THE SOURCE TESTING ASSOCIATION ANNUAL GUIDE

Transcription

1 01 STA08 Cover 5/2/08 11:26 am Page 1 THE SOURCE TESTING ASSOCIATION ANNUAL GUIDE A FAVERSHAM HOUSE GROUP PUBLICATION

2 03 STA08 Comment 5/2/08 11:28 am Page 3 THE SOURCE TESTING ASSOCIATION Welcome W elcome to the 2008 issue of the Source Testing Association (STA) Annual Guide. This publication aims to provide a valuable resource covering current issues and developments within the stackemissions industry. I hope you find it useful throughout the year. In 2007, the STA completed a two-year project in collaboration with the Environment Agency and NPL on the monitoring of particulates at low concentrations. The results from this important work were presented at a Technical Transfer Seminar in September This event was oversubscribed, which indicates the level of interest, and perhaps uncertainty, surrounding this topic. This example clearly demonstrates the valuable role the STA can play in coordinating feedback to regulators and disseminating best practice within the industry. As I take over as STA Chairman, I would like to thank my predecessor, Mark Elliot, and all the other officers of the STA who give up their precious time to attend to their duties, as well as STA members who participate in the task groups and associated other events. I would like to pay a special tribute to Dave Curtis, whose drive and enthusiasm has been instrumental in making the STA what it is today. I would also like to thank all the staff of DRC Consultancy who provide administration services to the STA. The STA continued to grow in 2007 and membership now stands at 220 corporate members. In 2008, MCERTS celebrates its 10th anniversary. It seems like yesterday when it all began amidst fear and trepidation. Now we all recognise the improved standards of performance and professionalism that MCERTS has brought. MCERTS has now been extended to cover the water industry and the STA has been assisting the recently formed Water Monitoring Association, to understand the benefits of MCERTS. The MCERTS scheme for Manual Stack-Emission Monitoring was launched in It includes a mandatory requirement for personnel to be recertified after five years. Accordingly, personnel who were certified in 2002 have now had to re-sit their examinations in order to demonstrate continuing competence. The MCERTS scheme for Stack-Emission Monitoring personnel has provided a defined career structure and skills development programme for stack-emission monitoring engineers and at the same time has led to improved status and deserved recognition for the work they undertake. MCERTS has now become an accepted part of life in the stack-emission monitoring field and some other countries have been influenced by the MCERTS approach. The STA is now extending its efforts to help Defra and local authorities in the UK to understand the benefits of MCERTS. The standard method to demonstrate quality assurance for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems, EN has been implemented in the UK over the last two years. There have been examples of very good work in this field but there also appears to be an equal amount of misunderstanding. The next two years will see the introduction of UKAS accreditation for EN This will help to generate a consistent approach to this work. Many CEN and ISO standards have been published in recent years and the STA has been very active in influencing the work of many of the committees who draw up these standards. The STA continues to support this very important activity and ensures that the UK is represented on all CEN and ISO working groups that are developing future standards. Since its inception in 1995, one of the strengths of the STA has been the willingness of its members to contribute an active involvement in the work of the association. I would urge all members to continue to participate as it is this which helps us to influence other key decision-makers and ensure that industry makes progress in a way which benefits all. Thank you for your support and good luck for Dave Slack STA Chairman Director of CES Environmental Instruments Contents 04 MCERTS is 10 years old 06 EN Particulate monitoring 11 Standards and methods for monitoring 15 STA member listings 28 Equipment suppliers 30 Emissions testing services 32 Analytical laboratories 34 Training providers The Source Testing Association is committed to the advancement of the science and practice of emission monitoring and to develop and maintain a high quality of service to customers. The association was formed in 1995 and has a membership of more than 200 companies. Each year, the membership elects officers who become the governing body and directors of the association. The association is a non-profit-making organisation and all proceeds are used to enhance membership services. The association s headquarters are in Hitchin, Hertfordshire with meeting rooms, library and administration offices. Contact details Source Testing Association Unit 11 Theobald Business Centre Knowl Piece, Wilbury Way Hitchin, Hertfordshire SG4 0TY Telephone: Fax: Website: admin@s-t-a.org This supplement is published on behalf of the Source Testing Association by Faversham House Group, Faversham House, 232a Addington Road, South Croydon, Surrey CR2 8LE. Telelphone: tom.idle@fav-house.com 2008 Faversham House Group Limited Printer: Buxton Press Limited Source Testing Association Annual Guide

3 04-05 STA08 MCERTS 5/2/08 12:25 pm Page 4 MCERTS the 10th anniversary The first Environment Agency MCERTS scheme was introduced ten years ago. The first scheme covered the certification of continuous emission monitoring systems and was launched in March Ten years later, the scheme boasts more than 100 certified systems T he MCERTS standard covers extractive stack emission monitoring instruments and cross-stack or in situ monitoring instruments and focused initially on large combustion plant, incinerators and processes using solvents. The first certificates were issued in 1999 for systems supplied by a number of UK manufacturers. The STA has worked closely with the Environment Agency to develop MCERTS and now provides technical support on behalf of SIRA, the MCERTS scheme operator. MCERTS has become a mandatory requirement in recent PPC permits issued to process operators. The scheme benefits include: MCERTS delivers a certification scheme that is both accepted and formally recognised within the UK and internationally It provides assurance to regulatory authorities that equipment and services approved to MCERTS standards are suitable, and capable of producing results of the required quality and reliability It gives users of monitoring equipment confidence that equipment approved by MCERTS is robust and conforms to performance standards related to current international standards It supports the delivery of accurate and reliable data to regulators and the public It provides a framework whereby further monitoring instrumentation and other aspects of compliance monitoring can be formally certified It meets the growing requirements of EU Directives, which increasingly specify that monitoring systems must meet minimum performance requirements here in the UK. One of these sites is Medway Power Station, a combined-cycle gas-turbine Process Operators and manufactures have seen power plant owned by Scottish & Southern these benefits and below is a series of case studies on Energy, one of the largest energy companies in the application of MCERTS. the UK. Located on the Isle of Grain in Kent, two FGA II instruments have been in operation since Case study and have operated flawlessly since installation. Matt Borner, Leading C&I Engineer for Medway couldn t be happier with Manufacturer: Land Instruments Plant: Medway Power Station, UK the instruments performance. The MCERTS-approved FGA II has been very reliable and has been hugely successful in continuously monitoring emissions here In today s modern world, approval is everything. In everything we do, we constantly strive for approval and acknowledgment that we are achieving the at Medway, he says. greatest results. In the world of emissions monitoring, this is no exception. That s The FGA II analyser is mounted in a rugged, stainless steel enclosure, with why having an instrument that meets the approval of MCERTS is the most reassuring and significant approval that you can get. The FGA II Land Instruments and set-up options plus a comprehensive help and diagnostic system. integral LCD control panel. The control system provides all display, configuration extractive continuous emissions monitoring system meets the MCERTS requirements. It provides true NOx measurement by directly measuring all nitrogen oxides pres- The FGA II can measure CO, O 2, CO 2, NO, NO 2 and SO 2 in any combination. The FGA II builds on the success of the original FGA and carries a wide range ent in the flue gas. Using the latest dual sensor technology, the analyser gives of compliance and performance approvals including those from the US EPA, high-accuracy readings even at low pollutant levels, making it suitable for the German TÜV and of course, MCERTS. most demanding emissions legislation and likely future changes. Land s measurement technique ensures stable long-term operation with high accuracy and very low drift. Engineered for ease of maintenance and packaged Case study 2 for the industrial environment, FGA II stack gas emissions analysers are simple Manufacturer: Procal Analytic to install and trouble-free in operation. Plant: District Heating Plant, Czech Republic The FGA II has been installed on many sites throughout the world on a whole Following the earlier award of an order for two PULSI 200 MCERTS-approved host of applications and has been especially successful on a number of sites analysers, Procal Analytics has just received a further order for a single instrument to be located at the district heating plant in Tabor. These analysers, supplied through Procal s Czech distributor ECM ECO Monitoring, are being installed to monitor emissions on plants that generate hot water for the local community. Further analysers have also been ordered, again through ECM, for two Dalkia-owned heating plants located in Karvina. Each site required four instruments to be controlled by a common analyser control unit. The analysers measure CO 2, NO, SO 2, and H 2 O and both sites utilise Procal s Input Output Unit to handle the relatively large quantity of 4-20mA analogue outputs and alarm relays. Now the LCPD and WID Directives are being implemented across the Eastern EU countries, requests for MCERTS-approved analysers are growing. Procal is able to offer analysers that particularly suit the measurement of emissions there, including those from the combustion of brown coal or lignite. Case study 3 Manufacturer: PCME Plant: Manufacturing and Engineering Plant, UK Crane Fluid Systems, a leading UK manufacturer of valves, fittings and engineering products for building services applications effectively manage potential particulate emission excursions from their Ipswich-based plant due to the installation of PCME s MCERTS- approved DT990 system. The eight-channel, electrodynamic-based system incorporates local alarms at every sensor point for effective acquisition of data to a central control area where the status of emissions can be viewed at a glance and reports generated for full regulatory compliance. MCERTS-approved, patented insulated sensors installed in 4 Source Testing Association Annual Guide 2008

4 04-05 STA08 MCERTS 5/2/08 12:27 pm Page 5 THE SOURCE TESTING ASSOCIATION the Knockout Sand Plant ensure reliability in particularly wet environments. In addition, PCME s MCERTS-approved particulate emission monitoring systems incorporate robust automatic self-checks including zero and span check for selfvalidation and patented sensor contamination checks which provide additional assurance of measurement accuracy. Crane s decision to install an MCERTS-approved system helps maintain accuracy and repeatability in particulate emission measurement quality throughout the site. General requirements Performance criteria common to all AMS for laboratory testing Performance criteria common to all AMS for field testing Performance criteria specific to measured components Test procedures for laboratory tests Requirements for field tests Test procedures common to all AMS for field tests Test procedures for particulate AMS What does the