and Contrast Manual The Colour, Light WILEY-BLACKWELL Designing and managing Geoffrey Cook inclusive built environments Keith Bright

Transcription

1 The Colour, Light and Contrast Manual Designing and managing environments inclusive built Keith Bright Director of Keith access consultancy Bright Consultants Ltd, an independent Emeritus Professor of Inclusive Environments at The University of Reading and Geoffrey Cook Director of the Research Group for Inclusive Environments and the MSc Inclusive Environments programme Reader in Inclusive Environmental Engineering at The University of Reading WILEY-BLACKWELL A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication

2 Contents About the authors Foreword by Helen Taylor, Chair of the RIBA Inclusive Design Committee Acknowledgements xi xiii xv Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Colour, lighting inclusive 4 design and contrast in Inclusive design 4 The principles of inclusive design 5 The benefits of adopting an inclusive design approach 8 Inclusive design, legislation, regulations and British Standards 9 Legislation 9 Regulations 10 British Standards 12 Other guidance and regulations for specific environments 13 The role of lighting in the creation of an inclusive, accessible environment 19 The role of colour in the creation of an inclusive, accessible environment 21

3 natural artificial vi Contents Chapter 2 Vision, hearing, colour and light 23 How people see colour and light 23 Processing information 28 Visual ability 29 The extent of blindness and partial sight 30 Classifying visual ability 31 Assessing visual acuity 32 Assessing field of vision 33 Identifying 'functional' visual ability 34 Vision and visual field loss 35 No visual field loss 36 Central vision field loss 36 Peripheral vision field loss 37 General vision field loss 37 Illustrating the effects 40 Hearing ability 41 Colour, lighting and hearing 42 Colour, lighting and communicating 44 Chapter 3 Using lighting in an inclusive, accessible environment 46 Light 46 Light source - or daylight 48 Light source - light 50 Incandescent lamps 51 Discharge lamps 54 Metal-halide lamps 59 Sodium lamps 60 Light-emitting diodes 61 Luminaires 64 Task lights 66 Comfort Glare Health and safety 69 Healthy lighting 69 Safety 71 Lighting for an emergency 72 Generally 72 Types of emergency lighting

4 Contents vii Stand-by lighting 74 Escape-route lighting 74 Low-level way-guidance systems 75 Emergency signage 77 Lighting controls 79 Exterior lighting 80 Traffic routes 81 Light pollution 81 Enhancing usability 81 Enhancing safety 82 Confidence and security 83 Lighting provision 83 Designing lighting for an inclusive, accessible environment 96 General lighting 96 Artificial lighting 99 Natural or daylighting 101 Task lighting 102 Emergency lighting 103 Lighting controls 105 Exterior lighting 106 Chapter 4 Colour and visual contrast in an inclusive, accessible environment 108 Colour and health 108 Colour and mood 110 Colour blindness 11 0 Colour in the built environment 112 Colour notation 114 The Commission internationale de I'eclairage (CIE) colour measurement systems 114 Natural Colour System 115 Colour Palette System 116 The Munsell Colour System 118 RAL system 118 Contrast 119 Light Reflectance Value 122 Measuring LRV 122 BS 8493:

5 The The viii Contents Specifying 'reasonable' contrast 124 Gathering information 127 Using differences in LRV effectively in practice 128 Colour and contrast in the built environment: practical issues for larger surfaces 129 Walls and ceilings 129 Floor finishes 132 Skirtings 133 Doors 136 Colour and contrast in the built environment: practical issues for features 140 Nosings 140 Handrails 142 Lifts 143 Sanitary facilities 144 Sockets, switches and controls 146 Obstacles and potential hazards 147 Chapter 5 Case studies 150 Case Study 1 - Case Study 2 - Roundhouse, Camden 151 Arlington Arts Centre, Mary Hare, Newbury 159 Case Study 3 The - Carrington Building, The University of Reading 1 64 Chapter 6 Resume of six relevant research projects on colour, lighting and contrast 173 Project 1 Using colour and contrast to improve the built environment for visually impaired people (Project Rainbow) 1 73 Background 173 Purpose 175 Project 176 Outcome 1 jq Project 2 Deafness, design and communication in the built environment (Project Crystal) 1 79 Background 179 Project 179 Outcome 182

6 Contents ix Project 3 Emergency lighting and way-finding systems for visually impaired people in smoke-free and smoke-filled environments 182 Phase One 182 Background 182 Project 183 Outcome 185 Phase Two 185 Background 185 Project 186 Outcome 186 Project 4 Colour and lighting design for intermodal transport environments 187 Background 187 Project 187 Outcome 189 Project 5 Legibility and conspicuity of emergency escape-route signage (EERS) for normally sighted and visually impaired people 190 Background 190 Project 190 Outcome 192 Project 6 Lighting in the homes of blind or partially sighted people 192 Background 192 Project 192 Outcome 194 References 195 Glossary of terms 205 Index 213 Supporting website: