Crossing the Humber.

Transcription

1 Crossing the Humber The Humber River HERITAGE Bridge Inventory July Heritage Canada Foundation National Achievement Award Winner for Volunteer Contribution Crossing the Humber The Humber River HERITAGE Bridge Inventory Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee Newly Released, July 2011

2 REAMBLE In 2008, I was introduced to the Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory to provide advice on one of the identified heritage bridges, slated for de-designation and subsequent demolition. Having recently recommended to the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering that they increase their activities in heritage bridge conservation, I was happy to participate in this inventory project as such initiatives highlight the significant and often overlooked relationship between engineering advancements and our cultural heritage. Over time the widespread loss of heritage bridges has occurred for a variety of reasons: deterioration, changes in highway requirements, or damage by storms like Hurricane Hazel. Today, however, with increasing attention towards cultural heritage, creative solutions are being explored for preserving heritage bridges. rotecting, conserving and celebrating our heritage bridges contributes to not only a greater understanding of the development of approaches to modern day engineering but also marks our progress as a nation, from early settlement to today s modern and progressive communities. Roger Dorton, C.M., h.d.,.eng. 1 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Background roject Goals A Brief History of Bridges in Ontario UROSE Scope Application and Limitations of roject HUMBER RIVER WATERSHED LAN: ATHWAYS TO A HEALTHY HUMBER METHODOLOGY rimary Data Stage Site Assessment rocess Landowner Contact rogram Margins of Error Identified Secondary Data Stage Municipal Heritage Committees Community Networks RESULTS EVALUATION OF BRIDGES OF HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE OORTUNITIES NEXT STES CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS BIBLIOGRAHY EILOGUE LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Humber River Bridges of Heritage Interest... 4 Figure 2: reliminary Results from Site Assessments Figure 3: Watercourse Crossings Characterization by Type of Structure Figure 4: Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory Map Index LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Total Humber River Watercourse Crossings and Bridges of Heritage Significance by Municipality Table 2: Image Examples of Watercourse Crossings in the Inventory LIST OF AENDICES Appendix A: Map of Humber River Watershed Appendix B: Map of Humber River Watercourse Crossing Sites Appendix C: List of Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory Orthographic Site Assessment Maps Appendix D: Orthographic Site Assessment Maps Appendix E: Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory Field Checklist and Data Base Spreadsheet Appendix F: Land Owner Contact and ermission to Enter Form Appendix G: Humber River Heritage Bridges Designated under the Ontario Heritage Act Appendix H: A General Overview of Ontario Bridge Types Appendix I: Details and hotographs of Humber River Bridges of Heritage Significance Appendix J: Excerpt of Sections 27 and 29, art IV of the Ontario Heritage Act Appendix K: Conceptual Heritage Tourism Trail in the City of Vaughan Appendix L: edestrian Trail Networks within the Humber River Watershed Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 2

4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Spanning waterways from headwaters to mouth, heritage bridges in the Humber watershed have played a fundamental role to the development of Canada. By connecting communities and their economies, they have promoted growth and progress throughout the ages. Serving as definitive community landmarks and contributing to our cultural character, heritage bridges link us to our shared past. There are contemporary challenges to promoting and protecting heritage bridges. With extensive urbanization occurring in the Humber watershed, heritage bridges are often sacrificed for efficiency as they compete with changing transportation needs. Furthermore, heritage bridge design that may contribute to community character is discouraged in new bridge construction to reduce costs and expedite approvals. As a result, the unique cultural heritage of the Humber watershed diminishes as its population increases. The proposal to conduct the Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory came from the Heritage Sub-committee of the Humber Watershed Alliance in The goal of this study is to promote the Humber s Canadian Heritage River designation with its associated heritage and recreational values; to guide the listing or designation of heritage bridges by local municipalities under the Ontario Heritage Act; and to educate and raise public awareness of these unique features through heritage tourism and conservation planning. Throughout this project, various mapping techniques, site assessments of public and private properties, and local community-based knowledge were applied to identify culverts, abutments, and functional bridges along the river. Once heritage bridges were identified, they were evaluated based on criteria set out by Ontario Regulation 9/06: Criteria for Determining Cultural Heritage Value or Interest as provided by the Ontario Heritage Act. In total, 33 heritage bridges and associated vestiges were identified. The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory is designed to promote the recognition and protection of heritage bridges in the Humber watershed as infrastructure essential to the preservation of community character and the development of social capital. The findings from this research will contribute to an emerging discourse on heritage conservation planning in Ontario, as well as watershed management practices in the Humber. 3 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

5 Figure 1: Humber River Bridges of Heritage Interest Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 4

6 1.0 INTRODUCTION In our steady march towards growth and progress, opportunities to protect, restore and celebrate our Canadian heritage resources are often overlooked. romoting these valuable assets in our communities, enhances our character and strengthens our national identity. Though some of our heritage resources may be less recognized than those of other nations, they are vast and impressive, from regal court houses to elegant homesteads and majestic rivers to forgotten settlements. Amongst these treasures, our heritage bridges stand out as symbols of our national advancement. Despite being a country defined by immeasurable water resources, today our roadways are seamless with few, if any, obstructions; people hardly notice when crossing over once formidable and dangerous waters. But it wasn t always that way. In the not-too-distant past, bridges were catalysts for community development and landmarks that entire villages were built around. As unreliable wooden bridges were replaced with more substantive structures, such progress was cause for celebration; town folk gathered, speeches were made, bands played! As community meeting places, bridges were where cherished memories formed - the local swimming hole, favourite fishing spot, covered skating rink, and in some cases romance... Over time, engineering methods advanced and bridge construction, design and materials changed. Increased attention to vehicle safety required straight, clear sightlines and stronger capacities to carry longer and heavier loads. With these requirements, the bridges of wood, stone and steel truss began to disappear and with them, their charm and character faded into the past. Today, communities across Ontario are looking for contemporary uses of their heritage assets as a means of economic and social renewal. The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory contributes to this movement, by seeking to protect, restore and celebrate the Humber s heritage bridges as a focus for community identity. As noted author David J. Cuming wrote, Apart from buildings that we use as places of worship, no structure has proved so challenging to our ingenuity, nor stimulated our imagination more than the bridge The spans we see today in our surroundings in our communities, on our way to work, or to places to which we holiday have a genealogy that extends far into the past and far beyond those boundaries that define Ontario. (Cuming, 1983) 1.1 Background In 1999, the Humber River was designated a Canadian Heritage River (CHR) by the Canadian Heritage Rivers System (CHRS) Board, as part of Canada s national river conservation program. This milestone was achieved after years of community activism during a time when urban rivers were generally considered unsuitable for CHRS inclusion. It was due to the persistence of the Humber watershed community and the TRCA that a CHR designation for the Humber was obtained. The completion of a community-led watershed management plan, the presence of community activism, voluntary and public engagement, and the ability to demonstrate the significance of the river s natural and human heritage values to the development of Canada, are the key requirements to obtaining a CHR designation. As part of the designation process, public engagement took place through a participatory planning process, which resulted in the completion the Humber s first management plan entitled, Legacy: A Strategy for a Healthy Humber (1997). The plan was led by the community-based Humber Watershed Task Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 5

7 Force, formed in 1994 which has since become the Humber Watershed Alliance (HWA). Legacy underscored the significance of the Humber, its current conditions and strategies for the future, and two years after its completion, the Humber watershed (Main and East branches) was designated for its significant human heritage and recreational values and their contribution to the development of Canada (Appendix A). The CHR designation is not guaranteed in perpetuity. In order to merit continued presence in the CHRS program, representatives of the Humber must continue to preserve and support the Humber s heritage and recreational values. The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory (HRHBI) aims to do just that; by identifying the existing heritage bridges in the Humber watershed, the HRHBI supports the human heritage and recreational values unique to the Humber watershed and promotes them as meaningful contributions to community planning and local cultural awareness. 1.2 roject Goals Heritage bridges are essential infrastructure for our communities. Representing feats of engineering marvel and ingenuity, the Humber s heritage bridges are definitive community landmarks. As remnants of our cultural heritage, they remind us of the historical significance of waterways to the development of the country, which is a nation defined by its natural wonders. Within this spirit, the Heritage Sub-Committee (HSC) of the Humber Watershed Alliance (HWA) initiated the Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory (HRHBI). The HRHBI is a comprehensive inventory of all watercourse crossings in the Humber. The goal is to identify bridges of heritage significance that are worthy of heritage designation under the Ontario Heritage Act and to promote heritage conservation planning from a watershed perspective. 1.3 A Brief History of Bridges in Ontario Fording riverways was often a dangerous necessity of travel prior to the introduction of bridges in Ontario. With the arrival of the first settlers, formal roads were built to support the surveying of land for parcel allotment, allocation and subsequent clearing for agriculture. Through the execution of these activities, the riverways of Ontario posed substantial obstacles to safety and efficiency. The clearing of the forests for roads and agriculture provided an abundance of timber which was used to construct Ontario s first bridges. The first bridges were built with two long straight logs placed across the river with a continuous series of smaller logs laid across the span and levelled with dirt to form a deck. Over time however, with the gradual disappearance of the forests, the supply of large logs diminished which forced bridge builders to devise other methods. Since most early Ontario bridge builders were settlers, they drew on their knowledge of barn and roof construction and began erecting king and queen post truss type bridges across southern Ontario. Timber truss bridges were immensely popular in Ontario until the 1890s, after which sizeable examples are rare (Heritage Resources Centre, 2004). Another natural material that early Ontario builders utilized was stone where available. Stone bridge construction was naturally restricted to the arch form which had been built in Europe for centuries before. Additionally, the difficulties of high quarrying costs and transportation, as well as a shortage of skilled craftsmen, resulted in only a few stone bridge projects. The structures that were erected were mostly built between the 1850s and 1880s and located primarily in market towns (Heritage Resources Centre, 2004). 6 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

