Viburnum opulus. No phytotoxicity symptoms were observed, but plants at the two higher rates were stunted. 5

6 See Table 5 for a list of completed trials. Table 1. List of Mesotrione SC treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury. Abies fraseri (See Marshall) Miscanthus sinensis Calamagrostis acutiflora Rhododendron sp. 1 Festuca ovina glauca (See Klett) Table 2. List of Mesotrione SC treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 2X or 4X rate did cause significant phytotoxicity None. Table 3. List of Mesotrione SC treated crops exhibiting significant injury. Buddleia davidii Picea sp. Dianthus gratianopolitanus Pseudotsuga menziesii Echinacea purpurea Rosa sp. 1 Hydrangea quercifolia Salvia sylvestris Ilex sp. Spiraea sp. Lagerstroemia indica Taxus sp. Liriope sp. Thuja occidentalis 1 Ophiopogon sp. Veronica sp. Phlox paniculata Viburnum sp. Phlox subulata Vinca sp. Table 4. List of Mesotrione SC treated crops where more information is needed. Acer rubrum Hydrangea macrophylla. 1 Berberis thunbergii Hydrangea paniculata Buxus sempervirens Iris siberica Cladrastis sp. Juniperus communis Euonymus sp. Juniperus horizontalis Hemerocallis sp. 1 Juniperus squamata Hosta sp. 2 Tsuga heterophylla 1 Differential response possibly due to different cultivars. 2 In two trials, no injury after 2 applications at all rates. 6

7 Table 5. Detailed Summary of Crop Safety Testing with Mesotrione SC Notes: Table entries are sorted by crop Latin name. Only those trials with research reports received by 4/29/09 are listed below. 7 PR # Crop Production Common Name Latin Name Cultivar Site Fir, Fraser Abies fraseri Fir, Fraser Abies fraseri In- Ground Fir, Fraser Abies fraseri In- Ground Fir, Fraser Abies fraseri 'Roan Mountain' Maple, Red Acer rubrum Maple, Red Acer rubrum Red Sunset Barberry Berberis sp. B. thunbergi Crimson Pygmy Barberry Berberis sp. B. thunbergii 'Atropurpurea' Butterfly Bush Buddleia davidii Butterfly Bush Buddleia davidii Pink Delight 'White Ball' Researcher(s) Year Application Method Results Summary Freiberger 2007 Over the top No significant injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Ahrens/Mervosh 2007 Over the top No injury at 0.187, 0.25 and lb ai per Beste/Frank 2007 Over the top Data indicated no significant injury and growth reduction at Marshall 2007 Over the top One application. Slight injury at and 0.25, moderate at Freiberger 2007 Over the top Slight injury at and 0.25, moderate at 0.37 lb ai per Williams 2007 Over the top Virtually no injury at and 0.25, very slight at 0.38 lb ai per Williams 2007 Over the top Very slight injury at 0.187, moderate at 0.25 and 0.38 lb ai per Beste/Frank 2007 Over the top No significant injury or growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and ; all plants marketable; poor control of oxalis, no control of Pennsylvania bittercress and spotted spurge Williams 2007 Over the top Moderate injury at 0.187, high at 0.25 and 0.38 lb ai per Marshall 2007 Over the top One application. Moderate to high injury at 0.187, 0.25 and File Name l.pdf a.pdf a.pdf b.pdf l.pdf a.pdf b.pdf

8 PR # Crop Production Common Name Latin Name Cultivar Site Boxwood Buxus sp. B. sempervirens 'Green Mountain' Boxwood Buxus sp. 'Green Velvet' Feather Reed Grass Feather Reed Grass Feather Reed Grass Calamagrostis acutiflora Calamagrostis acutiflora Calamagrostis acutiflora 'Karl Forester' 'Karl Forester' Yellowwood Cladrastis sp. C. kentukea Pinks Dianthus sp. Fire Witch Pinks Dianthus sp. D. deltoides 'Brilliant' Pinks Dianthus sp. 'Firewitch' Purple Coneflower Purple Coneflower Purple Coneflower Echinacea sp. Echinacea sp. E. purpurea Echinacea sp. E. purpurea Researcher(s) Year Application Method Results Summary Beste/Frank 2007 Over the top No significant injury or growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and ; all plants marketable; poor control of oxalis, no control of spotted spurge Marshall 2007 Over the top One application. Slight injury at 0.187, 0.25 and 0.37 lb ai per Trader 2007 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and 0.37 lb ai per Boydston 2007 Over the top No injury or significant growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and Boydston 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and 0.37 lb ai per ; all plants saleable Freiberger 2007 Over the top Slight injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Williams 2007 Over the top High injury at 0.187, 0.25 and 0.38 lb ai per Senesac 2007 Over the top Slight injury after first, severe injury after 2nd application at Boydston 2007 Over the top No injury after first, significant injury after 2nd application at 0.187, 0.25 and ; and 0.25 lb treated plants saleable Trader 2007 Over the top Severe injury and growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and Mathers 2007 Over the top Severe injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Williams 2007 Over the top Severe injury at 0.187, 0.25 and 0.38 lb ai per File Name a.pdf b.pdf i.pdf t.pdf e.pdf l.pdf s.pdf i.pdf d.pdf 8

9 9 PR # Crop Production Common Name Latin Name Cultivar Site Purple Echinacea sp. E. purpurea Coneflower 'Magnus' Purple Coneflower Echinacea sp Purple Echinacea sp. Coneflower Winged Burning Euonymus Bush alatus Purpleleaf Euonymus Wintercreeper radicans Blue Fescue Festuca ovina glauca Blue Fescue Festuca ovina glauca Blue Fescue Festuca ovina glauca Blue Fescue Festuca ovina glauca Daylily Hemerocallis sp Daylily Hemerocallis sp Daylily Hemerocallis sp. E. purpurea 'Magnus' E. purpurea 'White Swan' 'Compacta' E. fortunei 'Coloratus' 'Elijah Blue' 'Elijah Blue' 'Second Glance' 'Stella d'oro' Hosta Hosta sp. H. fortunei 'Francee' Hosta Hosta sp. 'Krossa Regal' Researcher(s) Year Application Method Results Summary Fraelich 2007 Over the top Moderate to severe injury at Wade 2007 Over the top No injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Boydston 2007 Over the top High injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Williams 2007 Over the top Slight injury at 0.187, 0.25 and 0.38 lb ai per Williams 2007 Over the top Slight injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Klett 2007 Over the top Two trials; slight injury (leaf discoloration) after the 2nd application at 0.187, 0.25 and ; no growth reduction Trader 2007 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and 0.37 lb ai per Boydston 2007 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and 0.37 lb ai per ; treated plants saleable Boydston 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and 0.37 lb ai per Fraelich 2007 Over the top No injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Lieth 2007 Over the top Moderate to high injury at Wade 2007 Over the top Some chlorosis at 0.187, 0.25 and after 1st application; complete recovery in 2 weeks Wade 2007 Over the top No injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Fraelich 2007 Over the top No injury at 0.187, 0.25 and File Name r.pdf e.pdf w.pdf i.pdf i.pdf r.pdf e.pdf r.pdf e.pdf e.pdf e.pdf r.pdf

10 PR # Crop Production Common Name Latin Name Cultivar Site Hydrangea Hydrangea sp Hydrangea Hydrangea sp. H. macrophylla Week End Hydrangea Hydrangea sp. H. macrophylla 'Endless Summer' Hydrangea Hydrangea sp. H. macrophylla 'Nikko Blue' Hydrangea Hydrangea sp. H. macrophylla 'Nikko Blue' Hydrangea Hydrangea sp. H. paniculata Pee Wee Hydrangea Hydrangea sp. H. quercifolia 'Alice' Holly Ilex sp Holly Ilex sp. I. cornuta 'Carissa' Holly Ilex sp. I. verticillata 'Winter Gold' Holly, Dwarf Ilex vomitoria Yaupon nana Flag Iris sp. I. siberica 'Harpswell Happiness' Researcher(s) Year Application Method Results Summary Mathers 2007 No visible injury at 0.97, 1.94 and 3.88 lb ai per Williams 2007 Over the top Slight injury at and 0.25, moderate at 0.38 lb ai per Wade 2007 Over the top Some chlorosis at 0.187, 0.25 and after 1st application; complete recovery in 2 weeks Beste/Frank 2007 Over the top Severe injury (chlorosis) and growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and ; treated plants not marketable Fraelich 2007 Over the top Slight injury (chlorosis) at ; only one plant at 2X rate not marketable Williams 2007 Over the top Virtually no injury at 0.187, slight at 0.25 and 0.38 lb ai per Senesac 2007 Over the top Severe injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Trader 2007 Over the top Unacceptable injury and growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and Fraelich 2007 Over the top No injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Senesac 2007 Over the top Severe injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Trader 2007 Over the top Unacceptable injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Beste/Frank 2007 Over the top Significant injury with some recovery, no significant growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and ; plants marketable at 1X and 2X rates File Name a.pdf e.pdf a.pdf r.pdf i.pdf r.pdf i.pdf a.pdf 10

11 11 PR # Crop Production Common Name Latin Name Cultivar Site Juniper Juniperus sp. J. communis 'Gold Totem Pole' Juniper Juniperus sp. J. horizontalis 'Wiltonii' Juniper Juniperus sp. J. squamata 'Blue Star' Crape Myrtle Lagerstroemia indica Lilyturf, Creeping Silver Grass Miscanthus sp Silver Grass Miscanthus sp Silver Grass Miscanthus sp Mondo Grass, Lilyturf, Ker- Gawl Liriope sp. Ophiopogon sp Phlox, Perennial Phlox paniculata Phlox, Perennial Phlox paniculata Creeping Phlox, Moss Pink Creeping Phlox, Moss Pink Phlox subulata Phlox subulata M. sinensis M. sinensis 'Graziella' P. paniculata 'Robert Poore' 'Starfire' 'McDaniels Cushion' P. subulata 'Emerald Blue' Researcher(s) Year Application Method Results Summary Senesac 2007 Over the top No injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Fraelich 2007 Over the top No injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Ahrens/Mervosh 2007 Over the top No injury after 1st, slight to moderate injury after 2nd application at 0.187, 0.25 and lb ai per Trader 2007 Over the top Severe injury and growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and Trader 2007 Over the top Severe injury and growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and Trader 2007 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and 0.37 lb ai per Boydston 2007 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and 0.37 lb ai per ; plants saleable Mathers 2007 Over the top No injury at and 0.25 lb ai per, slight injury with complete recovery at 0.37 lb ai Trader 2007 Over the top Unacceptable injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Senesac 2007 Over the top Severe injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Boydston 2007 Over the top High injury and significant growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and ; plants not saleable Boydston 2007 Over the top Slight injury at 0.187, 0.25 and ; plants saleable Senesac 2007 Over the top Severe injury at 0.187, 0.25 and File Name r.pdf d.pdf i.pdf i.pdf i.pdf m.pdf c.pdf i.pdf n.pdf l.pdf