future hold? This year will see the introduction and implementation of a European certification scheme for automated measurement systems (AMS). The standard, EN 15627, will be published in three parts: Part 1: General Roles and responsibilities Certification procedure Part 2: Minimum requirements for product quality assurance, initial assessment and post-certification surveillance Management responsibility Resource management Product realisation Measurement, analysis and improvement Assessment Part 3: Performance criteria and test procedures for automated measuring systems for monitoring emissions from stationary sources The Environment Agency has released Version 3 of the MCERTS performance standard for CEM systems to comply with the requirements of part 3 of EN This will ensure manufacturers certification is consistent with European developments. Full details of all the certified systems can be found on the SIRA web site, Over the last ten years, MCERTS has been expanded and now also covers: Portable equipment for air emissions monitoring Continuous ambient air quality monitoring systems Manual stack emission monitoring Automatic isokinetic samplers Continuous water monitoring equipment Portable water monitoring equipment Self-monitoring of effluent flow Chemical testing of soils Direct toxicity assessment Future MCERTS schemes include data-handling and noise. Medway Power Station, UK The Czech Republic s District Heating Plant Source Testing Association Annual Guide

5 06 STA08 EN /2/08 12:05 pm Page 6 EN 14181: A year in the life of an extractive analyser system This story is from the view of the analyser system, from the day it was created and put together, through installation, commissioning, QAL2 and AST H i, my name is Any Gascem. I was born, i.e. assembled and put together, just over a year ago. I was purchased by this very nice man, who had spent months looking around for the right analyser system. He finally made his decision based on my grandparents having gone through gruelling trials being prodded, poked, heated, frozen and left out on a nasty incinerator for three months with only a couple of visits from a bunch of guys who did a lot more checks. This sacrifice they went through was to make sure their descendants would have an easier life. At the end of the torturous process, they were awarded a coveted MCERTS certificate. They breathed a sigh of relief and spent the rest of their time in a nice warm R&D laboratory until they were finally disassembled at the end of the long and useful life. Anyway, enough of the sentimentality. What you want to know is what has happened to me over the last year. All my components were put together in the very nice cabinet my new home which is air conditioned. The gas I breathe comes from a horrible incinerator. It is hot, sticky and wet with some very nasty compounds contained within it. When the gas finally gets into my nice little house it has been kept hot then chilled, had the stuffing knocked out of it and is a relatively clean, dry sample. My little heart (the sample pump) keeps the gas going through my veins and I can then measure NOx, CO, SO 2 and O 2. When I have finished analysing all the compounds, I do a quick correction and send the results out of the house over high-speed data connection to a big computer mounted elsewhere. My little house was installed on the plant just over a year ago. It was a harrowing time. I was first loaded onto a truck and then driven for 200 miles over some rough roads. I was then hoisted by a large crane into position. I can tell you I was at my happiest when I felt the Hilty bolts being shot into the concrete base, and felt those lovely nuts being tightened down. I was now in position. It still took several weeks to connect the heated line and fit the probe before they finally switched me on. The nice people that put me together checked all my parts, gave me a squirt of some clean gas, which I heard them call calibration gas. I could tell at once this was a traceable gas that it must have come from a gas supplier that was UKAS-accredited. They then left me for a few weeks to settle down, and each week I was visited by my new owner who gave my a little injection of clean dry gas. I overheard him talking to a colleague and they kept calling this QAL3. I then heard that, after several weeks, I had settled down and I was to be put through what they called QAL2. I must say that to keep hearing about this QAL2 sent shivers through my optical bench. They kept saying that, if I didn t pass, I would be sent back probably broken up or worse. I was dreading the day. Well, on the day, which turned out to be a week of tests, a man with a clipboard came into the cabinet with one of the nice guys from the factory. The nice guy then started to open me up, brushed me down, checked I was aligned and then gases of various concentrations were squirted into me for what they called a linearity check. I never had to work so hard. The man with the clipboard kept making marks on a piece of paper and making various grunts. At the end he said that I had passed the functionality test. Oh, boy was I happy I had passed, I could celebrate and they would now leave me alone. Oh, how wrong can you be. The next day there was a tremendous commotion going on outside my house shouting, clattering and some bad words were being said. The door of my house was flung open and a bunch of guys dressed in funny suits with hobnailed boots and yellow jackets came in. The first thing they did was look to see if I was working. The next was to plug a kettle into on of my outlets to make what they called tea. One of them said he had brought the lunch on the way down and flung a Tesco bag down and the contents of sandwiches, crisps and Mars bars spilt over the floor. It did seem to me that this bunch all knew their stuff they all had little badges on that made me think they were part of my family because they all had MCERTS logos on their badges. So they had been certified just like me. What I didn t know was the things they would put me through over the next three days. Can you imagine 15 tests for each compound over this period. The poor old incinerator grunted and growled as the feed was changed. So