IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Acibenzolar Crop Safety

Transcription

1 IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Acibenzolar Crop Safety Authors: Cristi L. Palmer and Ely Vea Date: May 14, 2015 Acknowledgements Susan Bierbrunner Lori Harrison 1

2 Table of Contents Table of Contents... 2 Table of Tables... 3 Abstract... 4 Introduction... 5 Materials and Methods... 5 and Summary... 5 Phytotoxicity... 5 Label Suggestions Appendix 1: Contributing Researchers

3 Table of Tables Table 1. List of acibenzolar treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury....6 Table 2. List of acibenzolar treated crops with no injury at 1X but significant injury at 2X or 4X....6 Table 3. List of acibenzolar treated crops with significant injury at 1X....6 Table 4. List of acibenzolar treated crops where more information is needed....6 Table 5 Detailed Summary of Crop Safety Testing with acibenzolar...7 3

4 Abstract Acibenzolar is an active ingredient that stimulates plant defense systems. In 2002, IR-4 started testing Insimmo (acibenzolar) for safety on several ornamental horticulture crops. In 2008, IR-4 continued crop safety screening after a renewed interest in bringing this active ingredient to ornamental horticulture growers. From 2002 through 2014, the IR-4 Project completed 249 trials on 67 ornamental plant genera or species examining phytotoxicity related to foliar and/or drench applications of Insimmo. In these trials, 36 species or genera exhibited minimal or no injury after foliar applications. Based on this information, it is recommended that all but 2 of these crops be added to a list of tolerant plants when this active ingredient gains registration. While there was sufficient evidence of minimal or no injury for Dianthus sp. and Pelargonium x hortorum, a single trial for each crop did elicit moderate to severe injury. Further investigation on cultivar or species differences may be warranted. 4

5 Introduction Acibenzolar is an active ingredient that stimulates plant defense systems. In 2002, IR-4 started testing Insimmo (acibenzolar) for safety on several ornamental horticulture crops. In 2008, IR-4 continued crop safety screening after a renewed interest in bringing this active ingredient to ornamental horticulture growers. From 2002 through 2014, the IR-4 Project completed 249 trials on 67 ornamental plant genera or species examining phytotoxicity related to foliar and/or drench applications of Insimmo. Materials and Methods Insimmo was tested as foliar and drench applications. Foliar applications were applied five times at 7 day intervals. The drench applications were applied once. For foliar applications, the application rates were 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 oz per 100 gal; for drench applications, the rates were and 0.25 oz per 100 gal. All experiments had an untreated control. A minimum of six plants (replicate treatments) were required. Phytotoxicity was planned to be recorded on a scale of 0 to 10 (0 = No phytotoxicity; 10 = Complete kill), although one research used a 1 to 10 scale instead. Phytotoxicity was rate 7 days after each application. For testing, the following protocols were used: , , , , , , and Please visit to view and download these protocols. Insimmo was supplied to 12 researchers (See list of researchers in Appendix 1) by Syngenta. and Summary Based on the type and nature of injury seen with pesticide applications, tested plant species were placed into three categories: 1) no significant phytotoxicity or growth differences from the untreated check or any injury was transitory, 2) no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 2X and/or 4X rates did cause significant phytotoxicity, 3) Significant injury sufficient to recommend growers not utilize acibenzolar. Phytotoxicity Across all plant species tested, acibenzolar exhibited no or minimal negative impact (Table 1) on 36 plant genera or species fell into this category. No crops exhibited significant injury (Table 3). There are 28 species or genera where less than 3 trials were conducted for either foliar or drench applications so there is not enough information available at this time (Table 4). Please see Table 5 for a summary of the individual trial results. 5

6 Table 1. List of acibenzolar treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury. Acer sp. Antirrhinum majus Aster sp. Begonia sp. Buddleia davidii Calibrachoa sp. Camellia sp. Chrysanthemum sp. Coleus sp. Cotoneaster sp. Dianthus sp (see Reding 2008) Echinacea sp. Euonymus sp. Helianthus sp. Hemerocallis sp. Hibiscus sp. Hosta sp. Hydrangea sp. Juniperus sp. Osteospermum sp. Pelargonium x hortorum (see Freiberger) Petunia sp. Phlox sp. Pinus sp. Pseudotsuga menziesii Pyracantha sp. Quercus sp. Rhododendron sp. (azalea) Rosa sp. Scindapsus aureaus Thuja sp. Verbena sp. Viburnum sp. Vinca sp. Viola sp. Zinnia sp. Table 2. 2X or 4X. None List of acibenzolar treated crops with no injury at 1X but significant injury at Table 3. List of acibenzolar treated crops with significant injury at 1X. None Table 4. List of acibenzolar treated crops where more information is needed. Abies sp. Aglaonema sp. Berberis sp. Bougainvillea sp. Buxus sp. Coreopsis sp. Cornus florida Dahlia sp. Euphorbia pulcherrima Geranium magniflorum Gerbera sp. Gladiolus sp. Heuchera sp. Ilex crenata Impatiens sp. Lantana camara Liriope muscari Lavandula angustifolia Malus sp. Picea sp. Potentilla sp. Raphiolepis indica Rudbeckia fulgida Salvia officinalis Spiraea japonica Syngonium podophyllum Syringa sp. Taxus sp. 6

