IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Biathlon (Oxyfluorfen + Prodiamine) Crop Safety

Transcription

1 IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Biathlon Crop Safety Authors: Edith Lurvey, Kathleen Hester, Cristi L. Palmer and Ely Vea Date: May 17, 2012 Acknowledgements Lori Harrison Karen Sims 1

2 Table of Contents Table of Contents... 2 Table of Tables... 3 Abstract... 4 Introduction... 5 Materials and Methods... 5 Results and Summary... 5 Phytotoxicity... 5 Label Suggestions Appendix 1: Contributing Researchers Appendix 2: Submitted Data

3 Table of Tables Table 1. List of Biathlon treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury in a minimum of three trials....6 Table 2. List of Biathlon treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 2X or 4X rate did cause significant phytotoxicity....6 Table 3. List of Biathlon treated crops exhibiting significant injury at the 1X rate....6 Table 4. List of Biathlon treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury where more information is needed....6 Table 5. Detailed Summary of Crop Safety Testing with Oxyfluorfen + Prodiamine...7 3

4 Abstract From 2009 through 2011 IR-4 completed 62 trials evaluating Biathlon (oxyfluorfen + prodiamine) crop safety. The data contained in this report were generated to register uses of oxyfluorfen + prodiamine as over-the-top applications on and around ornamental horticulture plants. The rates tested were 2.75 (1X), 5.5 (2X) and 11.0 (4X) pounds active ingredient per acre (lb ai per acre). Biathlon was applied to twenty-eight (28) plant species, representing nineteen (19) genera. Five species and the Rosa genera exhibitied no or minimal transient injury in at least 3 trials. Four (4) species exhibited phytotoxicity or growth reduction in at least one trial at the 2X and/or 4X rate, but it may not affect the marketability of the crop. o species tested consistently exhibited significant phytotoxicity or growth reduction in more than one trial. Eighteen (18) species require further testing. Results are summarized at the species level, as there is some evidence that crop safety can differ at the varietal level. On the Biathlon label, Potentilla fruticosa appears twice: it may be used on the variety Abbotwood but is not recommended on Goldfinger. More data is needed to establish the actual varietal sensitivities within Potentilla fruticosa, and identify other species with the same difficulty. We recommend Lantana camara be added to the Biathlon label along with 6 additional varieties of species already listed. 4

5 Introduction on-phytotoxic and effective residual control of broadleaved weeds and sedges in the production of woody and herbaceous perennials can be problematic. urseries grow many different types of plants, and not all genera or species are listed on labels. Some weeds may also be difficult to control in landscape settings for the same reason. In 2009, Biathlon was evaluated for crop safety on plant 19 species. In 2010 Biathlon was tested again on 35 plant species along with several other products, including Freehand (dimethenamid-p + pendimethalin), Broadstar 0.25G VC1604 (flumioxazin), Certainty (sulfosulfuron), Gallery (isoxaben), Snapshot (isoxaben + trifluralin), Tower EC (dimethenamid-p). ine (9) additional species were tested in 2011 alongside the chemistries list above and Gallery, Indazaflam and V This summary covers the results from Biathlon from 2009 to Materials and Methods From 2009 to 2011, two applications of Biathlon were made approximately 6 weeks apart, with the first application within 7 days of transplanting in 2010 and The application rates were 2.75, 5.5 and 11.0 lb ai per acre, plus a water treated control. A minimum number of plants (replicate treatments) were required: four plants in 2009 and 12 plants in 2010 and Phytotoxicity was recorded using a scale of 0 to 10 (0 = o phytotoxicity; 10 = Complete kill) at approximately 1, 2, 4, 7, 8 and 10 weeks after initial application. Plant size was also evaluated for several species at the time of the first application and again at the time of the last evaluation. The protocols used were , ,and Please visit to view and download these protocols. Biathlon was supplied to researchers (See list of researchers in Appendix 2) by OHP, Inc. Results and Summary Phytotoxicity Based on the type and nature of injury seen with Biathlon applications in the conducted research, tested plant species were placed into four categories: 1) no significant phytotoxicity or growth differences from the untreated check or any injury was transitory, 2) no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 2X and/or 4X rates did cause significant phytotoxicity, 3) significant injury sufficient to recommend growers not utilize this product, and 4) more data is needed to make informed recommendations. Biathlon exhibited no or minimal negative impact on five plant species and the Rosa genera when applied as a broadcast, over the top application (Table 1). Minimal injury may be acceptable for growers if applications are made several weeks to months in advance of crop sale particularly for woody ornamental crops. Four (4) species exhibited significant injury or growth reduction with Biathlon at either the 2X or 4X rate (Table 2), however, in two cases the researchers commented that the plants were still marketable. one of the tested species exhibited damage sufficient to recommend growers not utilize Biathlon as an over-the-top treatment for pre-emergent weed control at the recommended 5