8 Cast iron bridges were introduced to Canada with the arrival of the railroad in the 1850s. Though used in the United Kingdom from the early 1800s for arches and beams, there was little iron industry in Canada until later. Faring well in compression but not tension, cast iron bridges had many beam failures. In the 1870s and 80s wrought iron bridges were introduced to bridge construction in some of Ontario s wealthier market towns such as aris, Brantford, and London. Wrought iron bridges were expensive to erect due to the high cost of materials and the required skilled labour. Yet wrought iron had good tension, compression and improved strength and was not brittle like cast iron. Wrought iron was used for plate girders and many different truss types, which were largely developed in the United States. They were no longer used after 1900, when the era of catalogue bridges started. The period in which these bridges were constructed was even more short-lived than that of stone arches, mostly due to the introduction of steel as a construction material (Heritage Resources Centre, 2004). Steel became an affordable bridge construction material and quickly took over. Developed in the 1860s, Ead s Arches in St. Louis in the US, was the first major user of steel in The period coincided with better analytical capability; creation of the first engineering school in Canada at the University of New Brunswick; and the emergence of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers in 1886 (principal founders Keefers, Gzowski, Fleming). Railways produced the first bridge specifications after 1870 and steel became the major material for bridge construction after 1870, replacing wrought iron. Steel was less expensive to erect and possessed greater strength than its iron predecessor. A variety of truss type structures, including the Warren and ratt style truss bridge, became increasingly common as did the use of steel girders. Upon their introduction as a strong, long lasting, affordable bridging option, steel bridges immediately began to appear across Ontario. Before long, steel bridges dominated much of the Ontario landscape. Steel has higher strength in compression and tension and better quality control but rusts more than wrought iron. Shortly after the turn of the century, concrete was introduced as a bridging option. Although concrete was used in various formats during Roman times, it wasn t until it was rediscovered in ortland England in 1855 that this forgotten material was used again to produce concrete of higher quality, strength and durability. Used then for mass concrete walls, abutments and footings, concrete was good in compression but cracked in tension. At first, concrete bridges were built in the simple arch form, with the first concrete tied arch being built across the Etobicoke River in 1909 by the notable Frank Barber, consulting engineer and Vaughan Township Engineer. Concrete bridges became popular because they offered simplicity in traversing the many creeks and streams which weaved through the Ontario landscape, while utilizing local labour and materials. Simple solid slab bridges were the ideal choice for crossing these numerous short spans, while beams were cast to tackle the larger obstacles. By the 1930s concrete challenged steel as the primary bridge construction material and was especially popular in southern and central Ontario where aggregates were readily available and easily transported. The rigid frame bridge style was introduced in 1931 and quickly gained favour for use as a highway overpass. Concrete continued to grow in popularity primarily due to its great flexibility of design and variety of uses and today, concrete is the primary bridge building material in Ontario. However, steel reinforcing of concrete in tension areas resulted in even wider use for beams as well as arches in particular. Developed first in France in the 1880s, the first super structure use in Ontario was for the arch bridge in Massey in The first rigid frames were introduced on the Queen Elizabeth Highway in 1938 and then widely used on Highways 400 and 401 in the 1940s and 1950s. Reinforced concrete replaced mass concrete for walls, abutments, piers and footings in the 1930s. re-stressed concrete was the next major invention in bridge construction materials. Developed by Freyssinet in France in the 1930s to eliminate cracking of concrete in tension areas, the first of these beams was installed in Ontario in re-stressed concrete can be cast in place either pre or post tensioned forms and remains the most widely used bridge construction material today. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 7

9 2.0 UROSE The primary purpose of the Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory (HRHBI) is to: 1. Inventory all watercourse crossings in the Humber watershed. 2. Identify those bridges that may merit heritage designation. 3. rovide information on identified heritage bridges to municipalities to facilitate the listing or designation in accordance with Section 27 and/or Section 29, art IV of the Ontario Heritage Act. 4. Inform provincial and federal departments such as the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) and arks Canada when provincial highway or railway bridges are of heritage significance. 5. romote and increase community awareness of the heritage significance of the various forms, styles, and vestiges of bridges identified along the Humber. 6. Encourage heritage tourism through heritage conservation planning. 2.1 Scope The HRHBI assesses bridges which cross over a waterway. For purposes of this report, a bridge is defined as any structure built to span the Humber, regardless of mode of transportation. Bridges included in this inventory are both on public or private property and may be active, inactive or provide uses that may vary from their intended purpose. Remnants of bridges are also assessed including: culverts, attributes of design/ use, abutments and footings. The definition of heritage is in part based on the age of a known structure, its uniqueness, rarity, and contribution to community culture and character. 2.2 Application and Limitations of roject While the combined Ontario-based heritage knowledge of the Heritage Sub-Committee (HSC) members represents a high-level of expertise, and was further complemented by the civil (bridge) engineering expertise of Roger Dorton, please note that the information contained within this report should be reviewed as primary research only. It is a starting point for heritage planning activities in the Humber watershed and should not be the only justification for designation under the Ontario Heritage Act. The HRHBI contains an adapted descriptive evaluation system derived from Ontario Regulation 9/06 and was complemented by available committee knowledge and expertise of heritage bridges. This process lends itself to each municipality s own unique evaluation method for establishing local heritage interest or value in accordance with Ontario Regulation 9/06. 8 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

10 3.0 HUMBER RIVER WATERSHED LAN: ATHWAYS TO A HEALTHY HUMBER The Humber River Watershed lan (2008) is a guide for municipalities, provincial and federal governments, TRCA, non-governmental organizations and private landowners on policy and practices for environmental stewardship. As referenced in the plan, bridges are an integral part of the rich cultural heritage values of the Humber watershed. There are over 1800 known archaeological and heritage sites as well as numerous historical accounts. While progress has been made by municipalities in recent years to identify and document 1401 architectural resources and cultural heritage structures in the watershed, less has been made towards protecting these resources. Only 86 heritage sites are designated for protection under the Ontario Heritage Act and 35 heritage features have been lost since In order to actively protect cultural heritage resources in the Humber, the following key issues, strategies and recommendations for action are highlighted. Key issues: Rich cultural heritage but potential exists to lose both heritage sites and landscapes Inconsistent and often limited information available about heritage resources Lack of suitable repository for archaeological artifacts and documents Limited public awareness of both the historical and current relationships between people and the watershed Need to adapt cultural heritage programs to meet the needs and interests of the watershed s multicultural communities Five priority strategies: 1. Maintain the designation of the Humber watershed as a Canadian Heritage River 2. Investigate and conserve cultural heritage prior to changes in land use 3. Establish a comprehensive communication plan with Aboriginal groups 4. Fill gaps in known archaeological record 5. Develop an active and participatory cultural heritage program to increase awareness Recommendations for action: Incorporate heritage resources, including bridges and their contextual surroundings (e.g., buffers) into proposed developments Develop quality of place by identifying and evaluating cultural heritage landscapes, structures, buildings and Heritage Conservation Districts under the Ontario Heritage Act Encourage the Ontario Heritage Trust to investigate properties with both cultural and natural heritage values for their Natural Spaces Land Acquisition and Stewardship rogram Strengthen and expand municipal documentation process for cultural heritage sites and landscapes to improve effectiveness and consistency throughout the watershed Encourage municipal heritage committees to raise awareness among watershed residents of the benefits of protecting heritage resources, and to exchange information with other committees about their strategies Encourage designation of cultural heritage properties under the Ontario Heritage Act Raise awareness of links between human and natural heritage, with interpretive media about the influences of human activities on historic and current environments romote culture and heritage resources as part of tourism strategies for local communities Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 9

11 4.0 METHODOLOGY The methodology of the Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory (HRHBI) contains three-phases: 1. Quantitative primary data stage 2. Qualitative secondary data stage 3. Data analysis and review stage (to be discussed in Sections 5 and 6) Below is a summary of each data stage, highlighting discoveries and identified margins of error. 4.1 rimary Data Stage The Heritage Sub-Committee (HSC) sought to identify all river crossings in the watershed, whether by road or rail, as a means of discovering all possible heritage bridge sites. With the assistance of the TRCA s GIS department, a map was produced containing all the rivers and tributaries in the Humber with all the existing road and rail lines overlaid. Upon review of the map, the task of identifying all potential watercourse crossings seemed enormous given the scale of the watershed (903 square kilometres) and the degree of urbanization (approximately 27% urbanized as shown in Figure 4). However, after internal review, HSC members had the good fortune of discovering that the work of identifying all existing watercourse crossings was already completed as part of the Humber River Watershed Fisheries Management lan. The data on the fisheries map was transferable because the definition of a potential heritage bridge location was identical to the definition of a potential barrier to aquatic habitat any road or rail line that traverses a waterway. After a review of the map, 1250 watercourse crossings or potential heritage bridge locations were identified in the following municipalities: Mono, Adjala-Tosorontio, Caledon, Brampton, Vaughan, King, Richmond Hill, and Toronto. No watercourse crossings were found in Mississauga or Aurora as the percentage of the watershed within these municipalities is minimal - less than one percent. lease refer to Appendix B to review the watercourse crossings map with the 1250 potential sites indicated Site Assessment rocess The next step was to confirm all 1250 potential heritage bridge locations through on-site inspection. While it seemed likely that the majority of the sites would be recently installed culverts or weirs, the HSC wanted to ensure that no potential heritage bridge would be overlooked. To assist with site inspection, the watershed-wide map containing all 1250 potential sites was converted into 21 smaller-scaled, municipally based orthographic maps. Refer to Appendix C for a list of these maps and Appendix D to review any of the 21 maps created. Once the smaller maps were produced, a site assessment protocol for determining bridges of heritage potential was developed by the HSC, which included the creation of a site assessment checklist and photographic identification (Appendix E). The goal of the checklist was to identify, based on heritage designation criteria set out by the Ontario Regulation 9/06; the location, type, materials, size and accessibility (whether on public or private land) of the structure. hotographs of each crossing complemented the checklist and assisted with detailed review. Once each site was assessed and photographed, the information was recorded electronically in a database to be reviewed upon completion of the primary data collection stage. This facilitated the creation of the short list of bridges of heritage significance that would merit further detailed review, as set out in Section 6.0 of this report. 10 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

12 Three university students studying environmental resource management were hired over the summers of 2008 and 2009 to assist with the completion of the site assessments and database creation. With the guidance of Heritage Sub-Committee (HSC) members, all site inspections were completed. Upon completion of the initial site assessment of the 1250 potential heritage bridges sites, 340 sites (27.2%) could not be assessed for the following reasons: 158 sites (47%) were located on private property and access was not yet granted 146 sites (43%) were inaccessible due to construction, weather or were located on or near a highway 36 sites (10%) did not contain any visible bridge crossing In order to reduce the number of sites not assessed, a second site visit was conducted to the 36 sites where no visible bridge crossing was found and the 146 inaccessible sites after collecting additional information to assist with site assessment. Finally, a landowner contact program was initiated to get permission to enter the 158 sites situated on private property Landowner Contact rogram The first stage of the landowner contact program included creating a list of contact information and mailing addresses for the 158 properties. From there, landowners were sent information letters and permission forms, which outlined the purpose of the project and requested permission for TRCA staff to enter onto their property and access the identified crossing. Refer to Appendix F to review a copy of the landowner contact letter and permission form. In summary, less than ten percent responded to the landowner contact program. Due to the low response rate, TRCA staff conducted a second round of site visits to the 158 properties with a copy of the issued letter in hand, and were generally granted access to the sites when they made contact with landowners in person. In total, 229 sites were evaluated and the database was updated accordingly, with 111 sites not assessed due to either lack of data availability or inability to gain permission to enter the site. This presents approximately nine percent of the total dataset. A copy of the database is available upon request to the TRCA. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 11