7 7 Table 5 Detailed Summary of Crop Safety Testing with Acibenzolar Notes: Table entries are sorted by crop Latin name. Only those trials with research reports received by 5/8/2015 are listed below. PR# Crop Researcher State Year Fir (Abies sp.) A. balsamea Freiberger NJ 2008 Foliar No injury at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 oz per 100 gal Fir (Abies sp.) A. grandis and A concolor Maple (Acer sp.) A. circinatum Maple (Acer sp.) A. circinatum and A macrophyllum No injury at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal; slight growth Maple (Acer sp.) A. rubrum difference at 2X and 4X; all plants marketable Aglaonema (Aglaonema sp.) 'Silver Queen' Aglaonema (Aglaonema sp.) 'Silver Queen' Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) Greenhouse Hausbeck MI 2002 Foliar No injury at 1, 2, and 4 oz per 100 gal Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) Greenhouse Krause OH 2002 Foliar No injury at 1, 2, and 4 oz per acre Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) 'Bells Purple' Greenhouse Freiberger NJ 2010 Drench No injury at and 0.25 oz per 100 gal Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) 'Bells Purple' Greenhouse Freiberger NJ 2010 Foliar No injury at 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) 'Classic Lavender' Greenhouse Linderman OR 2002 Foliar No injury at 1, 2, and 4 oz per acre Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) 'Montego' Greenhouse Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) 'Montego' Greenhouse Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) 'Montego Red' Greenhouse Freiberger NJ 2010 Drench No injury at and 0.25 oz per 100 gal Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) 'Montego Red' Greenhouse Freiberger NJ 2010 Foliar No injury at 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal. No injury at 1 oz per 100 gal, but moderate injury with Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) 'Pink Rocket' Greenhouse Locke MD 2002 Foliar 2 and 4 oz per 100 gal Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) 'Sonnet Mix' Greenhouse Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) 'Sonnet Mix' Greenhouse Aster (Aster sp.) Aster (Aster sp.) Wade SC 2011 Drench Wade SC 2011 Foliar

8 8 PR# Crop Aster (Aster sp.) 'Believe Purple' Begonia (Begonia sp.) Begonia (Begonia sp.) B. x tuberhybrida 'Illumination Trailing' Begonia (Begonia sp.) B. x tuberhybrida 'Illumination Trailing' Begonia (Begonia sp.) B. x tuberhybrida 'Nonstop' Begonia (Begonia sp.) B. x tuberhybrida 'Nonstop' Begonia (Begonia sp.) 'Olympia Red' Begonia (Begonia sp.) 'Vodka Bright Red' Barberry (Berberis sp.) Barberry (Berberis sp.) B. thunbergii 'Rose Glow & 'Pow Wow' Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea sp.) Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea sp.) Butterfly Bush (Buddleia davidii) Butterfly Bush (Buddleia davidii) Butterfly Bush (Buddleia davidii) Butterfly Bush (Buddleia davidii) Butterfly Bush (Buddleia davidii) 'Monum' Boxwood (Buxus sp.) B. mycrophylla 'Faulkner' Researcher State Year Freiberger NJ 2014 Foliar No injury or growth reduction with 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 oz per 100 gal applied 3 times. Harvey WA 2009 Foliar No injury at 0.5,1 and 2 oz per 100 gal. Freiberger NJ 2008 Foliar No injury at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 oz per 100 gal. Freiberger NJ 2008 Foliar No injury at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 oz per 100 gal. Harvey WA 2014 Foliar Wade SC 2011 Drench Wade SC 2011 Foliar Harvey WA 2011 Drench Harvey WA 2011 Foliar Wade SC 2011 Drench Wade SC 2011 Foliar Fraelich GA 2012 Foliar Fraelich GA 2012 Foliar No injury with 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 oz per 100 gal No injury with and 0.25 oz per 100 gal applied once. No injury with 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal No injury or significant difference in plant growth or marketability with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 oz per 100 gal No injury or significant difference in plant growth or marketability with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 oz per 100 gal