12 12 PR # Crop Production Common Name Latin Name Cultivar Site Spruce Picea sp. P. glauca Spruce Picea sp. P. pungens Fir, Douglas Pseudotsuga menziesii Fir, Douglas Pseudotsuga menziesii Fir, Douglas Pseudotsuga menziesii Azalea Rhododendron sp Azalea Rhododendron sp Azalea Rhododendron sp Azalea Rhododendron sp. 'Blue' P. menziesii glauca 'Fashion' 'Gwenda' R. x 'Crete' (Yakushimanum hybrid) 'Vulcan' Rose Rosa sp Rose Rosa sp. 'Nearly Wild' Researcher(s) Year Application Method Results Summary Freiberger 2007 Over the top Moderate to severe injury at Senesac 2007 Over the top No injury after 1st, slight to moderate injury after 2nd application at 0.187, 0.25 and ; complete recovery 8 weeks after 2nd application Boydston 2007 Over the top No injury at 0.187, significant injury at 0.25 and 0.37 lb ai per ; lb treated plants saleable Marshall 2007 Over the top One application. Slight injury at 0.187, 0.25 and 0.37 lb ai per Freiberger 2007 Over the top Severe injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Fraelich 2007 Over the top Very slight injury (chlorosis) at 0.187, 0.25 and 0.37 lb ai per ; all plants marketable Wade 2007 Over the top Some chlorosis at 0.187, 0.25 and after 1st application; complete recovery in 2 weeks Senesac 2007 Over the top Slight to moderate injury at Regan 2007 Over the top No significant injury or growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and Trader 2007 Over the top Unacceptable injury and growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and Wade 2007 Over the top Some chlorosis at 0.187, 0.25 and after 1st application; complete recovery in 2 weeks File Name l.pdf q.pdf b.pdf l.pdf r.pdf e.pdf d.pdf i.pdf e.pdf

13 PR # Crop Production Common Name Latin Name Cultivar Site Rose Rosa sp. 'Nearly Wild' Rose Rosa sp. R. meiglise 'White Drift' Rose Rosa sp. R. virginiana Rose Rosa sp. R. x hybrida Knockout Sage, Ramona Salvia sylvestris Sage, Ramona Salvia sylvestris 'East Friesland' 'Rhea' Bridal-Wreath Spiraea sp. S. decumbens Bridal-Wreath Spiraea sp. S. prunifolia Bridal-Wreath Spiraea sp. Spiraea x bumalda 'Gold Mound' Yew Taxus sp. T. baccata Yew Taxus sp. T. baccata fasigata Arborvitae Thuja sp. T. occidentalis 'Emerald Green' Researcher(s) Year Application Method Results Summary Williams 2007 Over the top Very slight to slight injury increasing with rate (0.17, 0.25, 0.38 lb ai per ). Boydston 2007 Over the top High injury at 0.187, 0.25 and ; plants not saleable Senesac 2007 Over the top Moderate to severe injury at Williams 2007 Over the top Virtually no injury at 0.187, slight at 0.25 and 0.38 lb ai per Boydston 2007 Over the top High injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Beste/Frank 2007 Severe injury and growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and ; treated plants with greatly reduced quality and marketability Senesac 2007 Over the top Slight to moderate injury at Freiberger 2007 Over the top Moderate to severe injury increasing with rates at 0.187, 0.25 and Ahrens/Mervosh 2007 Over the top Moderate to high injury at 0.187, 0.25 and lb ai per Senesac 2007 Over the top Slight to moderate injury at Freiberger 2007 Over the top Slight to high injury increasing with rates at 0.187, 0.25 and Ahrens/Mervosh 2007 Over the top Moderate to high injury at 0.187, 0.25 and lb ai per File Name j.pdf k.pdf a.pdf l.pdf d.pdf l.pdf c.pdf 13