13 4.1.3 Margins of Error Identified The margin of error identified in the rimary Data Collection Stage was related to the road and rail map layers obtained as part of the initial mapping exercise. Site inspection revealed that the GIS data layer did not contain historic roadways, road realignments, rail lines, lane ways, or trails where heritage bridges are often located. Therefore, with the first phase of data complete and equipped with the knowledge of gaps in the primary dataset, the secondary data collection stage was initiated. 4.2 Secondary Data Stage The secondary data collection stage applied a qualitative approach to data collection, relying on less direct routes to discovery than the primary stage: local knowledge regarding potential heritage bridges sites, municipal reports and documentation as well as historical photo archives Municipal Heritage Committees To begin the secondary data stage, delegations were conducted to all the active municipal heritage committees within the Humber River watershed, including: Toronto, Vaughan, King, Caledon, and Brampton. The intent was to introduce the municipal heritage committees to the HRHBI, seek their support, and gain awareness to possible heritage bridge locations through their intimate knowledge of their communities. The delegations were well received and unanimous support was obtained. Furthermore, municipal committee members were supportive of ensuring that the goal of the HRHBI be achieved in their communities, in that heritage bridges discovered should be protected and preserved through heritage designation and other heritage conservation planning tools. However, despite a few suggestions, the majority of committees were unable to assist with identifying new potential heritage bridge sites Community Networks It was at this stage that the local expertise, knowledge and community networks of HSC members were called upon. Through contacting colleagues and following potential leads, HSC members conducted several additional site visits to properties where heritage bridges were believed to be located. One particular visit led to the fortuitous discovery of a buried wooden trestle bridge in the Town of Caledon. HSC members visited a landowner who was believed to know the whereabouts of a bridge in Caledon. While in discussion with the owner of the property about the initiative, the landowner mentioned that the bridge at the back of his property would certainly be of interest to the project. However, upon inspection there was no bridge to be seen due to the fact, as revealed by the landowner, that it was a buried wooden trestle bridge, built for the railway. This was a unique discovery as there are no other known wood trestle bridges existing in the watershed. However, there is now the potential for others that are buried and out of sight. In total, HSC members confirmed an additional eight heritage bridges based on local knowledge. All of these eight bridges made the final list of heritage bridges in the Humber, some of which are already designated. The addition of these bridges underscores how essential the assistance of HSC members and their community networks were to the research process. They discovered what would have been undetectable through traditional research methods. Being attuned to their community s knowledge promotes public awareness, participation, and legitimacy to the project. 12 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

14 5.0 RESULTS Results from the primary data collection stage confirmed that, out of the 1250 watercourse crossing sites assessed, the majority of the sites were in fact modern culverts (65%) as anticipated. However, 29% of the sites assessed were bridges, and are broken down in terms of type below in Figure 3. Upon review of the bridges identified above as well as the additional eight bridges discovered through the secondary data process, 33 bridges of heritage significance were identified. Table 1, referenced below, summarizes the bridges of heritage significance per municipality in the watershed. Municipality in Watershed Heritage Bridges Total Watercourse Crossings Adjala-Tosorontio 0 13 Aurora 0 0 Brampton Caledon King Mississauga 0 0 Mono 0 18 Richmond Hill 0 18 Toronto Vaughan Total Table 1: Total Humber River Watercourse Crossings and Bridges of Heritage Significance by Municipality Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 13

15 Of the 33 bridges identified, five bridges have already been designated under the Ontario Heritage Act, four of which are located in Caledon and one in Toronto. Refer to Appendix G for the designation data. To review the types of bridges identified, please refer to Table 2, referenced below. For further description on the types of bridges refer to Appendix H. Crossing Types Culvert Stone abutments Concrete -underarch bridge Wooden bridge Concrete -overarch bridge Concrete rigid frame bridge Uniform depth beam bridge, concrete or steel Steel arch bridge Railway steel girder bridge Steel pony truss bridge Table 2: Examples of Watercourse Crossings in the Humber River Watershed 14 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

16 6.0 EVALUATION OF BRIDGES OF HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE In order to identify a list of heritage bridges based on a review of the final dataset generated from the primary and secondary data stages, the Heritage Sub-Committee (HSC) members used the following evaluation criteria adapted from Ontario Regulation 9/06 (Appendix J): 1) Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement 2) Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture III. Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community 3) Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark Upon evaluation of the dataset, based on the above-referenced criteria, 33 heritage structures were identified, including: 25 bridges 6 abutments 2 culverts Thirty-three heritage bridges identified in the Humber watershed seems relatively small when compared to the other two heritage bridge inventories conducted in Ontario. This can be attributed in part to the destruction or replacement of many bridges as a result of Hurricane Hazel in 1954; rapid and widespread urbanization brought about replacement of older bridges with newer structures capable of handling increased traffic volumes and loads; and the Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory (HRHBI) only identified bridges crossing water. The next step for the HSC was to conduct additional site assessments to each of the 33 candidate bridges, in order to further inspect the structure based on the above-referenced criteria for determining cultural heritage value or interest. A description and evaluation of the 33 bridges is included in the following pages. The evaluations are complemented by a current day photo. Additional technical information and historic photos are included in Appendix I. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 15

17 Humber River Bicycle-edestrian Bridge hotograph by aul Izebski General Information Bridge No. TO1 Jurisdiction City of Toronto Year Built 1996 hysical Components Type Steel arch Span Single Dimensions 139 metres in length 16 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

18 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description Located at the mouth of the Humber River, the 139-metre pedestrian bridge, is a vital link in the continuous 325 kilometre-long waterfront trail that borders the northern shore of Lake Ontario. It is also a structure symbolically connected to the watershed s social and cultural history. The innovative engineering of doubletubular arches includes steel cross-bracing that is based on the thunderbird icon of First Nations peoples who frequented the area for centuries. The bridge forms a gateway between Toronto and Etobicoke, spanning the mouth of the Humber River south of the historic Toronto Carrying lace Trail, an ancient Aboriginal trade route that was instrumental to the development of early Canada. Under the bridge, bronze turtles, canoes, snakes, fish and other native icons are embedded in the concrete walls with interpretative plaques that trace the pre-history of the watershed. It is also the starting place of The Shared ath/le Sentier artagé: Toronto Historical ark, which was launched in the spring As the only bridge of its style and type in Toronto, it was completed in 1996 and is a historical gateway. With architectural expression and engineering design combined, it is unique. The bridge was built using 1200 millimetre diameter high-strength steel pipe bent into twin arches that rise 21.3 metres above the ground. The spacing between the arches is wide at the base but narrow at the top, imparting a futuristic basket-handle appearance to the super-structure. Designed by Montgomery and Sisam Architects, engineered by the Delcan Corporation, Delcan considers this bridge to be a significant accomplishment. Montgomery and Sisam won the 1996 Canadian Architect Magazine Award of Excellence. The bridge was erected on land and launched over the Humber River by Dominion Bridge, Inc., arriving at the site in separate pieces; the steel arches were welded together on the river bank and equipped with cross-bracing, hangers and cross-beams. Designation of this bridge as a heritage property under the Ontario Heritage Act will be considered by Toronto City Council. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 17

19 Lakeshore Canadian National Railway Bridge, Adjacent Great Western Railway Bridge Abutments hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts General Information Bridge No. TO2 hysical Components Type Steel plate girders, concrete foundations, earlier stone abutment Jurisdiction City of Toronto Span 2 Year Built 1911 Dimensions N/A 18 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

20 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description The bridge was completed in 1911 and engineered by Frank Barber for the Grand Trunk Railway. Adjacent to the bridge are the bridge abutments for the original Great Western Railway bridge completed circa Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 19

21 The Bloor Street Bridge hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts General Information Bridge No. TO3 hysical Components Type Steel deck truss arch Jurisdiction City of Toronto Span 3 Year Built 1924 Dimensions N/A 20 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

22 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description The Bloor Street Bridge spans the Humber River, south of the Old Mill. Built in 1924, it is an art-deco, steel spandrel, three-pinned truss arch bridge. The bridge upon completion was known as the Bloor Street Viaduct and spanned the valley walls of the Lower Humber. rior to its construction, the Bloor Street crossing was at the Old Mill Bridge, within the valley itself, at river-level. This bridge is one of the few Humber crossings that survived Hurricane Hazel in Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 21

23 The Old Mill Subway Station Bridge hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts General Information Bridge No. TO4 Jurisdiction City of Toronto Year Built 1968 hysical Components Type re-stressed concrete beams Span Multiple Dimensions N/A 22 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

24 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. III. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings Is a landmark General Description The bridge was completed in 1968 and is a pre-stressed concrete bridge with rubber bearing pads, of a type which are currently used to isolate buildings from earthquakes. This bridge is unique internationally as its sole purpose is to be used as a subway station and line. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 23

25 The Old Mill Bridge hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts General Information Bridge No. TO5 hysical Components Type Concrete arch, stone spandrel walls Jurisdiction City of Toronto Span 3 Year Built 1916 Dimensions N/A 24 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

26 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description Bridging the former York and Etobicoke township boundaries, the Old Mill Bridge has been designated under the Ontario Heritage Act. According to one report, the first bridge was erected at this spot in Following the destruction of yet another wooden bridge by ice in 1915, the present, picturesque stone clad bridge was erected in It is a combination of cement clad steel and Tover-Bottom stone arches, and a humped rubblefilled deck, clad by thick solid side walls. It is a central feature to the lower Humber area and offers a picturesque view of the river, for visitors in the area to enjoy. It was built from a design prepared by the notable Frank Barber, consulting engineer and Vaughan Township Engineer and commissioned and constructed during World War I. Barber s extensive use of concrete in designing the bridge was a major departure from the traditional method of constructing what appears to be, for all intents and purposes, a stone arched bridge. This bridge is one of the few designated bridges in the watershed. Furthermore, it is incorporated into The Shared ath/le Sentier artagé: Toronto Historical ark, launched in spring Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 25

27 Lambton Mills Bridge Abutment hotograph by Stephen Roberts General Information Bridge No. TO6 Jurisdiction City of Toronto Year Built 1907 hysical Components Type Stone abutment Span Single Dimensions N/A 26 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

28 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. III. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description This site was the first Dundas Street crossing of the Humber River. Lambton Mills was a transportation hub, and there were a series of bridges on this site between in 1811 and The existing abutments supported various historic bridges and were completed circa The last of the truss bridges, which was engineered by the notable Frank Barber, consulting engineer and Vaughan Township Engineer and built in 1907, was removed in This site is incorporated into The Shared ath/le Sentier artagé: Toronto Historical ark, launched in spring Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 27

29 The Lambton Bridge / Dundas Street Bridge hotograph by Stephen Roberts General Information Bridge No. TO7 Jurisdiction City of Toronto Year Built 1929 hysical Components Type re-stressed concrete beams, reinforced concrete piers Span Multiple Dimensions 195 metres in length 28 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