9 9 PR# Crop Boxwood (Buxus sp.) B. sempervirens 'Green Mountain' Calibrachoa (Calibrachoa sp.) Calibrachoa (Calibrachoa sp.) Calibrachoa (Calibrachoa sp.) Calibrachoa (Calibrachoa sp.) Calibrachoa (Calibrachoa sp.) C. x hybrida 'Yellow' Calibrachoa (Calibrachoa sp.) 'Callie Light Pink' Calibrachoa (Calibrachoa sp.) 'Callie Light Pink' Calibrachoa (Calibrachoa sp.) 'Minifamous' Calibrachoa (Calibrachoa sp.) 'Minifamous' Camellia (Camellia sp.) C. japonica 'Eg Waterhouse' and 'Magnoliaeflora' Camellia (Camellia sp.) C. japonica 'Elena' Camellia (Camellia sp.) 'Magnoliaeflora' Chrysanthemum, Garden (Chrysanthemum/Dendranthema sp.) C. carinatum Chrysanthemum, Garden (Chrysanthemum/Dendranthema sp.) C. carinatum Chrysanthemum, Garden (Chrysanthemum/Dendranthema sp.) 'Hillside Shefield Pink', 'Clara Curtis' Chrysanthemum, Garden (Chrysanthemum/Dendranthema sp.) 'Hillside Shefield Pink', 'Clara Curtis' Coleus, Flamenettle (Coleus sp.) Researcher State Year. Williams IL 2013 Drench Williams IL 2013 Foliar Hausbeck MI 2011 Foliar or Drench Catlin NY 2011 Drench Catlin NY 2011 Foliar Henn MS 2014 Foliar No injury and no significant difference in growth or marketability at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal No injury or growth reduction with 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 oz per 100 gal applied 3 times at monthly intervals. No injury or growth reduction with 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 oz per 100 gal applied 3 times at monthly intervals. No injury with 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 2 oz per 100 gal applied foliar 5 times or with and 0.25 oz per 100 gal applied drench once; slight delay in flowering with higher rates. No injury or growth reduction with and 0.25 oz per 100 gal. No injury or growth reduction with 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal No injury or growth reduction with 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 oz per 100 gal Hitcher NJ 2002 Foliar No injury at 1, 2, and 4 oz per 100 gal. Krause OH 2002 Foliar No injury at 1, 2, and 4 oz per 100 gal. Harvey WA 2009 Foliar No injury at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal.

10 10 PR# Crop Coleus, Flamenettle (Coleus sp.) Coleus, Flamenettle (Coleus sp.) 'Black Dragon' Coleus, Flamenettle (Coleus sp.) 'Black Dragon' Coleus, Flamenettle (Coleus sp.) 'Defiance' Coleus, Flamenettle (Coleus sp.) 'Defiance' Coleus, Flamenettle (Coleus sp.) 'Solar Sunrise' Tickseed (Coreopsis sp.) Tickseed (Coreopsis sp.) Tickseed (Coreopsis sp.) Tickseed (Coreopsis sp.) Tickseed (Coreopsis sp.) C. grandiflora 'Sunray' Tickseed (Coreopsis sp.) 'Early Sunrise' Tickseed (Coreopsis sp.) 'Early Sunrise' Dogwood, Flowering (Cornus florida) Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster sp.) Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster sp.) Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster sp.) C. dammeri 'Coral Beauty' Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster sp.) C. dammeri 'Coral Beauty' Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster sp.) C. dammeri 'Coral Beauty' Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster sp.) C. microphyllus 'Coral Blue' Researcher State Year No injury and no significant difference in growth or marketability at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal. Harvey WA 2011 Drench Harvey WA 2011 Foliar Wade SC 2011 Drench Wade SC 2011 Foliar No injury with and 0.25 oz per 100 gal applied once. No injury with 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal Grunwald OR 2011 Drench No injury with and 0.25 oz per 100 gal. Kirk MI 2011 Drench Kirk MI 2011 Foliar Harvey WA 2011 Drench Harvey WA 2011 Foliar No injury, leaf abscission or stunting with 0.25 and 0.5 oz per 100 gal. No injury or stunting with 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal No injury and no significant difference in growth or marketability at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal No injury with and 0.25 oz per 100 gal applied once. No injury with 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal Grunwald OR 2011 Drench No injury with and 0.25 oz per 100 gal. Harvey WA 2010 Drench No injury at and 0.25 oz per 100 gal.