this was the main part of the QAL2 15 tests over three days on a varying process. I can tell you those guys had their work cut out. They were up and down the stack so many times and the weather, oh boy, it rained, the wind howled and at one point it even snowed. I think they were quite envious of me in my nice air conditioned cabinet. After three days, they cleaned up. There was more shouting and clattering before I heard a van door close with muffled shouts of: At least that s over for a year. This was now the very worrying time. Had I passed? What was my future? Life settled down and the nice man from the plant started to come back each week giving me shots of gas and carrying out the QAL3. I was quite addicted and looked forward to a little bit of human contact. The QAL2 ordeal began to become a distant memory until one day the nice man from the plant arrived with one of the nice people from the factory, and they and one of those funny men in a yellow jacket came into my little house. They were huddled together over a large bunch of papers making a lot of funny noises. I heard QAL2, failure, adjustment, servicing and lot of other words that meant nothing to me. I was getting depressed. Whatever next? All of a sudden, they broke up and the nice guy from the factory came at me with a screwdriver. Was this the end? No, all he did was adjust my calibration function; this was to line me up with the results from the QAL2 tests. They then left and the man with the yellow coat said in parting: I will see you in a year s time. That was it: the end of the QAL2. It was not so bad. All the people involved had, after all, wanted me to continue and to give good, stable results. It looked like they had all worked together as a team. Each party knowing what the others were doing and when. Still, every week the nice man comes in to give me my little fix, QAL3 again, and goes away. Two weeks ago the yellow jackets came back, lots of noise, more sandwiches from Tesco only this time they spent a day with me. This was the AST (annual surveillance test). All went well. They had seen I had earned my keep over the last year. A couple of days ago a new bunch of people turned up in my house. New words were being said, stern faces on some of them, beads of sweat on the brow of the nice man from the plant. They kept talking about OMA and scoring. This was confusing to me as one of my brothers had been shipped to South Africa, and OMA over there means grandmother. So did this mean the guy s grandmother had scored quite highly? It was then one of the stern faces turned round and I saw his badge: The Environment Agency. They weren t talking about the guy s grandmother but about Operator Monitoring Assessment (OMA) and apparently we had scored highly and everyone started to look happy. Coffee was mentioned and they all left. Life is great in the MCERTS world. 6 Source Testing Association Annual Guide 2008

6 08-09 STA08 Particulates 5/2/08 12:08 pm Page 4 How difficult can particulate monitoring be? The European Standard BS EN concerns low-range concentrations of dust from stationary sources, and is based on isokinetic sampling. One of the key components of this is the sampling nozzle. Four years ago the STA began three projects looking at their design B S EN is entitled Stationary Source Emission Determination of low range concentration of dust Part 1 Manual gravimetric method. It was published in The scope of the standard states: This European Standard describes a reference method for the measurement of low dust content in ducted gaseous streams in the concentrations below 50mg/m 3 standard conditions. This method has been validated with special emphasis around 5mg/m 3 on an average half-hour sampling time. This European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators. More generally, it may be applied to gases emitted from stationary sources, and to higher concentrations. The method is based on isokinetic sampling, which means sampling at a flow rate such that the velocity and direction of the gas entering the sampling nozzle (V I N) are the same as that of the gas in the duct at the sampling point (V I a) (see Figure 1). The velocity ratio (V n V a ) expressed in percentage is an indication of Stack diameter Figure 1: Isokinetic sampling Figure E1 Figure E2 Figure E3 30 Min 30 Min 30 Max 10 Max 7 30 Max 15 Max 10mm e<0.2mm 10mm e>0.2mm e<0.8mm RO 2mm Figure 2: BS EN sampling nozzles the deviation from isokinetic sampling. One of the key components in the isokinetic sample train is the sampling nozzle and the standard contains three designs of nozzle which are acceptable. (See Figure 2.) Although these nozzles were made available in the UK, there were existing designs that had been used for many years based on US EPA methods. Alternative nozzles can be used for sampling to the European Standard providing they have been validated against the standard s requirements. So, four years ago, the STA in collaboration with the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) decided on the first of what became three projects to validate other designs of sampling nozzle. Project 1 Validation of sampling nozzles The project was funded under UK government JIP funding and involved NPL, STA and the support of a number of STA member companies stack testing teams, equipment suppliers, manufacturers and plant operators. The project was a field-study to compare UK nozzles against validated nozzles. It took place at a cement plant with low dust emissions, circa 2mg/m 3. We should have realised things were not going to go to plan when the first test was cancelled because the plant was struck by lightning. Finally, four teams monitored the stack (see Figure 3) over a five-day period following prescriptively the procedures laid down in BS EN All the filters used were conditioned and weighed by the same laboratory. The results from the tests were inconclusive. The results from the field trials raised several issues with one of the major ones being the handling of filters on site. Comparisons of the results were difficult to draw and some of the tests even indicated that filters had lost weight. The sampling plane at the stack had been well characterised and we were confident