30 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description The Lambton Bridge which was built in 1929, opened on June 3 rd. The Minister of Highways for Ontario, the Honourable George Stewart Henry was there for the opening of the bridge; he was formerly Reeve of York Township and later the remier of Ontario. As stated in his speech at the opening of the bridge: Dundas Street was the first highway built by Governor Simcoe in the seventies. The Dundas Street went to Queen Street and was named after Rt. Hon. Mr. Dundas. The present viaduct supercedes the old one, built 21 years ago, composed of a 2-span wooded truss, which was frequently washed away in the picture of these two bridges, the old and the new, can be seen the progress made in the development and building up of this portion of the country. (The Evening Telegram, June 4, 1929) The original bridge was 640 feet in length and 60 feet wide, including 6-foot sidewalks on either side. The cost of the bridge in 1929 was $350,000. In 2009, the Dundas Street Bridge was refurbished by the City of Toronto, in order to widen it and to provide a bicycle lane. The heritage design has been maintained through the reconstruction and the addition of Canadian Heritage Rivers plaques will be added to the bridge railings at the newly constructed viewing platform that overlooks the lower Humber River and the Toronto Historical ark. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 29

31 Guelph Radial Line Bridge Tower Footings hotograph by aul Izdebski General Information Bridge No. TO8 Jurisdiction City of Toronto Year Built 1917 hysical Components Type Concrete footings for replaced steel trestle towers Span Single Dimensions 61 metres in length 30 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

32 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description The original bridge was completed in It included a 61 metre trestle to its approach on the east side, which was filled in when an extension was built in Representing a high degree of achievement for its time, it is part of the old Guelph Radial Line (electric suburban rail line between Guelph and Toronto), which operated from ; there is very little tangible evidence of this line left in Toronto. The cars were powered by electricity and only the footings for the steel towers remain. These now support a pedestrian and bicycle bridge. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 31

33 Lambton Canadian acific Railway Bridge hotograph by Stephen Roberts General Information Bridge No. TO9 Jurisdiction City of Toronto Year Built 1874 hysical Components Type Steel plate girders, Stone and concrete piers Span Multiple Dimensions 171 metres in length 32 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

34 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description Originally completed in November 1874 for the Credit Valley Railway, it is the Canadian acific Railway main line crossing of the Humber. Its length was 171 metres and stood 29 metres high. More recently, the single line track was twinned to facilitate both passenger and freight trains. It reflects a rare example in evolution of design in its piers and historically provided entrance into Lambton Yards, which opened in This was, until recently, one of the few gauntlet feeds remaining in Canada. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 33

35 Weston Canadian National Railway Bridge hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts General Information Bridge No. TO10 Jurisdiction City of Toronto Year Built 1856 hysical Components Type Steel plate girders, concrete encased piers Span Multiple Dimensions N/A 34 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

36 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description Designed and built by Sir Casimir Gzowski, this bridge was completed in 1856 for the railway line that extended to Sarnia by It was one of the highest and longest bridges on the Grand Trunk Railway system. Originally the bridge decking was wooden as metal was not available but it is believed the superstructure was replaced with steel circa The supporting piers were constructed of brick on stone foundations, but in 1910 they were encased in concrete. Opened on July 1 st 1856, the day that the first train ran over the tracks through Weston, it is one of the oldest functioning railway bridges in Ontario. Currently, there are discussions to widen the rail line to accommodate a proposed airport link to the downtown core on behalf of Metrolinx. The fate of this rare heritage structure remains unknown. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 35

37 Musson s Bridge hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts General Information Bridge No. TO11 Jurisdiction City of Toronto Year Built circa 1910 hysical Components Type Stone abutment, Steel roller bearing Span Single Dimensions N/A 36 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

38 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. III. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description The Musson s Bridge was located on the former Albion Road, where it crossed the Humber River near Thistletown, and linked Weston Road and Albion Road north of today s Wilson Avenue. The exact date the first Musson s Bridge was built remains unknown or if Thomas Musson, after whom the bridge was named, built it. We do know after 1820 Thomas Musson with his brother Edward operated the distillery, brewery and tavern at Farr s Mills, (subsequently Wadsworth Mills), and donated the land to build St. hilips Anglican Church. In 1835 Thomas purchased Martindale and Brook Dale farms on the west bank of the Humber. Musson s Bridge linked Thomas Musson s land not only with Weston Road but also his business and his church. By 1841 it would seem Musson s Bridge was a known landmark as the Weston lank Road was described as from Musson s Bridge to the eacock Tavern at (old) Weston Road and Dundas Street. When the Albion lank Road was built five years later (1846), extending the plank road north-west, it was from Musson s Bridge to Claireville. Thomas Musson was one of the directors and founding subscribers to the Weston Road Company. The road and crossing have additional significance since the Weston lank Road followed a portion of the Indian Trail known as the Toronto Carrying lace Trail (Le ortage de Toronto). The original bridge was probably built of wood, as was the custom at the time, but is known to have been replaced by a steel truss bridge in circa The steel bridge was built by O. L. Hicks, a prominent and respected bridge builder of the time. All that remains of the steel bridge is the eastern masonry abutment. In addition, one of the roller bearings used to allow for expansion and contraction of the bridge is still intact on the south-eastern portion of the abutment. While used extensively at the time they are now a rarity and constitute a worthwhile engineering heritage artifact. In 1960, the bridge was replaced by a new concrete span located further to the south to allow for the realignment of Albion Road. The Musson s Bridge abutment is located at the foot of what is now called Flindon Road in Toronto. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 37

39 Indian Line Canadian National Railway Bridge hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts General Information Bridge No. BR1 Jurisdiction City of Brampton Year Built 1965 hysical Components Type Steel plate girders, Concrete piers Span Multiple Dimensions N/A 38 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

40 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. III. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description This bridge forms part of the Halton Subdivision, which is CN s main route from MacMillan Yard west to Sarnia, Detroit, and Niagara. The section within which this bridge falls is between Toronto Yard and Halwest, and was built between 1959 and 1965, to connect the new MacMillan Yard with CN s western routes. From Halwest, it continues west through Halton and eel Regions to Silver (Georgetown), then southwest to Burlington. The Halwest-Silver portion was part of the original Grand Trunk line dating back to the 1850 s. When used by the CN as part of the Brampton Subdivision. The Silver-Burlington leg was originally part of the Beeton Subdivision, a secondary line which once ran from Hamilton to Barrie. The Halton-York Subdivisions originally provided a freight bypass around the Toronto area. In recent years urban sprawl has caught up with this foresighted plan, and now Halton is surrounded by suburban and industrial areas. The new Highway 407, recently opened in the same corridor, which provides a good view of the line on the Humber. This is a very heavily used line which is seldom quiet for long. It handles most of CN s east-west freight traffic (some Montreal-Oakville-Hamilton trains bypass Mac Millian Yard via the Oakville Subdivision). There are GO Trains west of Halwest on weekdays. There are many wide line allotments, several high trestles, many embankments and deep cuts. North of the city, it is surrounded by industrial developments. (Rails in Toronto, Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 39

41 Wiley Bridge hotograph from City of Toronto Archives General Information Bridge No. BR2 Jurisdiction City of Brampton Year Built 1924 hysical Components Type Reinforced concrete bowstring arch Span Single Dimensions N/A 40 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

42 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description The bridge was constructed in It is one of only two concrete bowstring bridges remaining in Brampton; the other being on the Credit River watershed. A special feature is that it is built on a bias and is a through bridge with overhead supports. It was constructed by Langton and Bartho of Toronto from a design by the eel County Engineer, N.L. owell and it is larger than the bowstring bridge on the Credit River. It has all the classic lines of a concrete bowstring bridge with its graceful arches. It presents a striking site both summer and winter. The bridge is listed on the City of Brampton s municipal register of heritage properties. Located within the Claireville Conservation Area, it is no longer used for vehicular traffic and is now used as a pedestrian bridge, with occasional use by park vehicles. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 41

43 Countryside Drive Bridge hotograph by Stephen Roberts General Information Bridge No. BR3 Jurisdiction City of Brampton Year Built circa 1950 hysical Components Type Reinforced concrete rigid frame Span Single Dimensions N/A 42 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

44 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. III. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description This bridge is a rigid frame concrete structure which is representative of many bridges built in this era. This structure is typical of many bridges built in eel Region in the 1950s that have largely disappeared due to urbanization and increased traffic loads. An unusual feature of this bridge is its concrete railings. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 43

45 Canadian National Railway Bridge hotograph by Stephen Roberts General Information Bridge No. VA1 Jurisdiction City of Vaughan Year Built 1962 hysical Components Type Steel plate girders, reinforced concrete piers Span Multiple Dimensions N/A 44 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

46 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description Located within the City of Vaughan, the bridge was completed in 1962 and features rare reinforced concrete A-frame piers. The formation of the earthen embankments of both sides of the bridge suggests that there may have originally been a wooden trestle bridge, now covered, as was the practice of the railway companies in the early 1900s. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 45

47 Canadian acific Railway Bridge hotograph by Stephen Roberts General Information Bridge No. VA2 Jurisdiction City of Vaughan Year Built circa 1910 hysical Components Type Steel plate girders, stone masonry piers Span Multiple Dimensions N/A 46 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

48 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. III. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description The bridge was completed circa 1910 by the former Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway. The cut stone masonry piers suggest an early structure, which merits further investigation. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 47

49 Boyd ark Langstaff Bridge hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts General Information Bridge No. VA3 Jurisdiction City of Vaughan Year Built circa 1923 hysical Components Type Reinforced concrete bowstring arch Span Single Dimensions N/A 48 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

50 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description Built circa 1923, to the designs and specifications of the notable Frank Barber, consulting engineer and Vaughan Township Engineer, this is one of three concrete bowstring bridges, located along the East Humber River in the City of Vaughan. It forms part of the Humber Valley Heritage Trail and is located on what was originally Langstaff Road, which has been realigned further south. The bridge is in use solely as a pedestrian bridge and is within the Boyd ark Conservation Area. This bridge is listed by the City of Vaughan in its heritage inventory as a property of interest, with the intent that it will be listed on its municipal register of heritage properties. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 49

51 Old Major Mackenzie Drive Bridge hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts General Information Bridge No. VA4 Jurisdiction City of Vaughan Year Built circa 1914 hysical Components Type Reinforced concrete bowstring arch Span Single Dimensions 19.5 metre span 50 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

52 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description Built circa 1914 to the designs and specifications of the notable Frank Barber, consulting engineer and Vaughan Township Engineer, this is one of three concrete bowstring bridges, located along the Humber River in the City of Vaughan. It marks where Old Major Mackenzie Drive crossed the Humber, before being realigned to its present location. It is listed by the City of Vaughan in its heritage inventory as a property of interest, with the intent that it will be listed in its municipal register of heritage properties. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 51