11 11 PR# Crop Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster sp.) C. microphyllus 'Coral Blue' Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster sp.) C. microphyllus 'Rock Spray' Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster sp.) C. microphyllus 'Rock Spray' Dahlia (Dahlia sp.) 'Black Beauty' Dahlia (Dahlia sp.) 'Black Beauty' Dahlia (Dahlia sp.) D. dahlietta 'Betty' Dahlia (Dahlia sp.) 'Figaro Mix' Dahlia (Dahlia sp.) 'Figaro Mix' Pinks (Dianthus sp.) 'Cardinal Red' Pinks (Dianthus sp.) D. gratianapolitanus 'Firewitch' Pinks (Dianthus sp.) D. gratianopolitanus 'Zing Rose' Pinks (Dianthus sp.) 'Fire Star' Pinks (Dianthus sp.) 'Spotti' Purple Coneflower (Echinacea sp.) E purpurea 'Magnus and 'Twilight' Purple Coneflower (Echinacea sp.) E. purpurea 'Magnus' Purple Coneflower (Echinacea sp.) E. purpurea 'Magnus' Purple Coneflower (Echinacea sp.) E. purpurea 'Sunrise' Purple Coneflower (Echinacea sp.) E. purpurea 'Sunrise' Euonymus (Euonymus sp.) Euonymus (Euonymus sp.) E. fortunei 'Coloratus' Researcher State Year Harvey WA 2010 Foliar No injury at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 oz per 100 gal. Harvey WA 2010 Drench No injury at and 0.25 oz per 100 gal. Harvey WA 2010 Foliar No injury at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 oz per 100 gal. Grunwald OR 2011 Drench No injury with and 0.25 oz per 100 gal. Kirk MI 2011 Drench Kirk MI 2011 Foliar No injury, leaf abscission or stunting with 0.25 and 0.5 oz per 100 gal. No injury or stunting with 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal applied 5 times; increased leaf abscission with highest rate. Fraelich GA 2008 Over the top 100 gal; all plants marketable Severe injury at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal Boydston WA 2008 Over the top Boydston WA 2008 Over the top No injury or growth reduction at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz ai per 100 gal No injury or growth reduction at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz ai per 100 gal No injury and no significant difference in growth or marketability at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal

12 12 PR# Crop Researcher State Year Euonymus (Euonymus sp.) E. fotunei 'Colorata' Fraelich GA 2008 Over the top 100 gal; all plants marketable Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) Greenhouse Hausbeck MI 2002 Foliar Moderate injury with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 oz per 100 gal Geranium (Geranium magniflorum) 'Johnson's Blue' Greenhouse Krause OH 2002 Foliar No injury at 1, 2, and 4 oz per acre Geranium (Geranium magniflorum) 'Ringo' Greenhouse Locke MD 2002 Foliar No injury at 1, 2, and 4 oz per 100 gal. Some injury (chlorosis, delayed bloom), though not Transvaal Daisy (Gerbera sp.) 'Callie Light Pink' Greenhouse Catlin NY 2011 Drench significant,with and 0.25 oz per 100 gal. Significant injury (chlorosis, delayed bloom) and Transvaal Daisy (Gerbera sp.) 'Callie Light Pink' Greenhouse Catlin NY 2011 Foliar growth reduction with 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal applied 5 times Transvaal Daisy (Gerbera sp.) G. jamesonii Greenhouse Transvaal Daisy (Gerbera sp.) G. jamesonii Greenhouse Transvaal Daisy (Gerbera sp.) G. jamesonii 'White Greenhouse Uber CA 2010 Drench Majestic' Transvaal Daisy (Gerbera sp.) G. jamesonii 'White Majestic' Corn Flag, Sword Lily (Gladiolus sp.) 'Alaska' Corn Flag, Sword Lily (Gladiolus sp.) 'Alaska' Corn Flag, Sword Lily (Gladiolus sp.) G. grandiflora Corn Flag, Sword Lily (Gladiolus sp.) G. grandiflora Sunflower (Helianthus sp.) Sunflower (Helianthus sp.) Sunflower (Helianthus sp.) 'Table Mountain' Daylily (Hemerocallis sp.) 'Grape Velvet' Daylily (Hemerocallis sp.) H. hybrida 'Aquarius' Daylily (Hemerocallis sp.) H. hybrida 'Hyperion' Daylily (Hemerocallis sp.) H. hybrida 'Stella de Oro' Greenhouse Uber CA 2010 Foliar 100 gal drench applied once. per 100 gal foliar Kirk MI 2011 Drench No injury or stunting with 0.25 and 0.5 oz per 100 gal. Kirk MI 2011 Foliar Harvey WA 2011 Drench Harvey WA 2011 Foliar Gu (TX A&M) TX 2014 Foliar Fraelich GA 2008 Foliar Boydston WA 2008 Foliar Boydston WA 2008 Foliar No injury with 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal applied 5 times; lowest rate increased plant height. No injury with and 0.25 oz per 100 gal applied once. No injury with 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal No injury or growth reduction with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 oz per 100 gal applied 3 times. No injury and no significant difference in growth or marketability at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal 100 gal; all plants marketable. No injury or growth reduction at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz ai per 100 gal. No injury or growth reduction at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz ai per 100 gal.