6 label rate (Table 3). For eleven genera/species more information is needed either because only 1 or 2 trials were conducted or because consistent results were not achieved among the research sites (Table 4). Potentilla fruiticosa Goldfinger exhibited no signs of injury in three trials conducted by IR-4, although the Biathlon is specifically not recommended for use in that variety. Use of Biathlon is allowed in another variety of the same species, Potentilla fruticosa Abbotswood. Please see Table 5 for a list of individual trial summaries on Biathlon. Table 1. List of Biathlon treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury in a minimum of three trials. Berberis thunbergii 1 Lantana camara Euonymus japonica aureo marginata 1 Potentilla fruticosa 2,3 Gardenia jasminoides 1 Rosa spp. Table 2. List of Biathlon treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 2X or 4X rate did cause significant phytotoxicity. Camellia japónica Spring Promise Hibiscus moscheuto Luna Rose Hydrangea macrophylla 2 ikko Blue Quercus pinnata Table 3. List of Biathlon treated crops exhibiting significant injury at the 1X rate. one Table 4. List of Biathlon treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury where more information is needed. Acer palmatum Acer rubrum Buddleia davidii 1 Cornus florida Cornus kousa Cornus sanguiniea 1 Cornus sericea Cryptomerisa japonica 1 Euonymus alata Compacta 2 Hibiscus syriacus 1 Juniper chinensis varigata 1 Juniper horizontalis 1 Juniperus virginiana 1 Mahonia aquifolium andina domestica Quercus rubra Taxus x Media 1 Viburnum tinus Arrowwood 1 1 Already registered 2 On label, Use not recommended 3 Variations in crop safety at the varietal level: IR-4 tested Abbotswood, Goldfinger and Pink Beauty with no observed injury, but the label indicates Goldfinger is sensitive to Biathlon. 6

7 Table 5. Detailed Summary of Crop Safety Testing with Oxyfluorfen + Prodiamine otes: Table entries are sorted by crop Latin name. Only those trials with research reports received by 4/18/12 are listed below. Table entries with blank results have been received but not yet cataloged in the database. Product (Active PR # Ingredients) Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Crop Maple (Acer sp.) A. palmatum atropurpureum Maple (Acer sp.) A. rubrum B. thunbergii 'atropurpurea' B. thunbergii 'Crimson Pygmy' B. thunbergii 'Crimson Pygmy' B. thunbergii 'Crimson Pygmy' B. thunbergii 'Crimson Pygmy' B. thunbergii 'Crimson Pygmy' B. thunbergii 'Crimson Pygmy' B. thunbergii 'Helmond Pillar' Butterfly Bush (Buddleia davidii) B. 'anho White' Production Site Application Researcher ear Type Results File ame Beste/Frank 2010 Over the top o crop injury or reduction in growth with one or b.pdf two applications 2.75, 5.5, 11.0 lb ai per acre (unrelated leaf necrosis). Effective yellow woodsorrel and spotted spurge control. Derr 2010 Over the top o crop injury with 2.75, 5.5, 11.0 lb ai per acre g.pdf Effective control of eclipta, crabgrass, and annual sedge with increasing rates. Chandran 2010 Over the top o significant injury or growth reduction at 2.75, c.pdf 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. Beste/Frank 2010 Over the top o crop injury or significant stunting with two Lieth 2009 Over the top applications at 2.75, 5.5, and 11 lb ai per acre. Excellent control of Eclipta, spotted spurge, PA bittercress and yel. Woodsorrel. o significant injury or growth reduction at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. Mathers 2010 Over the top Lincoln: o crop injury at 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai per acre. Mathers 2010 Over the top Ohio: o crop injury at 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai per acre. Mathers 2010 Over the top Spring Meadow: o crop injury at 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai per acre. Mathers 2010 Over the top Zelenka: o crop injury at 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai per acre. Trader 2009 Over the top o injury or growth reduction at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. Derr 2010 Over the top o crop injury with 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai per acre. Effective controlof eclipta, crabgrass, and annual sedge with increasing rates a.pdf b.pdf a.pdf c.pdf a.pdf g.pdf EPA Reg? 7