53 McEwen Bridge hotograph by Stephen Roberts General Information Bridge No. VA5 Jurisdiction City of Vaughan Year Built 1923 hysical Components Type Reinforced concrete bowstring arch Span Single Dimensions 19 metre span 52 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

54 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description The McEwen Bridge is named after Lorne McEwen (also spelled McKewen), who acquired this land (Lot 31 Concession 9) from James Cherry in Lorne McEwen was born in Ontario on January 9, 1888 to John K. (a butcher) and Mary McEwen, one time of the village of Bolton, both of Scottish descent. The McEwen Bridge (also sometimes referred to as the Burlington Bridge or Bell Bridge) was built in1923 to the designs and specifications of the notable Frank Barber, consulting engineer and Vaughan Township Engineer. This is one of the three concrete bowstring bridges, located along the Humber River in the City of Vaughan. It is listed by the City of Vaughan in its heritage inventory of property of interest, with the intent to be listed on its municipal register of heritage properties and also forms part of the Humber Valley Heritage Trail. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 53

55 Huntington Road Bridge hotograph by aul Izdebski General Information Bridge No. VA6 Jurisdiction City of Vaughan Year Built circa 1950s hysical Components Type Reinforced concrete rigid frame, steel railing Span Single Dimensions N/A 54 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

56 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description This bridge, built post-1954, is constructed as a rigid frame reinforced concrete bridge which supports unique steel railings of heritage interest. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 55

57 King-Vaughan Road Bridge hotograph by aul Izdebski General Information Bridge No. VA7 Jurisdiction City of Vaughan Year Built N/A hysical Components Type Reinforced concrete arch Span Single Dimensions N/A 56 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

58 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. III. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description This bridge, located south of the King-Vaughan Road, has been identified by the committee to be of heritage interest due to the length of the arch from or originating at the water level, which is not reflective of this type and period of bridge construction and consequently rare. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 57

59 Sneath Bridge hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts General Information Bridge No. CA1 Jurisdiction Town of Caledon Year Built circa 1915 hysical Components Type Steel pony truss Span Single Dimensions 15 metres in length 58 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

60 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description Built circa 1915, the Sneath Bridge is located in Bolton and is a rare, steel pony truss bridge and the only remaining unaltered bridge of its kind in the Humber watershed. This bridge is of rivet assembly rather than pin-connected. Field riveting became popular after transportable pneumatic tools became available in the early 20 th century, which revolutionized any construction using steel. It has concrete abutments and reflects a relatively popular style that was solidly built and relatively inexpensive in a one-lane format that was favoured in townships and on country roads to easily facilitate movement of farm and field machines and early vehicular traffic, after the early 1900s (Broadbent, 1999). The bridge was designated in 1999, under the Ontario Heritage Act by the Town of Caledon, in support of the Humber River watershed receiving its Canadian Heritage River status. Furthermore, the location of the bridge is believed to be the site of a skirmish prior to the 1837 Rebellion. When, in 2008, the Sneath Bridge was closed to vehicular traffic, there was an overwhelming demand from both individuals and community organizations for its preservation as an important heritage structure and for its conversion to pedestrian use. The Sneath Bridge now serves as an excellent example of adaptive re-use, reenforced by the community s support of its heritage designation. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 59

61 Hickman Street Bridge hotograph by aul Izdebski General Information Bridge No. CA2 Jurisdiction Town of Caledon Year Built 1955 hysical Components Type Reinforced concrete rigid frame Span Single Dimensions N/A 60 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

62 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description Although this bridge was built circa 1955, the wooden piles of the earlier wooden trestle bridge are still evident under this bridge. The railing design distinguishes this bridge from other bridges of the same type and era. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 61

63 Old Dick s Dam Abutments hotograph by aul Izdebski General Information Bridge No. CA3 Jurisdiction Town of Caledon Year Built N/A hysical Components Type Steel truss on old concrete abutments Span Single Dimensions N/A 62 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

64 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. III. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description The abutments are part of the last dam constructed upstream from the mill race which provided the power for Dick s Foundry (The Bolton Agricultural Works). These dam abutments are now used for the Humber Valley Heritage Trail foot-bridge located in Dick s Dam ark in Bolton. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 63

65 Glasgow Road Bridge hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts General Information Bridge No. CA4 Jurisdiction Town of Caledon Year Built circa 1915 hysical Components Type Steel pony truss Span Single Dimensions N/A 64 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

66 Evaluation Form Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method Check II. III. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description This bridge was completed circa This slightly altered steel pony truss bridge is one of the last three remaining steel truss bridges in the Humber River watershed. This bridge is of rivet assembly rather than pin-connected. Field riveting became popular after transportable pneumatic tools became available in the early 20 th century, which revolutionized any construction using steel. It has concrete abutments and reflects a relatively popular style that was solidly built and relatively inexpensive in a one-lane format that was favoured in townships and on country roads to easily facilitate movement of farm and field machines and early vehicular traffic, after the early 1900s (Broadbent, 1999). It was designated in 1999, under the Ontario Heritage Act by the Town of Caledon, in recognition of the Humber River watershed receiving its Canadian Heritage River status. An interesting method was used to renovate the bridge in 2003, which leaves the old deficient trusses supporting only their own weight. The existing deck was replaced with a light weight fibre reinforced polymer deck, spanning between two new beams placed inside the old trusses. These beams, acting compositely with the deck, now take all the vehicular loads, being supported only on two new bearings on each abutment. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 65

67 Old Duffy s Lane Bridge Abutments hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts General Information Bridge No. CA5 Jurisdiction Town of Caledon Year Built N/A hysical Components Type Concrete abutments Span Single Dimensions N/A 66 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

68 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. III. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description The concrete abutments are remnant of the Old Duffy s Lane Bridge, which was removed in order to facilitate a roadway realignment. This remaining vestige of Old Duffy s Lane Bridge serves to mark the path of the former Duffy s Lane alignment. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 67

69 Old Castlederg Road Bridge Abutments hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts General Information Bridge No. CA6 Jurisdiction Town of Caledon Year Built N/A hysical Components Type Concrete abutments Span Single Dimensions N/A 68 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

70 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. III. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description The concrete abutments are remnant of the Old Castlederg Road Bridge, which was removed in order to facilitate a roadway realignment. This remaining vestige of Old Castlederg Road Bridge serves to mark the former path of Castlederg Road s alignment. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 69

71 Hockley Mill Bridge hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts General Information Bridge No. CA7 Jurisdiction Town of Caledon Year Built circa 1950s hysical Components Type Reinforced concrete rigid frame Span Single Dimensions N/A 70 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

72 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. III. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description This concrete monolithic rigid frame bridge was built in the 1950s. It is a good example of a flexible, easy to build design, extensively used throughout Ontario from the late 1930s. These bridges often replaced wooden, steel or older concrete bridges that had served their usefulness. The bridge location has a historic association as well, in that it is at the site of the original Hockley Mill. Some remains of the mill still exist along with remnants of the sluiceways. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 71

73 Cedar Mills CR Buried Trestle Bridge hotograph by Lou Wise General Information Bridge No. CA8 Jurisdiction Town of Caledon Year Built circa 1900s hysical Components Type Buried wood trestle Span Single Dimensions 610 metres in length 72 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

74 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description Within the 2000 foot (610 metres) earthen embankment is a wooden trestle bridge, now culverted and located near Cedar Mills in Caledon where the CR crosses the Humber River. In the early 1900s, after a derailment, the railway covered the wooden bridge with earth and rubble to form the earthen embankment which exists today. The wooden trestle bridge was constructed to maintain the steady railroad grade and the rubble reinforced the critical structure as well as reduced maintenance cost of repairs and risk of fire. It was discovered by local historians through site assessments conducted as part of this inventory. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 73

75 Craib Bridge hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts General Information Bridge No. CA9 Jurisdiction Town of Caledon Year Built circa 1920s hysical Components Type Steel pony truss Span Single Dimensions N/A 74 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

76 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description This altered (shortened) steel pony truss bridge was relocated several times throughout the Humber watershed. Its original location crossed the Humber River on Rutherford Road. After Hurricane Hazel, it was relocated to Woodside ark, in Vaughan and then to its present location, bridging a pond on private property. Like the other two bridges mentioned earlier, this bridge is of rivet assembly rather than pin-connected. Field riveting became popular after transportable pneumatic tools became available in the early 20 th century, which revolutionized any construction using steel. It has concrete abutments and reflects a relatively popular style that was solidly built and relatively inexpensive in a one-lane format that was favoured in townships and on country roads to easily facilitate movement of farm and field machines and early vehicular traffic, after the early 1900s (Broadbent, 1999). The property where the bridge is currently situated is located on the 9 th Concession in the former Albion Township. George Craib, the owner of the property at the time, acquired the bridge and moved it to its present location on an artificial lake in the Humber watershed. This is a classic example of bridge re-use which was a common railroad practice. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 75

77 Caledon Trailway East Culvert hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts General Information Bridge No. CA10 Jurisdiction Town of Caledon Year Built 1889 hysical Components Type Stone culvert Span Single Dimensions N/A 76 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

78 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description This stone culvert, which is located over the Main Humber, was originally constructed by Grand Trunk and Great Western Railway in Both double-faced culverts (west and east) closely replicate the entrances to the St. Clair Tunnel which is very significant. It is uncertain whether the culverts were constructed as the line was built, but as the elevation of the line is many feet above the river, it is possible but unlikely. robably wooden trestles (which would have been very vulnerable to log and ice jams at this particular location) were the first option. The blue prints for the designs are signed by Joseph Hobson on December 5 th, 1893, with the Grand Trunk Railway stamp. The dressed stones are from the Niagara Escarpment and the design was by Joseph Hobson, who by this time became the chief engineer of the railway. He had also been apprenticed to Sir Casmir Gzowski. Joseph went onto become Chief Engineer of the Grand Trunk and Great Western Railway and was the lead engineer on the tunnel under St. Clair River, an engineering feat for Ontario for the 1890s. Hobson broke through from the Canadian to the American section of the St. Clair tunnel on August 25 th, The dressed stone are so finely cut that they fit together without the benefit of mortar. The whole structure, in both cases, is held together by the weight of the earthen embankment and line (now trail) above. The east culvert was designated in 1996, under the Ontario Heritage Act, by the Town of Caledon. (Broadbent, July 1995). Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 77

79 Caledon Trailway West Culvert hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts General Information Bridge No. CA11 Jurisdiction Town of Caledon Year Built approximately 1889 hysical Components Type Stone culvert Span Single Dimensions N/A 78 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