13 13 PR# Crop Daylily (Hemerocallis sp.) H. hybrida 'Stella De Oro' Daylily (Hemerocallis sp.) 'Happy Returns' Alumroot (Heuchera sp.) Alumroot (Heuchera sp.) H. micrantha 'Palace Purple' Mallow, Rose Mallow (Hibiscus sp.) Mallow, Rose Mallow (Hibiscus sp.) Mallow, Rose Mallow (Hibiscus sp.) H. trionum 'Simply Love' Lily, Plantain (Hosta fortunei) Lily, Plantain (Hosta fortunei) Lily, Plantain (Hosta fortunei) Lily, Plantain (Hosta fortunei) 'Aoki' and 'Francee' Hydrangea (Hydrangea sp.) Hydrangea (Hydrangea sp.) Hydrangea (Hydrangea sp.) Hydrangea (Hydrangea sp.) Hydrangea (Hydrangea sp.) 'Angel Blush' Hydrangea (Hydrangea sp.) 'Angel Blush' Hydrangea (Hydrangea sp.) H. macrophylla 'Taube' Researcher State Year Fraelich GA 2008 Foliar 100 gal; very slight stunting at 2X and 4X; all plants marketable. Harvey WA 2009 Foliar No injury at 0.5,1 and 2 oz per 100 gal. Wade SC 2011 Drench Wade SC 2011 Foliar DeFrancesco OR 2014 Foliar Fraelich GA 2009 Foliar No injury or growth reduction with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 oz per 100 gal 100 gal; all plants marketable. Harvey WA 2009 Foliar No injury at 0.5,1 and 2 oz per 100 gal. Krause OH 2000 Drench No injury with 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 g per liter. Harvey WA 2011 Drench Harvey WA 2011 Foliar Wade SC 2011 Drench Wade SC 2011 Foliar No injury with and 0.25 oz per 100 gal applied once. No injury with 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal Harvey WA 2010 Drench No injury at and 0.25, 1.0 per 100 gal. Harvey WA 2010 Foliar No injury at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 oz per 100 gal.

14 14 PR# Crop Hydrangea (Hydrangea sp.) H. macrophylla 'Taube' Hydrangea (Hydrangea sp.) H. macrophylla 'Taube' Hydrangea (Hydrangea sp.) 'Pink Delight' Hydrangea (Hydrangea sp.) 'Pink Delight' Holly, Japanese (Ilex crenata) Holly, Japanese (Ilex crenata) 'Beehive' Researcher State Year Grunwald OR 2011 Drench No injury with and 0.25 oz per 100 gal. Harvey WA 2010 Drench No injury at and 0.25, 1.0 per 100 gal. Harvey WA 2010 Foliar No injury at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 oz per 100 gal Balsam (Impatiens sp.) Greenhouse Krause OH 2002 Foliar Balsam (Impatiens sp.) 'Camellia flowers Mixed Colors' Greenhouse Locke MD 2002 Foliar Garden Impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) Greenhouse Hausbeck MI 2002 Foliar Juniper (Juniperus sp.) Juniper (Juniperus sp.) J. conferta 'Blue Pacific' Juniper (Juniperus sp.) J. procumbens 'Nana' Harvey WA 2014 Foliar Fraelich GA 2012 Foliar Shrub Verbena (Lantana sp.) L. camara 'Confetti' Greenhouse Grunwald OR 2012 Drench Shrub Verbena (Lantana sp.) L. camara 'Confetti' Greenhouse Grunwald OR 2012 Foliar Lavender (Lavandula sp.) L. angustifolia 'Purple Bouquet' and 'Buena Vista' Lilyturf, Creeping (Liriope sp.) L. muscari 'Aztec Grass' Apple & Crabapple (Non-Bearing) (Malus sp.) 'Spring Snow' Fraelich GA 2012 Over the top Daffodil (Narcissus sp.) 'Tete-a-Tete' Greenhouse Freiberger NJ 2013 Foliar African Daisy (Osteospermum sp.) Greenhouse Williams IL 2013 Foliar No injury and no significant difference in growth or marketability at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal Moderate reduction in flowering at 1, 2, and 4 oz per acre with 3 biweekly applications, but no difference was observed at the end of the experiment. Moderate to severe injury increasing with rate (1, 2, 4 oz per 100 gal). No injury at 0.5, 1, and 2 oz per 100 gal with 3 biweekly applications. No injury with 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 oz per 100 gal No injury or significant difference in plant growth or marketability with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 oz per 100 gal No injury or growth reduction with 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 oz per No injury or growth reduction with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 oz per 100 gal applied 3 times; all plants saleable. No injury or significant difference in plant growth or marketability with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 oz per 100 gal Severe injury after the final application with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 oz per 100 gal No injury or growth reduction with 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 oz per 100 gal applied 3 times at monthly intervals.