8 Product (Active PR # Ingredients) Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Crop Camellia (Camellia sp.) C. japonica 'Kanjiro' Camellia (Camellia sp.) C. japonica 'Mrs. Tingley' Camellia (Camellia sp.) C. japonica 'Spring's Promise' Dogwood (Cornus sp.) C. florida Dogwood (Cornus sp.) C. kousa Dogwood (Cornus sp.) C. sanguinea 'Arctic Sun' Dogwood (Cornus sp.) C. sericea 'Arctic Sun' Dogwood (Cornus sp.) C. sericea 'Baileyi' Dogwood (Cornus sp.) C. sericea 'Silver and Gold' Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) C. japonica 'oshino' Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) 'oshino' Euonymus (Euonymus sp.) E. alatus 'compactus' Euonymus (Euonymus sp.) E. alatus 'Compactus' Production Site Application Researcher ear Type Results File ame Gilliam 2010 Over the top o crop injury or reduction in growth with one or e.pdf two applications at 2.75, 5.5, 11 lb ai per acre. Uber 2010 Over the top o crop injury observed with 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai per acre at any time. Good efficacy on euphorbia maculata noted. Beste/Frank 2010 Over the top o significant injury at 2.75, 5.5 and 11.0 lb ai per acre, but significant reduction in height occurred at 4x; excellent control of oxalis at all rates. Mathers 2010 Over the top Ohio: o crop injury at 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai per acre. Derr Mathers 2011 Over the top 2010 Over the top o crop injury and little to no reduction in growth with or 11 lb ai per acre. Good bittercress control, poor to good control of spotted spurge, phyllanthus, and chamberbitter, good to excellent fragrant flatsedge control and poor eclipta control Spring Meadow: o crop injury at 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai per acre. Trader 2009 Over the top o injury or growth reduction at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. Mathers 2010 Over the top Lincoln: o crop injury at 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai per acre. Beste/Frank 2010 Over the top Very slight transient injury at 2.75, 5.5 and 11.0 lb eal 2010 Over the top ai per acre, but no reduction in height or width and all plants were marketable; good to excellent control of various weeds. o injury from any dose (2.75, 5.5. and 11 lb ai per) at anytime during the evaluation. Trader 2009 Over the top o injury or significant growth reduction at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre.. Boydston 2010 Over the top o injury during the 6 week evaluation period with Boydston 2011 Over the top two applications of Biathalon 2.75Gat 2.7, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. o crop injury or reduction in growth with two applications at 2.75, 5.5 and 11.0 lb ai per acre a.pdf e.pdf a.pdf a.pdf c.pdf b.pdf f.pdf g.pdf u.pdf h.pdf EPA Reg? 8