80 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings III. Is a landmark General Description This stone culvert, located on Coffey Creek in the Main Humber, was originally constructed by Grand Trunk and Great Western Railway, with a keystone dated in Both double-faced culverts (west and east) closely replicate the entrances to the St. Clair Tunnel, which is very significant. It is uncertain whether the culverts were constructed as the line was built, but as the elevation of the line is many feet above the river, it is possible but unlikely. robably wooden trestles (which would have been very vulnerable to log and ice jams at this particular location) were the first option. The blue prints for the designs are signed by Joseph Hobson on December 5 th, 1893, with the Grand Trunk Railway stamp. The dressed stones are from the Niagara Escarpment and the design was by Joseph Hobson, who by this time became the chief engineer of the railway. He had also been apprenticed to Sir Casmir Gzowski. Joseph went onto become Chief Engineer of the Grand Trunk and Great Western Railway and was the lead engineer on the tunnel under St. Clair River, an engineering feat for Ontario for the 1890s. Hobson broke through from the Canadian to the American section of the St. Clair tunnel on August 25 th, The dressed stone are so finely cut that they fit together without the benefit of mortar. The whole structure, in both cases, is held together by the weight of the earthen embankment and line (now trail) above. The west culvert was designated in 1996, under the Ontario Heritage Act, by the Town of Caledon. (Broadbent, July 1995). Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 79

81 Finnerty Sideroad Bridge hotograph by aul Izdebski General Information Bridge No. CA12 Jurisdiction Town of Caledon Year Built circa 1950s hysical Components Type Reinforced concrete rigid frame Span Single Dimensions N/A 80 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

82 Evaluation Form Check Design/hysical Value I. It is rare, unique, or representative of an early example of a style, type, expression, material or construction method II. Displays a high degree of craftsmanship or artistic merit III. Demonstrates a high degree of technical or scientific achievement Historic/Associative Value I. Has direct association with a theme, event, belief, person, activity, organization, or institution that is significant to the community II. III. Yields, or has the potential to yield, information that contributes to an understanding of the community or culture Demonstrates or reflects the work or ideas of an engineer, builder, or designer who is significant to the nation or community Contextual Value I. Is important in defining or supporting the character of the area II. III. Is physically or historically linked to its surroundings Is a landmark General Description This concrete rigid frame bridge was built circa 1950s. Unique to Caledon, the metal railings are affixed to concrete posts, which contain an ornate pattern cast in the post. These railings are similar to those identified on the Huntington Road Bridge in Vaughan. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 81

83 Figure 4: Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory Map Index Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 82

84 7.0 OORTUNITIES The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory (HRHBI) provides opportunities for heritage bridge preservation and conservation planning, including: 1. Creating an interactive GIS map that promotes community education and awareness to heritage bridges and assists in the Environmental Assessment planning review of applications that may impact heritage bridges 2. Creating a website to host the GIS map that promotes the HRHBI and heritage tourism for the Humber watershed, in partnership with NGOs and watershed municipalities 3. Converting heritage bridges from their original use to adapted uses for community benefit, like pedestrian bridges, as in the case of Sneath Bridge 4. Linking heritage bridges to existing pedestrian trails to facilitate outdoor recreation and heritage education 5. Incorporating heritage bridges into official municipal planning documents, such as pedestrian and recreational master plans 6. Implementing themed heritage tourism trails that link heritage bridges to other community features The following other trail opportunities exist: Eight bridges in the City of Toronto are located along the Toronto Inter-Regional Trail from Lambton ark to the mouth of the Humber River. One bowstring arch bridge in the City of Brampton is located along the proposed Inter-Regional Trail through Claireville Conservation Area. This trail is part of the City of Brampton s athways Master lan. Five bridges in the Town of Caledon are located along the Humber Valley Heritage Trail. Two old railway stone culverts can be found along the Caledon Trailway which is part of the Trans Canada Trail. Linking the bowstring bridges in the City of Vaughan through a heritage tourism trail (Appendix K). Refer to Appendix L for a map of the multi-use trail networks within the Humber River watershed. 83 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

85 8.0 NEXT STES The next steps are as follows: 1. resent the results of the HRHBI to watershed municipalities. 2. Encourage municipalities to continue to further evaluate the bridges of heritage significance identified in their jurisdiction and pursue, where possible, official recognition and protection under Section 27 and/or Section 29, art IV of the Ontario Heritage Act, or other legislation that may apply (see Appendix J for this section of the Act). It should be noted that the heritage designation application must originate from the municipality in which the bridge is located. Municipal designation would not apply to federal or provincial crown properties nor to active railway bridges regulated under the Canada Transportation Act. Nevertheless, these bridges should be listed as cultural heritage properties of interest on their respective municipal registers and representations to the railways or provincial authorities involved should be undertaken where appropriate to encourage their preservation. 3. Develop an interactive GIS map indicating the 33 bridges of heritage significance along the Humber with corresponding evaluation material and photos available to encourage public education and heritage awareness for the watershed. This map could be linked to other forms of social media through community partners; thereby, providing a forum for heritage conservation. It would also be useful when conducting Environmental Assessment reviews of infrastructure scheduled for rehabilitation or demolition. 4. Locate interpretive signage at each bridge of heritage significance to increase heritage awareness for tourists, trail users and the general public. 5. Distribute the HRHBI to individuals or groups interested in heritage protection within the watershed for capacity building and potential partnership development. 6. Create a self guided walking program, with supporting interpretive information related to each bridge of heritage significance, where situated on public lands. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 84

86 9.0 CONCLUSION Thirty-three bridges of heritage significance have been identified in the Humber watershed. Like most other buildings and structures that form our built heritage, bridges have much to tell of our collective achievements, endeavours, successes and failures Unhappily previous generations in Ontario have been less than completely generous in what they have left us. Those bridges that now remain and can inform us of engineering achievements, transportation, communications and a host of other aspects of the past can still vanish overnight. Treasured and familiar landmark bridges are becoming rare. It is not only in our own interest now but also for the interest of future generations that we must take stock of our heritage of bridges. (Cuming, 1983) The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory (HRHBI) broadens our awareness of the Humber River s cultural heritage. It contributes to maintaining the Humber s Canadian Heritage River (CHR) status and gives us a firm grasp on the existence and state of the Humber s heritage infrastructure, from which we are able to set our future direction for the protection of these cultural resources. Given their scarcity, heritage bridges should be actively promoted, preserved and protected as heritage attributes of lasting value to Canada. While contributing to an emerging field of heritage planning in Ontario, this report has afforded community residents, local historians and professionals the opportunity to participate in cultural conservation in their own communities. Enabling residents to advocate for their own watershed ensures a continued presence of stewardship for the river. The Heritage Sub-Committee (HSC) hopes that, the HRHBI will encourage the watershed residents of many Canadian rivers to become involved in cultural heritage along their rivers and waterways. 85 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

87 10.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was prepared with the guidance, knowledge, and expertise of the following members and friends of the Humber watershed s Heritage Sub-Committee (HSC) of the Humber Watershed Alliance (HWA): Heather Broadbent, Co-Chair Long time Caledon resident and member of the Humber Watershed Alliance. She is the former Heritage Resource Officer for the Town of Caledon. Madeleine McDowell, Co-Chair Toronto historian, heritage advocate, and long-time member of the Humber Watershed Alliance. She is active with Heritage York, the West Toronto Junction Historical Society, and the Etobicoke York Community Heritage reservation anel. Mary Louise Ashbourne Lifelong resident of the former Town of Weston. Currently resident of the Weston Historical Society and Chair, Etobicoke York Community Heritage reservation anel, and member of Heritage York. Roger Dorton rofessional Engineer with 50 years of experience in bridge engineering and in the fields of planning, design, research, evaluation, rehabilitation, and code writing, across Canada. He has a hd in engineering and, in 2004, received membership in the Order of Canada. Dr. Dorton acts as an expert advisor and consultant to the HSC through his association with the Architectural Conservancy of Ontario. Bert Duclos Heritage Outreach Consultant at the Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Culture responsible for providing advice to municipal heritage committees. He is a past member on the Board of Directors of the King Township Historical Society and the King Township Museum Board of Management. Robert (Bob) Hulley Former member of the Brampton Heritage Board and former resident of Credit-Humber Watershed Branch of the Architectural Conservancy of Ontario (ACO). He is presently Agent to the ACO Board of Directors for special projects. Mr. Hulley originally proposed and continues to mentor the bridge inventory program for the Humber River watershed. Lisette Mallet An active member of Société d histoire de Toronto since 1992, she is currently its coordinator responsible for raising awareness about Toronto s history. This role, amongst other things, has enabled her to work at the creation of a historical park along the Humber River. The committee would also like to thank Janet Berton for her editing assistance, and Susan Robertson, Humber Watershed roject Manager for her project management and coordination. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 86

88 Appendix A: Map of Humber River Watershed 87 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

89 Appendix B: Map of Humber River Watercourse Crossing Sites Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 88

90 Appendix C: List of Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory Orthographic Site Assessment Maps 1. Mono Map 1 2. Adjala-Tosorontio Map 2 3. Caledon Map 3 * 4. Caledon Map 4 * 5. Caledon Map 4a 6. Caledon Map 4b 7. Caledon Map 5 8. Caledon Map 6 * 9. Caledon Map 6a-Bolton 10. King 11. King Map A 12. King Map B 13. Richmond Hill 14. Vaughan Map 1 * 15. Vaughan Map Vaughan Map 3 * 17. Vaughan Map Toronto Map 1 * 19. Toronto Map Toronto Map Brampton * * Contains bridges of heritage significance 89 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

91 Appendix D: Orthographic Site Assessment Maps Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 90

92 91 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

93 Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 92

94 93 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

95 Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 94

96 95 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

97 Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 96

98 97 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

99 Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 98

100 99 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

101 Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 100

102 101 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

103 Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 102

104 103 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

105 Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 104

106 105 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

107 Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 106

108 107 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

109 Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 108

110 109 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

111 Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 110

112 Appendix E: Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory Field Checklist and Data Base Spreadsheet 111 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

113 Appendix F: Land Owner Contact Letter and ermission to Enter Form July 15, 2009 Dear Landowner(s): Re: Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory Toronto and Region Conservation (TRCA) is conducting a thorough inventory of all the watercourses in your area to verify the type and location of bridges, culverts and dams on the Humber River. In order for us to complete a thorough inventory, we ask for your permission to enter your land. We are in the final stages of this year-long inventory of the Humber River watershed and your support will allow us to complete the list. Two TRCA staff are conducting the site analysis. They will not leave behind any markers, signage or other objects and we will respect your property rights by minding to keep gates closed and leaving the site as we found it. We will, pending your permission, photograph the bridge, culvert or dam to add to our database. All Toronto and Region Conservation Authority staff carry proper identification, are trained in Health and Safety, and insured under the TRCA insurance policy. Kindly complete the attached permission form and send it back to us if you are willing to grant TRCA staff access to your property, or alternatively, please indicate your wish to deny us access by July 29, If permission is unattainable, we will conservatively assess the site using air photo maps and roadside inventories. We intend to complete our inventory by mid August of We appreciate the opportunity to work with you on this important project and thank you for your assistance. If you have questions or require additional information, we would be pleased to discuss the project with you. Furthermore, if you have received any additional letters from other government agencies regarding watershed projects, please let us know so that we can reduce the volume of mail you may be receiving from TRCA. Yours truly, Susan Robertson, BSc, MES(l) Gary Wilkins, Bsc, R, MCI Humber Watershed roject Manager Humber Watershed Specialist (416) , extension 5325 (416) , extension 5211 srobertson@trca.on.ca gwilkins@trca.on.ca Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 112