15 15 PR# Crop Researcher State Year No injury or growth reduction with 0.125, 0.25 and African Daisy (Osteospermum sp.) 'Akila' Greenhouse Freiberger NJ 2014 Drench 0.5 oz per 100 gal. No injury or growth reduction with 0.125, 0.25 and African Daisy (Osteospermum sp.) 'Copper Purple' Greenhouse Grunwald OR 2012 Drench 0.5 oz per No injury or growth reduction with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 oz African Daisy (Osteospermum sp.) 'Copper Purple' Greenhouse Grunwald OR 2012 Foliar per 100 gal applied 3 times; all plants saleable. African Daisy (Osteospermum sp.) 'Margarita No injury or growth reduction with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 oz Greenhouse Freiberger NJ 2013 Foliar White' per 100 gal Geranium (Pelargonium sp.) Harvey WA 2009 Foliar No injury at 0.5,1 and 2 oz per 100 gal Geranium (Pelargonium sp.) P x hortorum Geranium (Pelargonium sp.) P. hortorum No injury and no significant difference in growth or Geranium (Pelargonium sp.) P. peltatum marketability at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal Geranium (Pelargonium sp.) P. x hortorum Fraelich GA 2009 Foliar 100 gal; all plants marketable. No to moderate injury increasing with rate (0.5, 1.0, Geranium, Zonal (Pelargonium x hortorum) Freiberger NJ 2008 Foliar 2.0 oz per 100 gal), exhibited more with later 'Maverick Red' applications. No to moderate injury increasing with rate (0.5, 1.0, Geranium, Zonal (Pelargonium x hortorum) 'Orbit Freiberger NJ 2008 Foliar 2.0 oz per 100 gal), exhibited more with later Red' applications Petunia (Petunia sp.) Greenhouse Hausbeck MI 2002 Foliar No injury at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 oz per 100 gal. No injury applied foliar at 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per Petunia (Petunia sp.) 'Celebrity Blue Ice' Greenhouse Freiberger NJ 2010 Foliar 100 gal Petunia (Petunia sp.) 'Dream Red' Greenhouse Freiberger NJ 2008 Foliar No injury at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 oz per 100 gal. No injury applied drench at and 0.25 oz per Petunia (Petunia sp.) 'Dream White' Greenhouse Freiberger NJ 2010 Drench gal Petunia (Petunia sp.) 'Madness' Petunia (Petunia sp.) 'Madness' Petunia (Petunia sp.) 'Madness Red' Greenhouse Freiberger NJ 2008 Foliar No injury at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 oz per 100 gal Petunia (Petunia sp.) 'Picobella Mix' Petunia (Petunia sp.) 'Picobella Mix' Carolinia Phlox (Phlox sp.) 'Creeping Blue' Harvey WA 2010 Foliar No injury at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 oz per 100 gal.

16 16 PR# Crop Carolinia Phlox (Phlox sp.) 'Crreping Blue' Carolinia Phlox (Phlox sp.) P. subulata 'Red Wings' Carolinia Phlox (Phlox sp.) P. subulata 'Red Wings' Carolinia Phlox (Phlox sp.) P. subulata 'Red Wings' Spruce (Picea sp.) P.sitchensis and P. nidiformis Pine (Pinus sp.) P. ponderosa Pine (Pinus sp.) P. ponderosa and P. contora contorta Pine (Pinus sp.) P. taeda Cinquefoil (Potentilla sp.) P. fructicosa 'Mango Tango' and Goldfinger' Researcher State Year Harvey WA 2010 Drench No injury at and Fraelich GA 2009 Foliar 100 gal; all plants marketable. Harvey WA 2010 Drench No injury at and Harvey WA 2010 Foliar No injury at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 oz per 100 gal. Fraelich GA 2009 Foliar Fir, Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Greenhouse DeFrancesco OR 2012 Drench Fir, Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Greenhouse DeFrancesco OR 2012 Foliar Fir, Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Greenhouse Grunwald OR 2012 Drench Fir, Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Greenhouse Grunwald OR 2012 Foliar Firethorn (Pyracantha sp.) P. koidzumii 'Santa Cruz' Firethorn (Pyracantha sp.) P. koidzumii 'Santa Cruz' Firethorn (Pyracantha sp.) 'Santa Cruz' Firethorn (Pyracantha sp.) 'Santa Cruz' Firethorn (Pyracantha sp.) 'Yukon' Firethorn (Pyracantha sp.) 'Yukon' Oak (Quercus sp.) Q. alba Oak (Quercus sp.) Q. garryana and Q. kellogii Uber CA 2010 Drench Uber CA 2010 Foliar 100 gal; all plants marketable. No injury or growth reduction with 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 oz per 100 gal. No injury or growth reduction with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 oz per 100 gal No injury or growth reduction with 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 oz per No injury or growth reduction with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 oz per 100 gal applied 3 times; all plants saleable. 100 gal drench applied once. per 100 gal foliar Harvey WA 2010 Drench No injury at and 0.25 oz per 100 gal. Harvey WA 2010 Foliar No injury at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 ad 2.0 oz per 100 gal. Freiberger NJ 2008 Foliar All plants were infected with powdery mildew which complicated assessments.