14 PR # Crop Production Common Name Latin Name Cultivar Site Arborvitae Thuja sp. T. occidentalis 'Emerald Green' Arborvitae Thuja sp. T. occidentalis 'Nigra' Hemlock, Tsuga Western heterophylla Speedwell, Brooklime Speedwell, Brooklime Speedwell, Brooklime Veronica sp. 'Red Fox' Veronica sp. Veronica sp. 'Sunny Border Blue' V. peduncularis 'Waterperry' Arrowwood Viburnum sp. V. dentatum Chicago Lustre Arrowwood Viburnum sp. V. nudum 'Winterthur' Arrowwood Viburnum sp. V. opulus Arrowwood Viburnum sp. V. plicatum 'Shasta' Periwinkle Vinca sp. 'Pinkstar' Periwinkle Vinca sp. V. major 'Maculata' Researcher(s) Year Application Method Results Summary Lieth 2007 Over the top Unacceptable injury (bleaching, necrosis of shoot tips) and delayed/distorted growth at 0.187, 0.25 and 0.37 lb ai per Senesac 2007 Over the top No injury at 0.187, 0.25 and Boydston 2007 Over the top No injury at 0.187, significant injury at 0.25 and 0.37 lb ai per ; lb treated plants saleable Boydston 2007 Over the top High injury at 0.187, 0.25 and ; plants not saleable Williams 2007 Over the top Severe injury at 0.187, 0.25 and 0.38 lb ai per Senesac 2007 Over the top Slight to moderate injury at Williams 2007 Over the top Slight injury at and 0.25, moderate at 0.38 lb ai per Senesac 2007 Over the top Moderate to severe injury at Regan 2007 Over the top High injury and growth reduction at 0.187, 0.25 and Ahrens/Mervosh 2007 Over the top Severe injury at 0.187, 0.25 and lb ai per Wade 2007 Over the top Some chlorosis at 0.187, 0.25 and after 1st application; complete recovery in 2 weeks Boydston 2007 Over the top High injury and stunting at File Name c.pdf f.pdf pdf s.pdf d.pdf d.pdf e.pdf h.pdf 14

15 PR # Crop Production Common Name Latin Name Cultivar Site Periwinkle Vinca sp. V. minor Periwinkle Vinca sp. V. minor The Trial Below was conducted using Mesotrione G instead of Mesotrione SC Arrowwood Viburnum sp. V. opulus Researcher(s) Year Application Method Results Summary Freiberger 2007 Over the top Moderate to high injury increasing with rates at 0.187, 0.25 and Senesac 2007 Over the top Slight to moderate injury at ; complete recovery 8 weeks after 2nd application Regan 2007 Over the top No significant injury at 0.187, 0.25 and ; growth reduction only at 2X and 4X File Name l.pdf d.pdf 15

16 Label Suggestions If either formulation will be commercialized for use on or around ornamental horticulture plants, it is suggested that the initial label(s) be quite restrictive with over-the-top applications along with fully listing those species exhibiting sensitivity to treatment. 16

17 Appendix 1: Protocols 17

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19 19

20 Appendix 2: Contributing Researchers Dr. John Ahrens Dr. Ed Beste Dr. Rick Boydston Mr. Luke Case Mr. Ben Fraelich Dr. Ray Frank Mr. Tom Freiberger Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory 153 Cook Hill Road, P.O. Box 248 Windsor, CT University of Maryland LESREC Salisbury Facility Nanticoke Road Salisbury, MD USDA-ARS IAREC Rt 2 Box 2953-A Prosser, WA The Ohio State University Dept. Hort. and Crop Science 2001 Fyffe Ct. Columbus, OH USDA-ARS CPES P.O. Box 748 Tifton, GA Boyers Mill Road New Market, MD Rutgers University Cream Ridge Experiment Station 283 Rt. 539 Cream Ridge, NJ

21 Dr. Jim Klett Dr. Heiner Lieth Colorado State University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Fort Collins, CO Department of Plant Sciences University of California One Shield Avenue Davis, CA Dr. Hannah Mathers Dr. Todd Mervosh Dr. Rich Regan Dr. Andy Senesac Dr. Brian Trader Mr. Paul Wade Dr. David Williams The Ohio State University Dept. Hort. and Crop Science 2001 Fyffe Ct. Columbus, OH Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory 153 Cook Hill Road, P.O. Box 248 Windsor, CT Oregon State University North Willamette Res. & Ext. Ctr NE Miley Rd. Aurora, OR Long Island Horticultural Research Laboratory 39 Sound Avenue Riverhead, NY Mississippi State University 158 Dorman Hall, Box 9555 Mississippi State, MS USDA-ARS US Vegetable Laboratory 2700 Savannah Highway Charleston, SC University of Illinois PSL, 1201 S. Dorner Urbana, IL

22 Appendix 3: Submitted Data Researcher reports included in the printed copy of this report and those received by 4/29/09. Reports on following pages are in alphanumeric order of author PR number. 22