that all the teams were measuring the same particulate concentration at the same equal area and that the flow pattern was the same. This suggested that there must have been another factor which influenced these results. We traced back through the procedure and, after discussion with manufacturers of filters, carried out laboratory trials on various filter types. Around this time, the STA was starting to receive reports from suppliers of continuous particulate monitors that calibrations taking place using BS EN were providing varying calibration functions on the same processes with the same load with no varying emissions. Was this due to the same phenomenon that we had witnessed on our field trials? Consideration of this and other issues led us into Project 2. Project 2 Investigation into filter losses This was a laboratory-based set of tests funded by the Environment Agency with Figure 3: Sampling at the stack on the cement plant technical support supplied by STA. It was based on a series of comprehensive laboratory tests at NPL to try to understand the issues causing loss of mass on filter media. Discussions with filter manufacturers indicated that the manufacturing process could cause filters to contain an amount of loose material on them and therefore they may require conditioning before use. The aims of the project were to: Determine the level of filter loss that could occur Define, if required, a pre-conditioning phase for the filters. The filter types tested were two quartz fibre filters and one new-style laser-cut type. Five types of filter holder were used, each with a different design of filter support. The filter manufacturers stated that different supports would influence the results and so another variable factor entered the equation. The test rig used is shown in Figure 4. The filters were conditioned and weighed in accordance with the requirements laid down in BS EN In addition to investigating the loss of fibres with different holders and filters, the tests also assessed the effect of: Continued flow Weighing procedure Higher flow rate Filter handling Results and findings Laser cut filters had the largest losses which, we identified, is due to the clamping arrangements of the filter holders. Losses on other filters were measured to 8 Source Testing Association Annual Guide 2008

7 08-09 STA08 Particulates 5/2/08 12:13 pm Page 5 THE SOURCE TESTING ASSOCIATION Artificial stack 1. Primary 2. Secondary PTFE filter Figure 4: Test rig to determine filter losses be in the range mg/m 3. This can be significant depending on the overall dust capture on the filter. When sampling ducts with low particulate emissions (<5mg/m 3 ) and using the low-volume sampling strategies (say l/min) typically employed in the UK, over typical sampling times, overall dust capture on the filter is about 1-2mg. Thus, losses on filters in the range mg/m 3 are significant. High volume sampling, i.e l/min, significantly improves the results as more dust is captured during the sample period. Pre-conditioning of the filters by drawing air through them before use is also recommended as this reduces fibre loss. Mechanical handling of the filters must be minimised especially at the sample location. Filters held in cartridge assemblies minimise these losses as they can all be prepared in the laboratory. The conclusions from this study led us on to the final project. Project 3 Wind tunnel trials The project was funded by STA, the Environment Agency and PCME and took place at the HSL wind tunnel at Buxton. The project was to carry out sampling using four sample trains on the wind tunnel with controlled velocity and dust loading (see Figure 5). Fourteen tests were carried out over a one-week period. Up to four sample trains were used simultaneously with various configurations and flow rates. Two continuous particulate monitors from different manufacturers were fitted, un-calibrated, to monitor the particulate concentration. Tests were conducted with two main flow rates on the manual sample trains: 20l/min 40l/min Results The results have confirmed that filter holders fitted with different supports do give varying results. Operating at higher flow rates significantly reduces the effect of initial filter loss due to the additional weight gain. In addition, pre conditioning, filter handling and weighing of complete assemblies give results closer to the true value. It was also noted that the continuous dust monitor results followed the exact profile of the varying dust loading in the duct. This is despite the instruments being installed with initial set up procedures only and without calibration using isokinetic tests. Conclusions Measurement of very low dust concentration (<5mg/m 3 ) is extremely difficult with manual isokinetic sample trains Handling of filters must be reduced to a minimum and they must not be changed at the stack location but in a clean environment Use of cartridge assemblies should be encouraged. High volume sampling significantly improves the measurement of mass concentration Pre-conditioning of filters by drawing air through should be a requirement when sampling dust levels below 10mg/m 3 Calibration of dust monitors using isokinetic sampling on processes that are significantly below their emission limit value (ELV) should not be required. For example, a process with an ELV of 10mg/m 3 and operating at a particulate emission concentration of below 3mg/m 3 Compliance with the sample plane and sample point location as stated in BS EN is of prime importance. A sample location that does not meet the requirements can influence the particulate result significantly Sample trains (particularly pumps) must be kept in a good state of repair so that high volume sampling can be performed Acknowledgments The STA wishes to thank the following companies who have put in time, effort and equipment during the last four years to make these projects possible: CES Environment Instruments PCME Environment Agency NPL Whatman Quantitech/TCR Tecora AGL Air Testing/Millennium Instruments Enviro Technology Services/Zambelli Westech Instrument Services/Apex JS Holdings HSL Laboratory AEA Technology Redwing Environmental Scientifics PB Power Figure 5: Location of sampling systems within the wind tunnel Source Testing Association Annual Guide