17 17 PR# Crop Oak (Quercus sp.) Q. rubra Oak (Quercus sp.) Q. rubra Indian Hawthorn (Raphiolepis indica) 'Minor' Indian Hawthorn (Raphiolepis indica) 'Snow Caps' Azalea (Rhododendron sp.) 'Lee's Dark Purple' Azalea (Rhododendron sp.) 'Lees Dark Purple and 'Catawbiense Boursault' Azalea (Rhododendron sp.) 'Nova Zembla' Azalea (Rhododendron sp.) 'White' Rose (Rosa sp.) 'Crimson Meidiland' Rose (Rosa sp.) 'Joyful Jubilee' Rose (Rosa sp.) 'Nutkana' Coneflower (Rudbeckia sp.) R. fulgida 'Earlybird' Coneflower (Rudbeckia sp.) R. fulgida 'Earlybird' Coneflower (Rudbeckia sp.) R. fulgida 'Goldstrum' Coneflower (Rudbeckia sp.) R. fulgida 'Goldstrum' Coneflower (Rudbeckia sp.) R. fulgida 'Goldstrum', 'Earlybird' Sage, common (Salvia officinalis) Sage, common (Salvia officinalis) 'Berggarten' Pothos, Epipremnum (Scindapsus aureus) Pothos, Epipremnum (Scindapsus aureus) Researcher State Year DeFrancesco OR 2012 Drench DeFrancesco OR 2012 Foliar Fraelich GA 2012 Over the top Fraelich GA 2008 Over the top No injury but slight growth reduction with 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 oz per 100 gal. No injury or growth reduction with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 oz per 100 gal No injury or significant difference in plant growth or marketability with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 oz per 100 gal 100 gal; all plants marketable No injury and no significant difference in growth or marketability at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal Freiberger NJ 2008 Foliar No injury at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 oz per 100 gal. Boydston WA 2008 Foliar Boydston WA 2008 Foliar No injury or growth reduction at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz ai per 100 gal No injury or growth reduction at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz ai per 100 gal Fraelich GA 2009 Foliar 100 gal; all plants marketable.

18 18 PR# Crop Researcher State Year Gu (TX No injury or growth reduction with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 oz Pothos, Epipremnum (Scindapsus aureus) TX 2014 Foliar A&M) per 100 gal applied 3 times. Bridal-Wreath (Spiraea sp.) S. japonica 'Little Fraelich GA 2008 Over the top Princess' 100 gal; all plants marketable Nephthytis,African Evergreen (Syngonium podophyllum) Greenhouse Locke MD 2002 Foliar No injury at 1, 2, and 4 oz per 100 gal Lilac (Syringa sp.) 'President Grevy' All plants were infected with powdery mildew which Lilac (Syringa sp.) S. reticulata Freiberger NJ 2008 Foliar complicated assessments Lilac (Syringa sp.) S. vulgaris 'President Greevy' Lilac (Syringa sp.) S. vulgaris 'President Greevy' Yew (Taxus sp.) T. baccata and T. brevefolia Arborvitae (Thuja sp.) No injury at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal Arborvitae (Thuja sp.) T. occidentalis No injury and no significant difference in growth or Arborvitae (Thuja sp.) T. occidentalis marketability at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal No injury applied drench at and 0.25 oz per Vervain (Verbena sp.) 'Obsession Blue Eye' Greenhouse Freiberger NJ 2010 Drench gal. No injury applied foliar at 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per Vervain (Verbena sp.) 'Obsession Blue Eye' Greenhouse Freiberger NJ 2010 Foliar 100 gal Vervain (Verbena sp.) V. x hybrida 'Obsession' Greenhouse Vervain (Verbena sp.) V. x hybrida 'Obsession' Greenhouse Vervain (Verbena sp.) V. x hybrida 'Obsession Red' Greenhouse Grunwald OR 2011 Drench No injury with and 0.25 oz per 100 gal Arrowwood (Viburnum sp.) V. dentatum Arrowwood (Viburnum sp.) V. dentatum 'Blue No injury and no significant difference in growth or Muffin' marketability at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal Arrowwood (Viburnum sp.) V. tinus 'compatum' Fraelich GA 2008 Over the top 100 gal; all plants marketable Periwinkle (Vinca sp.) 'Bowles' Periwinkle (Vinca sp.) V. minor 'Atropurpurea' and No injury or growth reduction at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz ai per Boydston WA 2008 Foliar 'Bowles' 100 gal