114 ermission Form I grant access to the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority to enter my property in order to complete site assessments of structures on the Humber River watershed. Land Owner name: Address: Land Owner hone Number: ermission Granted (please circle): Y N Special considerations (please specify): LEASE COMLETE AND RETURN THIS FORM BY FAX AT (416) OR BY MAIL IN THE ENCLOSED SELF ADDRESSED, STAMED ENVELOE. 113 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

115 Appendix G: Humber River Bridges Designated under the Ontario Heritage Act Source: Ontario Ministry of Culture TO2 - Old Mill Bridge, Toronto roperty Name: Street Address: Municipality: County or Regional Municipality: Old Mill Bridge - concrete arch, triple span, cast in place deck Old Mill Humber River (Catherine St) Etobicoke/York Metro Toronto Date of Ontario Heritage Act Designation: 10/15/1985 Construction Date: Building Type: rotection Designator: 1916 (Actual) Transportation Related Building Ontario Heritage Act designation - art IV Ontario Heritage Bridge List CA1 and CA2 - Caledon Trailway East and West Culverts, Caledon roperty Name: Caledon Trailway Stone Culvert Street Address: Lot 26, Concession. 5 & 6 Municipality: County or Regional Municipality: Caledon eel Location Description: East half lot 26, Concession 5 & west half lot 26, Concession 6 Date of Ontario Heritage Act Designation: 4/17/1996 Construction Date: 1889 Building Type: rotection Designator: Reason for Designation: Transportation Related Building Ontario Heritage Act designation - art IV The culverts follow the route of the Humber under the rail embankment. Built in 1889 the design on both faces are identical but the westerly culvert is slightly smaller. The dressed stone, probably moved by rail from the quarries on the Escarpment, are so finely cut that they fit together without visible benefit of mortar. The whole structure, in both cases, is held together by the weight of the earth embankment and rail line (now rail trail) above. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 114

116 CA3 - Glasgow Road Bridge, Caledon roperty Name: Street Address: Municipality: County or Regional Municipality: Steel Truss Bridge on Glasgow Rd Humber River / Glasgow Rd Caledon eel Date of Ontario Heritage Act Designation: 1/24/2000 Construction Date: Building Type: rotection Designator: Reason for Designation: 1915 (Estimated) Transportation Related Building Ontario Heritage Act designation - art IV Constructed in the era of rivet assembly (circa 1910 to 1920), these steel truss bridges have served to provide residential access and to take farm machinery and woollen mill deliveries over the Humber River on Glasgow Road and Sneath Road since the early part of the twentieth century. The designation of these structures coincides with the national recognition of the Humber River as a Canadian Heritage River. CA10 - Sneath Road Bridge, Caledon roperty Name: Street Address: Municipality: County or Regional Municipality: Steel Truss Bridge on Sneath Rd Humber River / Sneath Rd Caledon eel Date of Ontario Heritage Act Designation: 1/24/2000 Construction Date: Building Type: rotection Designator: Reason for Designation: 1915 (Estimated) Transportation Related Building Ontario Heritage Act designation - art IV Constructed in the era of rivet assembly (circa 1910 to 1920), these steel truss bridges have served to provide residential access and to take farm machinery and woollen mill deliveries over the Humber River on Glasgow Road and Sneath Road since the early part of the twentieth century. The designation of these structures coincides with the national recognition of the Humber River as a Canadian Heritage River. 115 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

117 Appendix H: A General Overview of Ontario Bridge Types Type Timber Masonry Cast Iron Wrought Iron Steel Concrete Reinforced Concrete re-stressed Concrete Comments Typically used for agricultural areas in the 1800s with log beams and rock filled timber cribs. Material was readily available. King and Queen timber posts were used until the 1900s for longer spans. Timber trestles were constructed for rail after Timber is suitable in tension and compression. Used principally in Ontario for structure foundations. Little skilled labour for bridges available so only a few constructed. When it was used they were frequently built in rough stone and mortar. Though used in the United Kingdom from the early 1800s for arches and beams there was little iron industry in Canada until later and so it was infrequently used. Cast iron is good in compression but not tension and there were many beam failures. Wrought iron had improved strength and was not brittle. It also had good tension and compression. It replaced the cast iron bridges when the railway arrived (1830s in Britain and 1850s in Canada). Victoria Bridge, which is wrought iron with riveted box girders and constructed in 1860 was fabricated in the UK. Wrought iron was used for plate girders and many different truss types which were largely developed in the United States. They were no longer used after The era of catalogue bridges started at this time. Steel had higher strength in compression and tension and better quality control but rusted more than wrought iron. Developed in the 1860s and Ead s Arches in St. Louis in the US was the first major user of steel in The period coincided with better analytical capability; creation of the first engineering school in Canada at the University of New Brunswick; and the emergence of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers in 1886 (principal founders Keefers, Gzowski, Fleming). Railways produced the first bridge specifications after Steel became the major material for bridge construction after 1870 replacing wrought iron. There are three of this type in the Humber: Craib, Glasgow and Sneath. Although used in various formats in Europe since Roman times, the emergence of ortland Cement in 1855 produced concrete of higher quality, strength and durability. Used then for mass concrete walls, abutments and footings. Good in compression but cracked in tension. Steel reinforcing of concrete in tension areas resulted in much wider use. Then it was used for beams as well as arches. Developed first in France in the 1880s, the first super structure use in Ontario was for the arch bridge in Massey in The first rigid frames were introduced on the Queen Elizabeth Highway in 1938 and then widely used on Highways 400 and 401 in the 1940s and 1950s. Reinforced concrete replaced mass concrete for wall, abutments, piers and footings in the 1930s. Developed by Freyssinet in France in the 1930s to eliminate cracking of concrete in tension areas, the first of these beams occurred in Ontario in Can be used pre-cast; cast in place either pre or post tensioned. resently the most widely used bridge construction material. (Summary courtesy of Roger Dorton, 2011) Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 116

118 Appendix I: Details and hotographs of Humber River Bridges of Heritage Significance Map & hoto ID # City Name or Street Location Type of Structure Material Nearest Major Intersection Heritage Status TO1 Toronto (T1) Humber River Bicycle- edestrian Bridge (1996) Double-ribbed Arch Steel Bridge Steel alace ier Ct. and Lakeshore Blvd. TO2 Toronto (T2B) Lakeshore CNR Bridge (1911), Adjacent Bridge Abutments (circa 1890) Uniform depth plate, girders, railway steel bridge with concrete foundation Steel, concrete alace ier Ct. and Lakeshore Blvd. TO3 Toronto (T3) Bloor St. West Bridge (1924) Deck steel truss arch bridge Steel Bloor St. West and Humber River TO4 Toronto Old Mill Subway Station Bridge (1968) Uniform depth, concrete beam bridge Concrete Bloor St. West and Humber River TO5 Toronto (T4) Old Mill Bridge (1916) Concrete triple arch bridge Concrete Catherine St. and Old Mill Designated under O.H.A. TO6 Toronto Lambton Mills Bridge Abutment (circa 1880) Concrete abutments Concrete Dundas St West and Old Dundas St. TO7 Toronto Lambton Bridge/ Dundas Street Bridge (1929) re-stressed concrete uniform depth beams with reinforced concrete piers Concrete Dundas Street West TO8 Toronto Old Guelph Radial Line Bridge Tower Footings (1917) Concrete footings for former railway steel pylon support towers supporting modern pedestrian bridge Concrete Humber River and Dundas St West (Lambton ark) TO9 Toronto (T12) Lambton CR Bridge (1874) Uniform depth plate, girders, railway bridge with concrete/stone piers Concrete, steel Humber River and Dundas St. West (Lambton ark) TO10 Toronto (T29) Weston CNR Bridge (1855) Uniform depth plate, girders, railway steel bridge with concrete/ stone piers Steel, concrete Weston Rd and St. hillips Rd. TO11 Toronto Musson s Bridge (circa 1910) Iron truss bridge Iron Weston Road and Albion Road 117 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

119 Map & hoto ID # City Name or Street Location Type of Structure Material Nearest Major Intersection Heritage Status BR1 Brampton (B2) Indian Line CNR Bridge (1965) Uniform depth plate girders railway steel bridge with concrete piers Steel Regional Rd. 50 and Steeles Ave. BR2 Brampton (B6) Wiley Bridge (1924) Concrete bowstring arch bridge Concrete Conservation Rd. Gorewood Dr. and Steeles Ave Listed BR3 Brampton (B41) Countryside Dr. Bridge Uniform depth concrete slab, metal rail bridge Concrete Countryside Dr. and Airport Rd. Map & hoto ID # City Name or Street Location Type of Structure Material Nearest Major Intersection Heritage Status VA1 Vaughan (V154) York CNR Bridge (1962) Uniform depth plate girders railway steel bridge with concrete piers Steel, concrete Islington Ave. and Hwy 407 VA2 Vaughan (V200) York CR Bridge (circa 1910) Uniform depth plate girders railway steel bridge with concrete piers Steel, concrete Islington Ave. and Hwy 407 VA3 Vaughan (V223) Langstaff Bridge Concrete bowstring arch bridge Concrete Langstaff Rd. and Islington Ave. Humber Valley Heritage Trail. Listed VA4 Vaughan (V46) Old Major Mackenzie Dr. Bridge (1914) Concrete bowstring arch bridge Concrete York Regional Rd. 27 and Humber Bridge Trail Rd. Humber Valley Heritage Trail Listed VA5 Vaughan (V65) Kirby Rd (McEwen) Bridge (1923) Concrete bowstring arch bridge Concrete Huntington Rd. and Kirby Rd. Humber Valley Heritage Trail. Listed VA6 Vaughan (V66) Huntington Rd. Bridge Reinforced concrete rigid frame, metal bridge rail Concrete, Metal Huntington Rd. and Kirby Rd. VA7 Vaughan (V82) King-Vaughan Rd. Bridge Variable depth reinforced concrete arch Concrete King-Vaughan Rd and Kipling Ave. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 118