9 Product (Active PR # Ingredients) Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Crop Euonymus (Euonymus sp.) E. japonica 'Aurea Marginata' Euonymus (Euonymus sp.) E. japonicas Japanese Spindle Euonymus (Euonymus sp.) E. japonicus 'Aureomarginatus' Jasmine, Cape, Common Gardenia (Gardenia sp.) G. jasminoides 'Daisy' Jasmine, Cape, Common Gardenia (Gardenia sp.) G. jasminoides 'Frostproof' Jasmine, Cape, Common Gardenia (Gardenia sp.) G. jasminoides 'Veitchii' Mallow, Rose Mallow (Hibiscus sp.) H. moscheutos 'Pink Swirl' Mallow, Rose Mallow (Hibiscus sp.) H. moscheutos 'Luna Rose' Mallow, Rose Mallow (Hibiscus sp.) H. syriacus 'Minerva Mallow, Rose Mallow (Hibiscus sp.) H. syriacus 'Sanchoyo' Hydrangea (Hydrangea sp.) H. macrophylla 'ikko Blue' Juniper (Juniperus sp.) J. chinensis 'Old Gold' Juniper (Juniperus sp.) J. chinensis 'Sea Green' Production Site Application Researcher ear Type Results File ame Uber 2010 Over the top o crop injury observed with 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb a.pdf ai per acre at any time. Good efficacy on euphorbia maculata noted. Uber 2011 Over the top o crop injury or reduction in growth with 2.75, a.pdf 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai per acre. Lieth 2009 Over the top Slight injury where granules were not washed off (leaf burning) at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. Trader 2009 Over the top o injury or growth reduction at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. Derr 2010 Over the top o crop injury with 2.75, 5.5, 11 lb ai per acre. Increasing control of spotted spurge, chamber bitter, eclipta, annual sedges with increasing rates. Uber 2010 Over the top o crop injury observed with 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai per acre at any time. Good efficacy on euphorbia maculata noted. Boydston 2011 Over the top Two sequential applications of Biathlon 2.75G applied 6 weeks apart at 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai per acre did not injure or affect growth of hibiscus plants. Senesac 2010 Over the top Moderate crop injury (25-35%) from 5.5 and 11.0 lb ai per acre at 2 WAT with recovery by season end. Lieth 2009 Over the top o significant injury or growth reduction at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. Trader 2009 Over the top o injury or growth reduction at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. Lieth 2009 Over the top o to slight injury in leaf margins where granules were not washed off (leaf burning) at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. Uber 2010 Over the top o crop injury observed with 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai per acre at any time. Good efficacy on euphorbia maculata noted. Senesac 2011 Over the top o crop injury with two applications at 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb aia b.pdf a.pdf a.pdf g.pdf a.pdf a.pdf EPA Reg? 9

10 10 Product (Active PR # Ingredients) Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Crop Juniper (Juniperus sp.) J. horizontalis Andorra Juniper (Juniperus sp.) J. virginiana 'Grey Owl' Shrub Verbena (Lantana sp.) L. camara 'Lemon Drop' Shrub Verbena (Lantana sp.) L. camara 'Lemon Drop' Shrub Verbena (Lantana sp.) L. camara 'Radiation' Oregon Grape (Mahonia aquifolium) Heavenly Bamboo (andina domestica) Heavenly Bamboo (andina domestica) Japanese Andromeda (Pieris japonica) 'Shojo' Cinquefoil, Shrubby (Potentilla fruticosa) 'Abbotswood' Cinquefoil, Shrubby (Potentilla fruticosa) 'Abbotswood' Cinquefoil, Shrubby (Potentilla fruticosa) 'Goldfinger' Cinquefoil, Shrubby (Potentilla fruticosa) 'Goldfinger' Production Site Application Researcher ear Type Results File ame Gilliam 2010 Over the top o crop injury with one or two applications at 2.75, e.pdf 5.5, 11 lb ai per acre. Plants treated with 1 and 2x were larger than the control. Trader 2009 Over the top o injury or growth reduction at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. Klett 2010 Over the top Trial 1: no crop injury with 2.75, 5.5, 11 lb ai per Klett 2010 Over the top acre. The untreated control had greater width and dry mass than treated. Trial 2: no crop injury with 2.75, 5.5, 11 lb ai per acre. Control plants had greater height than treated. Lieth 2009 Over the top Slight injury (leaf burning), no growth reduction at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. Lieth 2009 Over the top o significant injury or growth reduction at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. Lieth 2009 Over the top o significant injury at 2.75 and 5.5, slight at 11 lb ai per acre; no growth reduction. eal 2010 Over the top o crop injury with one or two applications at 2.75, 5.5 or 11.0 lb ai per acre. Lieth 2009 Over the top Data inconclusive because of plant death within all treatments. Lieth 2009 Over the top o significant injury or growth reduction at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. Trader 2009 Over the top o injury or growth reduction at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. Boydston 2010 Over the top Trial 1: o injury during the 6 week evaluation period with two applications of Biathalon 2.75Gat 2.7, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre to shrubby cinquefoil. This experiment was repeated due to overwatering concerns and reported as PR#29053B or tr Boydston 2010 Over the top Trial 2: Two sequential applications of Biathlon 2.75G applied 6 weeks apart at 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai per acre did not injure shrubby cinquefoil plants. All plants were saleable a.pdf a.pdf b.pdf v.pdf w.pdf EPA Reg?