19 19 PR# Crop Researcher State Year Periwinkle (Vinca sp.) V. minor 'Bowles' Fraelich GA 2008 Foliar 100 gal; all plants marketable No injury and no significant difference in growth or Periwinkle (Vinca sp.) V. minor 'Ralph Shugert' marketability at 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal Pansy (Viola sp.) Greenhouse Hausbeck MI 2002 Foliar No injury at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 oz per 100 gal. No injury at 1, 2, and 4 oz per 100 gal, but flower Pansy (Viola sp.) 'Clear Sky Blue' Greenhouse Locke MD 2002 Foliar colors were lighter on the two higher rates Pansy (Viola sp.) V. X wittrockiana 'Accord Daffodil' Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) 'Uproar Rose' Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) 'Uproar Rose' Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) Z. elegans 'Binary Mix' Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) Z. marylandica 'Sahara Fire' Greenhouse Linderman OR 2002 Foliar No injury at 1, 2, and 4 oz per acre. Wade SC 2011 Drench Wade SC 2011 Foliar Kirk MI 2011 Drench Kirk MI 2011 Foliar No injury, leaf abscission or stunting with 0.25 and 0.5 oz per 100 gal. No injury with 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 oz per 100 gal applied 5 times; increased leaf abscission w/ 1 and 2 oz, slight stunting w/ lowest rate.. Grunwald OR 2011 Drench No injury with and 0.25 oz per 100 gal. Hausbeck MI 2011 Foliar or Drench No injury or growth reduction with 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 2 oz per 100 gal applied foliar 5 times or with and 0.25 oz per 100 gal applied drench once.

20 Label Suggestions In this report, 36 species or genera exhibited minimal or no injury after foliar and/or drench treatments of acibenzolar. Of these, 34 can be added to the EPA label: Acer sp. Antirrhinum majus Aster sp. Begonia sp. Buddleia davidii Calibrachoa sp. Camellia sp. Chrysanthemum sp. Coleus sp. Cotoneaster sp. Echinacea sp. Euonymus sp. Helianthus sp. Hemerocallis sp. Hibiscus sp. Hosta sp. Hydrangea sp. Juniperus sp. Osteospermum sp. Petunia sp. Phlox sp. Pinus sp. Pseudotsuga menziesii Pyracantha sp. Quercus sp. Rhododendron sp. (azalea) Rosa sp. Scindapsus aureaus Thuja sp. Verbena sp. Viburnum sp. Vinca sp. Viola sp. Zinnia sp. While there was sufficient evidence of minimal or no injury for Dianthus sp. and Pelargonium x hortorum, a single trial for each crop did elicit moderate to severe injury. Further investigation on cultivar or species differences may be warranted. 20

21 Appendix 1: Contributing Researchers Dr. Rick Boydston Dr. Nora Catlin Dr. Joe DeFrancesco Mr. Ben Fraelich Mr. Tom Freiberger Dr. Nik Grunwald Dr. MengMeng Gu Mr. Paul Harvey Dr. Mary Hausbeck USDA-ARS IAREC Rt 2 Box 2953-A Prosser, WA Cornell Cooperative Extension Suite Griffing Ave Riverhead, NY Oregon State University 2040 Cordley Hall Corvalis, OR USDA-ARS CPES P.O. Box 748 Tifton, GA Rutgers University Cream Ridge Experiment Station 283 Rt. 539 Cream Ridge, NJ Horticultural Crops Research Lab USDA-ARS 3420 NW Orchard Ave. Corvallis, OR Texas AgriLife Extension Service Department of Horticultural Sciences 2134 TAMU College Station, TX USDA-ARS 5230 Konnawac Pass Road Wapato, WA, Michigan State University Dept. of Plant Pathology 140 Plant Pathology Building East Lansing, MI

22 Dr. Alan Henn Ms. Erin Hitcher Dr. William Kirk Dr. Charles Krause Dr. Bob Linderman (retired) Dr. Jim Locke Dr. Michael Reding Mr. Buzz Uber Mr. Paul Wade Mr. David Williams Mississippi State University 32 Creelman Street Mississippi State, MS Rutgers Agricultural Research & Extension Center 121 Northville Rd Bridgeton, NJ Michigan State University Dept. of Plant Pathology Room 35 - Plant Biology Bldg East Lansing, MI USDA-ARS Technology Research Unit Wooster, OH Horticultural Crops Research Lab USDA-ARS 3420 NW Orchard Ave. Corvallis, OR USDA ARS ATRU Univ of Toledo, GPRG 2801 Bancroft Street - Mail Stop #604 Toledo, OH USDA-ARS Hort Insects Lab 1680 Madison Ave. Wooster, OH, Crop Inspection Service Hilltop Drive Valley Center, CA USDA-ARS US Vegetable Laboratory 2700 Savannah Highway Charleston, SC, University of Illinois PLS S. Dorner Urbana, IL