Energy Harvesting with Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Materials

Transcription

1 Energy Harvesting with Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Materials Nantakan Muensit, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand W TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD Switzerland UK USA

2 Table of Contents Part I: Fundamentals CHAPTER 1: ENERGY HARVESTING MATERIALS NANTAKAN MUENSIT 1. Brief History of Energy Harvesting 2 2. Basics of Piezo-, Pyro-, and Ferroelectricity Piezoelectricity Pyroelectricity Ferroelectricity Permittivity Elasticity Electromechanical and Electrothermal Couplings Single Crystal Symmetry Textured Materials and Poling Process Matrix Notation for Various Properties Measurement Conditions Materials for Energy Harvesting Perovskite Single Crystals and Ceramics Relaxor Ferroelectric System ,Lead-Zirconate-Titanate System Thin and Thick Polycrystalline Films Other Energy Harvesting Materials Lead-Free Materials Electrostrictive Polymer Materials Analysis for the Harvested Power Summary 33 References 34

3 X Nantakan Muensit CHAPTER 2 ELECTROMECHANICAL MODELS FOR ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEMS JÖRG WALLASCHEK, MARCUS NEUBAUER, JENS TWIEFEL 1. Introduction Modeling of Mechanical Structures with Piezoceramics Equivalent Circuit Model for Piezoelectric Systems Modeling the Electromechanical Coupling of Piezoelectric Bimorphs Experimental Parameter Identification Conclusions 54 References 54 CHAPTER 3: VIBRATION THEORY AND DESIGN OF PIEOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING STRUCTURES PRUITTIKORN SMITHMAITRIE 1. Introduction Design of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Devices Theory of Piezoelectric Structural Vibration Vibration of the Structural Base Vibration Response of the Piezoelectric Layer System Governing Equations of the Cantilever Structure System Equations of the Cantilever Beam Voltage Output of the Piezoelectric Cantilever Beam Effect of Proof Mass Results and Analysis for the Piezoelectric Cantilever Structural Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes Vibration Amplitude Electrical Output Conclusions 76 References 77

4 Energy Harvesting with Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Materials xi CHAPTER 4: ENERGY FLOW ANALYSIS IN PIEZOELECTRIC HARVESTING SYSTEMS KENJI UCHINО 1. Background From Passive Damping to Energy Harvesting Three Phases in Energy Harvesting Process Mechanical-to-Mechanical Energy Transfer Mechanical-Electrical Energy Transduction Figure of Merit Piezoelectric Material Selection Design Optimization Cymbal Flexible Transducer Energy Flow Analysis Electrical-to-Electrical Energy Transfer DC-DC Converter Multilayered Cymbal Usage of a Piezoelectric Transformer Summary of the Total Energy Flow Conclusions 99 References 99 CHAPTER 5: CONVERSION ENHANCEMENT FOR ENERGY HARVESTING DANIEL GUYOMAR, MICKAEL LALLART, NANTAKAN MUENSIT, CLAUDE LUC AT 1. Introduction Modeling and Nonlinear Conversion Enhancement Principles Application to Energy Harvesting: SSH Techniques Parallel SSHI Series SSHI Performance Comparison Extension of the Nonlinear Energy Harvesting Principles Implementation Considerations 116

5 xii Nantakan Muensit 5.1 Implementation of the Switching Device Broadband Excitation Application to Microscale Microgenerators Conclusions 118 References 118 Part II: Applications and Case Studies. CHAPTER 6: ENERGY HARVESTING FOR SMART MINIATURIZED SYSTEMS RÜIPEDRO LOPES, ANDREI KHOLKIN 1. Introduction Principles of Harvesting from Vibrations Electrostatic Harvesting Electromagnetic Harvesting Piezoelectric Harvesting Designs for the Piezoelectric Microharvesting Cantilever Beam Membrane Piezoelectric Ribbons/Belts/Wires Vertical Design Nanomaterials for Piezoelectric Microharvesting Examples of Piezoelectrically Powered Smart Systems Synchronized System for Wireless Sensing, RFID, Data Aggregation, and Remote Reporting Piezoelectric Generator as Power Supply for RFID-Tags and Applications Conclusions 138 References 138

6 Energy Harvesting with Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Materials xiii CHAPTER 7: ENERGY HARVESTING FROM A LOW FRQUENCY POWER SOURCE SEUNG-HO PARK 1. Background Approaches for Low Frequency Energy Harvesting Alteration of Resonance Frequency Conversion of Power Source Frequency Usage of Flexible Materials Low Frequency Energy Harvesting with PVDF Background of the Material Experimental Setup Mechanical Energy Generation Harvested Energy Measurement Results FEM Analysis Experimental Conclusions 157 References 157 CHAPTER 8: WASTE HEAT TO HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICITY memo IKURA, LIA KOUCHACHVILI 1. Introduction Pyroelectric Copolymers Pyroelectric Polymers and Copolymers Structure Crystal Structure Phase Change in Polymers and Copolymers Temperature Dependency Voltage Dependency Principle of Pyroelectric Conversion Olsen Cycle Conceptual Energy Balance and Expected Output Experimental Work 169

7 XIV Nantakan Muensit 4.1 Performance with 'As-Received' Commercial Material Film Preparation Measuring Circuit Power Output Calculation Film Resistivity Pyroelectric Coefficients Output from 60/40 Commercial Copolymer Improvement of P(VDF-TrFE) Performance Effectiveness of Prolonged Pre-polarization Effectiveness of Copolymer Purification Output from Purified Copolymer Economics and Technologies Comparison Conclusions Appendix Nature of Bonds in Polymers Configurations and "Head and Tail" Conformation and "Trans and Gauche" Positions Poling Processs 195 References 195 CHAPTER 9: ENERGY HARVESTING PRODUCTS AND FORECAST STEPHEN P BEEBY, DIBIN ZHU 1. Introduction Review of Commercial Devices Mide Technology Corporation Volture Energy Harvesting Systems Adaptivenergy Joule-ThieF M Arveni Harvesters AV01 and AV Advanced Cerametrics Harvester III Power Module Perpetuum PMG FSH Comparison of Energy Harvesters Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters in Research MEMS Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters 207

8 Energy Harvesting with Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Materials xv 3.2 Macro Scale Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from Machinery Vibration Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from Human Movement Other Piezoelectric Materials Conclusions Future of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting 216 References 217.