8 11-13 STA08 Standards 5/2/08 12:22 pm Page 11 Standards and methods for environmental monitoring in the UK W ith the increasing requirement for the installation of continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) it is important that capital investment is protected and that instrumentation gives reliable, meaningful and repeatable data. Fitting MCERTS-approved equipment is one element but it is extremely important that the system is verified. The verification process requires the use of standard reference methods to underpin the data. Standard reference methods are essential for the effective measurement and control of air pollution. Such standards are developed at national, European and world-wide level. The robustness and fitness for purpose of these standards is a function of the accumulated expertise and experience of the people who work together in committee to produce them. Where internationally derived standards are binding on the UK, as European (CEN) standards are, it is particularly important that they should recognise UK interests and sensitivities. BSI manages the UK input to new standards via its technical committees and the UK experts that they nominate to CEN and ISO working groups. ISO standards are accepted on a case-by-case principle, it is not mandatory for a member country to adopt a standard. CEN standards are mandatory and must be adopted by member states of the European Union. If a conflicting standard is in existence then this must be withdrawn. BSI technical committee EH/2 is responsible for air quality issues. The sub group EH/2/1 is specifically charged with stationary source emission measurement standardisation. BSI EH2/1 nominates experts to the technical committees of CEN/TC 264 (Air Quality) and ISO TC 146 (Air Quality). BSI EH2/1 also oversees a portfolio of existing BSI, CEN and ISO standards to ensure that they are regularly reviewed for technical relevance and continued suitability for purpose. In order that existing and developing standards reflect the full range of UK interests, it is imperative that BSI EH2/1, like other BSI committees, reflects the widest possible range of users. Standards developed and published by CEN are generally accepted as being the most robust. However, other standards are still important, as there are substances that are not, as yet, covered by CEN Standards. The choice of the method is often dictated by the requirements of a relevant EU Directive, where, for example, the use of CEN standards is mandatory. If the standard is not dictated by mandatory requirements then monitoring standards should be used in the following order of priority as given in the European IPPC Bureau s Reference Document on the General Principles of Monitoring: Comité European de Normalisation (CEN) International Standardisation Organisation (ISO) If the substance cannot be monitored using standards covered by the above then a method can be selected from any one of the following: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR) British Standards Institution (BSI) Deutsches Institute fur Normung (DIN) United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Verein Deustcher Ingenieure (VDI) If the substance cannot be monitored using standards covered by the above then the following occupational methods may be developed, following the requirements of ISO 17025, for stack-emission monitoring: Method for the Determination of Hazardous Substances (MDHS) series published by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) The intended application of the standard method must always be taken into account; for example, a CEN method may be less suitable than another less-rigorously validated standard method if the application is not one for which the CEN method was developed. The Environment Agency produces, wherever required, Method Implementation Documents (MIDs) which detail the applicability of methods. The methods detailed in Environment Agency Technical Guidance Note (Monitoring) M2 Monitoring of Stack Emissions to Air should be used unless it can be demonstrated that they are not fit for purpose for a particular application. BSI STANDARD TITLE Stationary source standards BS 2740:1969 Specification for simple smoke alarms metering devices BS 2742:1969 Notes on the use of the Ringelmann and miniature smoke charts BS 2742C:1957 Ringelmann chart BS 2742M:1960 Miniature smoke chart BS 2811:1969 Specification for smoke density indicators and recorders BS 2741:1969 Recommendations for the construction of simple smoke viewers BS :1991 Method for the determination of asbestos plant emissions by fibre count measurement BS EN 12619:1999 Determination of the mass concentration of total gaseous organic carbon at low concentrations in flue gases. Continuous flame ionization detector method BS EN 13211:2001 Manual method of determination of the concentration of total mercury BS EN :2002 Determination of low range mass concentration of dust. Manual gravimetric method BS EN :2004 Determination of low range mass concentration of dust. Automated measuring systems BS EN 13526:2002 Determination of the mass concentration of total gaseous organic carbon in flue gases from solvent using processes. Continuous flame ionisation detector method BS EN 13649:2002 Determination of the mass concentration of individual gaseous organic compounds Activated carbon and solvent desorption method BS EN 13725:2003 Determination of odour concentration by dynamic olfactometry BS EN 14385:2004 Determination of the total emission of As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, TI and V BS EN 14789:2005 Determination of volume concentration of oxygen (O 2 ). Reference method. Paramagnetism BS EN 14790:2005 Determination of the water vapour in ducts BS EN 14791:2005 Determination of mass concentration of sulphur dioxide. Reference method BS EN 14792:2005 Determination of mass concentration of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Reference method: Chemiluminescence continued over Source Testing Association Annual Guide