11 Product (Active PR # Ingredients) Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Biathlon Crop Cinquefoil, Shrubby (Potentilla fruticosa) 'Goldfinger' Cinquefoil, Shrubby (Potentilla fruticosa) 'Pink Beauty' Oak (Quercus sp.) Q. pinnata Oak (Quercus sp.) Q. rubra Rose (Rosa sp.) 'Candy OH Vivid Red' Rose (Rosa sp.) 'Flower Red Carpet' Rose (Rosa sp.) 'Knock Out' Rose (Rosa sp.) 'Knock Out Red' Rose (Rosa sp.) R. 'Knock Out Red' Rose (Rosa sp.) R. megililli 'Peach Drift' ew (Taxus sp.) T. media 'Margarita' Arrowwood (Viburnum sp.) V. dentatum Arrowwood (Viburnum sp.) V. dentatum Production Site Application Researcher ear Type Results File ame Mathers 2010 Over the top Ohio: o crop injury at 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai per a.pdf acre. Mathers 2010 Over the top Lincoln: o crop injury at 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai per acre. Mathers 2011 Over the top Two sequential applications at 2.75, 5.5, 11.0 lb ai per acre caused marginal leaf yellowing at all rates Boydston 2011 Over the top and significant growth reduction at 2x. All plants marketable. More research warranted. o crop injury or reduction in growth with two applications at 2.75, 5.5, 11.0 lb ai per acre. Trader 2009 Over the top o injury or growth reduction at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. Lieth 2009 Over the top o significant injury at 2.75, slight at 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre; no growth reduction. Boydston 2010 Over the top o injury or growth reduction at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre; all treated plants saleable. Senesac 2010 Over the top o crop injury but significant reduction in root rating. Gilliam 2011 Over the top o crop injury or reduction in growth with 2.75, 5.5, 11.0 lb ai per acre. Chandran 2010 Over the top o significant injury or growth reduction at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. Trader 2009 Over the top o injury or significant growth reduction at 2.75, 5.5 and 11 lb ai per acre. eal 2010 Over the top o significant injury observed at 1, 2, or 6 WAT or 1 WAT2. Uber 2011 Over the top o crop injury or reduction in growth with 2.75, 5.5, and 11.0 lb ai per acre b.pdf b.pdf i.pdf a2.pdf g.pdf f.pdf c.pdf g.pdf a.pdf EPA Reg? 11

12 Label Suggestions For Biathlon, it is suggested the following crop not currently on the label be added for over-thetop applications. Lantana camara Several new varieties might be added to the label, as other varieties within the same species are already registered. Buddleia davidii anho White, as anho Blue and anho Purple are labeled. Cornus sanguiniea (=stolonifera) Artic Sun, as Artic Fire is labeled. Gardenia jasminoides Frostproof as Daisy and G. veittchii are labeled. Hibiscus syriacus Minerva as Hibiscus syriacus Sanchoyo is already labeled. Rosa Knock Out and Red Knock out, as Rainbow & Double Knock out are labeled. 12

13 Appendix 1: Contributing Researchers Dr. Ed Beste Dr. Rick Boydston Dr. Jeffrey Derr Dr. Ray Frank Dr. Jim Klett Dr. Heiner Lieth Dr. Hannah Mathers Dr. Joe eal Dr. Andy Senesac Dr. Brian Trader University of Maryland LESREC Salisbury Facility anticoke Road Salisbury, MD USDA-ARS IAREC Rt 2 Box 2953-A Prosser, WA Hampton Roads Ag. Exp. Station 1444 Diamond Springs Road, Virginia Beach, VA Boyers Mill Road ew Market, MD Colorado State University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Fort Collins, CO Department of Plant Sciences University of California One Shield Avenue Davis, CA The Ohio State University Dept. Hort. and Crop Science 2001 Fyffe Ct. Columbus, OH orth Carolina State University Department of Horticultural Science 262 Kilgore Hall Box 7609, CSU Raleigh, C Long Island Horticultural Research Laboratory 39 Sound Avenue Riverhead, Mississippi State University 158 Dorman Hall, Box 9555 Mississippi State, MS

14 Mr. Buzz Uber Crop Inspection Service Hilltop Drive Valley Center, CA

15 Appendix 2: Submitted Data Researcher reports are included in the printed copy of this report and are those received by 4/18/2012. Reports on following pages are in alphanumeric order of author PR number. 15