120 Map & hoto ID # City ID # Name or Street Location Type of Structure Material Nearest Major Intersection Heritage Status CA1 Caledon (C147) Sneath Rd. Bridge (1915) Steel truss bridge Steel Sneath Rd and Old King St., Bolton Designated under O.H.A. CA2 Caledon (C161) Hickman St. Bridge Reinforced concrete rigid frame bridge Concrete Hickman St and Glasgow Rd., Bolton CA3 Caledon Abutments of Old Dick s Dam Steel truss bridge on concrete abutments of old Dick s Dam Concrete, Steel Glasgow Rd and Deer Valley Dr., Bolton CA4 Caledon (C167) Glasgow Rd. Bridge (1915) Steel truss bridge Steel Glasgow Rd. and Hickman St., Bolton Designated under O.H.A. CA5 Caledon (C171) Abutments of Old Duffy's Lane Bridge Concrete abutments of old bridge Concrete Duffy's Lane CA6 Caledon Abutments of Old Castlederg Rd Bridge Concrete abutments of old bridge Concrete Castlederg Rd. CA7 Caledon (C277) Hockley Mill Bridge Reinforced concrete rigid frame bridge Concrete Mill Lane and Humber Station Rd., Caledon CA8 Caledon Cedar Mills CR Buried Trestle Buried wooden railway trestle bridge (with steel culvert) Wood Regional Rd 50 and Old Church Rd. CA9 Caledon Craib Bridge Steel truss bridge Steel Old Church and Mount leasant CA10 Caledon Caledon Trailway East Culvert (1889) Railway stone culvert Stone Duffy s Lane and atterson Sdrd. (east half Lot 26, Conc. 5) Designated under O.H.A. CA11 Caledon Caledon Trailway West Culvert (1889) Railway stone culvert Stone Duffy s Lane and atterson Sdrd. (west half Lot 26, Conc. 6) Designated under O.H.A. CA12 Caledon (C501) Finnerty Sideroad Bridge Variable depth concrete rigid frame bridge, metal rail Concrete, metal Finnerty Sdrd and Regional Rd Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

121 TO1: Humber River Bicycle-edestrian Bridge, Toronto hoto: aul Izdebski TO1: Humber River Bicycle-edestrian Bridge, Toronto hoto: Lou Wise Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 120

122 TO2: Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) locomotive and new bridge over the Humber River in hoto: City of Toronto Archives 1911 TO2: Lakeshore CNR Bridge (1911), Adjacent Bridge Abutments (circa 1890), Toronto. hoto: Stephen Roberts 121 Crossing the Humber: The Humber Heritage River Bridge Inventory

123 TO2: Lakeshore CNR Bridge (1911), Adjacent GWR Bridge Abutments (circa 1890), Toronto. hoto: Stephen Roberts Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 122

124 TO3: Bloor Street West Bridge (1924), Toronto hoto: Stephen Roberts TO3: Bloor Street West Bridge (1926), Toronto hoto: Stephen Roberts 123 Crossing the Humber: The Humber Heritage River Bridge Inventory

125 TO4: Old Mill Subway Station Bridge, Toronto hoto: Stephen Roberts TO4: Old Mill Subway Station Bridge, Toronto hoto: Stephen Roberts Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 124

126 hoto: City of Toronto Archives TO5: Old Mill Bridge in 1917 TO5: Old Mill Bridge (1916), Toronto hoto: Robert Hulley 125 Crossing the Humber: The Humber Heritage River Bridge Inventory

127 TO6 - Lambton Mills Bridge in hoto: City of Toronto Archives TO6: Lambton Mills Bridge Abutment, Toronto (circa 1880) hoto: Stephen Roberts Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 126

128 TO7 - Dundas Street Bridge, Toronto (re-hurricane Hazel) Archival hotograph TO8 - Insert hoto: Guelph Radial Line Bridge (Toronto Suburban Railway) in 1920 hoto: Bing Maps, Insert: Archival hoto 127 Crossing the Humber: The Humber Heritage River Bridge Inventory

129 TO8: Old Guelph Radial Line Bridge Tower Footings (1917) hoto: Stephen Roberts TO8: Old Guelph Radial Line Bridge Tower (1917) Archival hotograph Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 128

130 TO9: Lambton CR Bridge (1874), Toronto hoto: Stephen Roberts TO9: Lambton CR Bridge (1874), Toronto hoto: Stephen Roberts 129 Crossing the Humber: The Humber Heritage River Bridge Inventory

131 TO10 - Weston CNR Bridge in 1926 hoto: City of Toronto Archives TO10: Weston CNR bridge (1855), Toronto hoto: Robert Hulley Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 130

132 BR1: Indian Line CNR Bridge (1965) hoto: aul Izdebski BR2 - The Wiley Bridge over the Humber River in Claireville in 1966 hoto: City of Toronto Archives 131 Crossing the Humber: The Humber Heritage River Bridge Inventory

133 BR2: Wiley Bridge (1924), Brampton hoto: Stephen Roberts BR2: Wiley Bridge (1924), Brampton hoto: TRCA Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 132

134 BR2: Wiley Bridge (1924), Brampton hoto: Robert Hulley BR3: Countryside Drive Bridge, Brampton hoto: Stephen Roberts 133 Crossing the Humber: The Humber Heritage River Bridge Inventory

135 VA1: York CNR Bridge, Vaughan hoto: Stephen Roberts VA1: York CNR Bridge, Vaughan hoto: Stephen Roberts Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 134

136 VA2: York CR Bridge, Vaughan hoto: Stephen Roberts VA2: York CR Bridge, Vaughan hoto: Stephen Roberts 135 Crossing the Humber: The Humber Heritage River Bridge Inventory

137 VA3 - Langstaff Bridge, Vaughan hoto: aul Izdebski VA3 - Langstaff Bridge, Vaughan hoto: TRCA Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 136

138 VA4: Old Major Mackenzie Drive Bridge (1914), Vaughan hoto: Robert Hulley VA4: Old Major Mackenzie Drive Bridge (1914), Vaughan hoto: aul Izdebski 137 Crossing the Humber: The Humber Heritage River Bridge Inventory

139 VA4: Old Major Mackenzie Drive Bridge (1914), Vaughan hoto: TRCA VA5: Kirby Road (McEwen) Bridge (1923), Vaughan hoto: Susan Robertson Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 138

140 VA5: Kirby Road (McEwen) Bridge (1923), Vaughan hoto: aul Izdebski VA6: Huntington Road Bridge, Vaughan hoto: Stephen Roberts 139 Crossing the Humber: The Humber Heritage River Bridge Inventory

141 VA7 King-Vaughan Road Bridge, Vaughan hoto: aul Izdebski CA1: Sneath Rd Bridge (1915), Caledon hoto: Stephen Roberts Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 140

142 CA2: Hickman Street Bridge, Caledon hoto: aul Izdebski CA3: Abutments of Old Dick s Dam, Caledon hoto: Stephen Roberts 141 Crossing the Humber: The Humber Heritage River Bridge Inventory

143 CA4: Glasgow Road Bridge (1915), Caledon hoto: Robert Hulley CA5: Abutments of Old Duffy s Lane Bridge, Caledon hoto: aul Izdebski Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 142

144 CA7: Hockley Mill Bridge, Caledon hoto: Robert Hulley CA7: Hockley Mill Bridge, Caledon hoto: Robert Hulley 143 Crossing the Humber: The Humber Heritage River Bridge Inventory

145 Archival hotos depict how the wooden trestle may have originally appeared and the manner in which it was filled in. CA8: Cedar Mills CR Buried Trestle, Caledon hoto: Lou Wise Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 144

146 CA9: Craib Bridge, Caledon hoto: Robert Hulley CA10: Caledon Trailway East Culvert (1889), Caledon hoto: Robert Hulley 145 Crossing the Humber: The Humber Heritage River Bridge Inventory

147 CA11: Caledon Trailway West Culvert (1889), Caledon hoto: Robert Hulley CA12: Finnerty Sideroad Bridge, Caledon hoto: aul Izdebski Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 146

148 Appendix J: Excerpt of Sections 27 and 29, art IV of the Ontario Heritage Act ART IV CONSERVATION OF ROERTY OF CULTURAL HERITAGE VALUE OR INTEREST DESIGNATION OF ROERTIES BY MUNICIALITIES Register 27. (1) The clerk of a municipality shall keep a register of property situated in the municipality that is of cultural heritage value or interest. 2005, c. 6, s. 15. Contents of register (1.1) The register kept by the clerk shall list all property situated in the municipality that has been designated by the municipality or by the Minister under this art and shall contain, with respect to each property, (a) a legal description of the property; (b) the name and address of the owner; and (c) a statement explaining the cultural heritage value or interest of the property and a description of the heritage attributes of the property. 2005, c. 6, s. 15. Designation by municipal by-law 29. (1) The council of a municipality may, by by-law, designate a property within the municipality to be of cultural heritage value or interest if, (a) where criteria for determining whether property is of cultural heritage value or interest have been prescribed by regulation, the property meets the prescribed criteria; and (b) the designation is made in accordance with the process set out in this section. 2005, c. 6, s. 17 (1). Source: rovince of Ontario Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

149 Appendix K: Conceptual Heritage Tourism Trail in the City of Vaughan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 148

150 Appendix L: edestrian Trail Networks within the Humber River Watershed 149 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory

151 BIBLIOGRAHY Boasie, Evelyn. Thistletown Now and Then. ublished by the Thistletown United Church, Broadbent, Heather. Criteria for Designation: Caledon Trailways Stone Culverts, Caledon: Broadbent, Heather. Criteria for Designation: Steel Truss Bridges at Glasgow and Sneath Road in Bolton, Caledon: Brown, David J. Bridges: Three Thousand Years of Defying Nature. London: Octopus ublications, Browne, Lionel. Bridges: Masterpieces of Architecture. New York: Todtri roductions, Ltd., Cuming, David J., Discovering Heritage Bridges on Ontario Roads. Toronto: Delony, Eric. Landmark American Bridges. New York: Little Brown and Company, Grand River Conservation Authority, Grand Old Bridges: The Grand River Watershed Bridge Inventory. Waterloo: Heritage Resource Centre, University of Waterloo, Heritage Bridges: Identification and Assessment Guide Ontario Waterloo: Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Ontario Heritage Bridge List. Toronto: Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Ontario Heritage roperties Database. Toronto Retrieved from Rails Attractions North of Toronto, Trailweb.org, Region of Waterloo, Spanning the Generations: A Study of Old Bridges in Waterloo Region. Waterloo: The Evening Telegram. Years of lanning Rewarded by Opening of Lambton Bridge. June 4, Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Humber Watershed Alliance, Heritage Subcommittee 150

152 EILOGUE During the survey, the committee members discovered this undated timber bridge in a conservation area, on the Humber watershed in the Town of Caledon. It is reflective the type and style of early Ontario pioneer bridges. Corduroy Bridge hotograph by Robert Hulley. Digital hoto Arts 151 Crossing the Humber: The Humber River Heritage Bridge Inventory