9 11-13 STA08 Standards 5/2/08 12:22 pm Page 12 BSI STANDARD Stationary source standards BS EN 14884:2005 BS EN 15058:2006 BS EN :1998 BS EN :1998 BS EN :1998 BS EN :2006 BS EN :2006 BS EN :2006 BS ISO 10155:1995 BS ISO 10396:2007 BS ISO :2003 BS ISO :2003 BS ISO 11564:1998 BS ISO 11632:1998 BS ISO 12141:2002 BS ISO 14164:1999 BS ISO 15713:2006 BS ISO 9096:2003 DDCEN/TS 14793:2005 DDCEN/TS :2007 Ambient air quality standards BS :1969 BS :1969 BS :1972 BS :1983 BS :1987 BS EN :2002 BS EN :2003 BS EN :2002 BS EN 14907:2005 BS EN :2005 BS EN :2005 TITLE Determination of total mercury: automated measuring systems Determination of the mass concentration of carbon monoxide (CO). Reference method: non-dispersive infrared spectrometry Manual method of determination of HCI. Sampling of gases Manual method of determination of HCI. Gaseous compounds absorption Manual method of determination of HCI. Absorption solutions analysis and calculation Determination of the mass concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs. Sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs Determination of the mass concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs. Extraction and clean-up of PCDDs/PCDFs Determination of the mass concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs. Identification and quantification of PCDDs/PCDFs Automated monitoring of mass concentrations of particles. Performance characteristics, test methods and specifications Sampling for the automated determination of gas emission concentrations for permanently installed monitoring systems Determination of gas and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Sampling Determination of gas and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Sample preparation, clean-up and determination Determination of the mass concentration of nitrogen oxides. Naphthylethylenediamine photometric method Determination of mass concentration of sulfur dioxide. Ion chromatography method Determination of mass concentration of particulate matter (dust) at low concentrations. Manual gravimetric method Determination of the volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts. Automated method Sampling and determination of gaseous fluoride content Manual determination of mass concentration of particulate matter Intralaboratory validation procedure for an alternative method compared to a reference method Determination of the mass concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs. Sampling and analysis of dioxin-like PCBs Methods for the measurement of air pollution. Determination of concentration of suspended matter Methods for measurement of air pollution. Determination of sulphur dioxide Methods for the measurement of air pollution. Directional dust gauges Methods for measurement of air pollution. Sampling equipment used for the determination of gaseous sulphur compounds in ambient air Methods for measurement of air pollution. Determination of the mass concentration of nitrogen oxides in ambient air: chemiluminescence method Diffusive samplers for the determination of concentrations of gases and vapours. Requirements and test methods. General requirements Diffusive samplers for the determination of concentrations of gases and vapours. Requirements and test methods. Guide to selection, use and maintenance Diffusive samplers for the determination of concentrations of gases and vapours. Requirements and test methods. Specific requirements and test methods Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM2,5 mass fraction of suspended particulate matter Standard method for measurement of benzene concentrations. Automated pumped sampling with insitu gas chromatography Standard method for measurement of benzene concentrations. Diffusive sampling followed by solvent desorption and gas chromatography BSI STANDARD TITLE BS EN :2005 Standard method for measurement of benzene concentrations. Diffusive sampling followed by thermal desorption and gas chromatography BS EN :2005 Standard method for measurement of benzene concentrations. Pumped sampling followed by solvent desorption and gas chromatography BS EN :2005 Standard method for measurement of benzene concentrations. Pumped sampling followed by thermal desorption and gas chromatography BS EN 14902:2005 Standard method for the measurement of Pb, Cd, As and Ni in the PM10 fraction of suspended particulate matter BS EN 14902:2005 Standard method for the measurement of Pb, Cd, AS and Ni in the PM 10 fraction of suspended particulate matter BS EN 14626:2005 Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of carbon monoxide by nondispersive infrared spectroscopy BS EN 14211:2005 Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen monoxide by chemiluminescence BS EN 14625:2005 Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of ozone by ultraviolet photometry BS EN 14212:2005 Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of sulphur dioxide by ultraviolet fluorescence Ambient air standards BS ISO 10312:1995 Determination of asbestos fibres. Direct-transfer transmission electron microscopy method BS ISO 13794:1999 Determination of asbestos fibres. Indirect-transfer transmission electron microscopy method BS ISO 14966:2002 Determination of numerical concentration of inorganic fibrous particles. Scanning electron microscopy method BS ISO 14966:2002 Determination of numerical concentration of inorganic fibrous particles. Scanning electron microscopy method BS ISO 16362:2005 Determination of particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by high-performance liquid chromatography BS ISO 14965:2000 Determination of total non-methane organic compounds. Cryogenic preconcentration and direct flame ionization detection method Indoor air standards BS ISO :2001 Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds. Active sampling method BS ISO :2004 Determination of formaldehyde. Diffusive sampling method BS ISO :2007 Determination of local mean ages of air in buildings for characterizing ventilation conditions BS EN ISO :2006 Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing. Emission test cell method BS EN ISO :2006 Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing. Emission test chamber method BS EN ISO :2006 Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing. Sampling, storage of samples and preparation of test specimens BS EN ISO :2006 General aspects of sampling strategy BS EN ISO :2007 Sampling strategy for determination of airborne asbestos fibre concentrations BS EN ISO :2006 Sampling strategy for formaldehyde BS EN ISO :2007 Sampling strategy for volatile organic compounds Indoor, ambient and workplace air standards BS EN ISO :2003 Sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds by sorbent tube/thermal desorption/capillary gas chromatography. Diffusive sampling BS EN ISO :2001 Sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds by sorbent tube/thermal desorption/capillary gas chromatography. Pumped sampling 12 Source Testing Association Annual Guide 2008

10 11-13 STA08 Standards 5/2/08 12:23 pm Page 13 The table below is an alphabetical listing of substances with their corresponding standard method extracted from Environment Agency Technical Guidance Note M2, which must be referred to for details of applying the standard/method. SUBSTANCE STANDARD REFERENCE NO. M2 TABLE REF. NO. Acetaldehyde BS EN USA EPA M316 (Isokinetic) Acetic acid BS EN Aldehydes BS EN Aliphatic VOCs BS EN USA EPA M18 Amides BS EN Amines BS EN Ammonia BS EN Anthracene BS ISO ,2 5.2 Antimony BS EN Aromatic VOCs BS EN USA EPA M18 Arsenic BS EN Asbestos BS 6069 part Barium BS EN Benzene BS EN USA EPA M18 Benzoic acid BS EN Berryllium BS EN Bitumen fume BS EN Cadmium BS EN Carbon dioxide ISO Carbon disulphide USA EPA M Carbon monoxide BS EN Carbonyl sulphide US EPA M Carboxylic acids BS EN Ceramic fibres BS 6069 part Chromium BS EN Class A VOCs BS EN BS EN13526 Class B VOCs BS EN USA EPA M18 Chlorine USA EPA M Cobalt BS EN Copper BS EN Cresols BS EN Cyanide (total) MDHS 56/2 for analysis 6.5 Diisocyanates USA EPA CTM36 sampling 7.4 USA EPA CTM36a analysis Dioxins and furans BS EN1948, Ethanethiol OSHA IMIS 1220 for analysis 7.3 Formaldehyde BS EN USA EPA M18 Formic acid BS EN SUBSTANCE STANDARD REFERENCE NO. M2 TABLE REF. NO. Gas velocity BS EN BS ISO 9096 BS 1042 part 4.1 Halides USA EPA M Halogens USA EPA M Hydrogen bromide USA EPA M HDI USA EPA CTM36 sampling 7.4 USA EPA CTM36a analysis Heavy metals BS EN Hydrogen fluoride BS ISO USA EPA M26 Hydrogen chloride BS EN USA EPA M26 Hydrogen cyanide MDHS 56/2 for analysis 6.5 Hydrogen sulphide USA EPA M IPDI USA EPA CTM36 sampling 7.4 USA EPA CTM36a analysis Lead BS EN Mangenese BS EN Man-made mineral fibres BS 6069 part MDI USA EPA CTM36 sampling 7.4 USA EPA CTM36a analysis Mercaptans OSHA IMIS 1220 for analysis 7.3 Mercury BS EN Methyl mercaptan OSHA IMIS 1220 for analysis 7.3 Mineral fibres BS 6069 part Moisture BS EN Naphthalene BS ISO ,2 5.2 Nickel BS EN Nitric oxide BS EN ASTM D FTIR Nitrogen dioxide BS EN ASTM D FTIR Nitrogen oxides BS EN ASTM D FTIR Nitrous oxide BS EN ASTM D FTIR Odour BS EN Oil mist BS EN Oxygen BS EN Particulate matter BS EN BS ISO 9096 Phenanthrene BS ISO ,2 5.2 Phenols BS EN Phosphine US EPA M Isokinetic sampling NIOSH 6402 Phosphorus US EPA M Isokinetic sampling NIOSH 6402 Phosphorous trichloride US EPA M SUBSTANCE STANDARD REFERENCE NO. M2 TABLE REF. NO. Isokinetic sampling NIOSH 6402 PM2.5 USA EPA M201a 1.2 PM10 USA EPA M201a 1.2 Polychlorinated bi-phenols BS ISO ,2 5.3 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons BS EN ,3 5.2 Propionaldehyde BS EN USA EPA M18 Pyrene BS ISO ,2 5.2 Selenium BS EN Silver BS EN Speciated VOCs BS EN USA EPA M18 Sulphur (total reduced) US EPA M16b 6.6 US EPA M15 Sulphur (total) BS EN Sulphur dioxide BS EN Sulphur trioxide BS EN Sulphuric acid mist USA EPA M8 6.1 Tar fume BS EN TDI USA EPA CTM36 sampling 7.4 USA EPA CTM36a analysis Temperature BS EN BS ISO 9096 Thalium BS EN Thiols OSHA IMIS 1220 for analysis 7.3 Toluene BS EN USA EPA M18 Total organic carbon BS EN BS EN13526 Vanadium BS EN Velocity of gas BS EN BS ISO 9096 BS 1042 part 2.1 Volatile organic BS EN compounds BS EN13526 Water vapour BS EN Xylene BS EN USA EPA M18 Zinc BS EN Further guidance and advice The Source Testing Association provides guidance to its membership and their clients. This includes methodology advice, guidance on equipment selection and training. Visit the STA website for details: For any technical question contact airanswers@s-t-a.org or telephone +44 (0) Source Testing Association Annual Guide

11 14-27 STA08 A-Z 5/2/08 12:35 pm Page 14 STA members 3M United Kingdom 3M Centre, Cain Road, Bracknell RG12 8HT / A H Marks Wyke Lane, Wyke, Bradford BD12 9EJ / ABB Hortonwood 37, Telford TF1 7XT / Adhesives Research Ireland Raheen Business Park, Limerick, Ireland / Admas Premier House, Bradford Road, Cleckheaton BD19 3TT / Advance Environmental Services 17 Essex Road, Birkindale, Southport PR8 4LZ AEA Energy & Environment Gemini Building, Fermi Road, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0QR / Aerosol Industrial Research Group Maria Diaz de Haro, 58-Bajo, Pabellon 3-4-5, Portugalete, Vizcaya, Portugal / AES Kilroot Power Larne Road, Carrickfergus, Co Antrim, N Ireland BT38 7LX / AES Northumberland Dock Road, Wallsend, Tyne & Wear NE28 0QD / AGL-Airtesting (Southern) Horizon House, Floor 2, London Road Industrial, Baldock SG7 6NG / AGL-Airtesting (Northern) Unit 1IH, Brown Lees Road Industrial Estate, Forge Way, Knypersley, Stoke-on-Trent ST8 7DN / Air Liquide UK Station Road, Coleshill, Birmingham B46 1JY / Air Monitors Unit 2, The Hawthorns, Pillows Green Road, Staunton, Glos GL19 3NY / Air Products 2 Millennium Gate, Westmere Drive, Crewe CW1 6AP / Akcros Chemicals PO Box 1, Eccles, Manchester M30 0BH / Akzo Nobel Decorative Coatings Hollins Road, Darwen, Lancs BB3 0BG / Alcan Smelting & Power UK Lynemouth Power Station, Ashington, Northumberland NE63 9YH / ALcontrol On-site Services Templeborough House, Mill Close, Rotherham S60 1BZ / Anchem Laboratories Unit 5A, D Arcy Business Park, Llandarcy, Neath SA10 6EJ / A-Plus Consulting 35 Holmesdale Road, Dronfield, Derbyshire S18 2FA / Aroma Fine Chemicals Dans Road, Widnes, Cheshire WA8 0RF / Artek Cevre Olcum Laboratuvari Tavukcuyolu Cad No. 140, Umraniye, Istanbul, Turkey / Artenius UK PO Box 1923, Davies Offices, Wilton International, Redcar TS10 4XZ ASEP School of Chemistry & Engineering David Keir Building, Starnmills Road, Belfast BT9 5AG / 14 Source Testing Association Annual Guide 2008