Evaluating the Effects of Sod Farming on Soil Quality. Dave Millar M.S. Candidate Natural Resources Sciences University of Rhode Island
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1 Evaluating the Effects of Sod Farming on Soil Quality Dave Millar M.S. Candidate Natural Resources Sciences University of Rhode Island
2 Outline Brief overview Discuss methods Initial results Upcoming research plans
3 Introduction Sod farming is one of the largest agricultural enterprises in RI Most located in So. County on the most productive agricultural soils in RI Continuing increase of development pressure on this part of RI John S. Allen photo
4 Open Space Preservation In southern RI there is a lot of interest in preserving open space Ensures the land is being used sustainably Purchasing the development rights of land is one way to protect open spaces Funding from land trusts, private & government organizations, etc.
5 USDA-NRCS is interested in using funds from the Farm and Ranchland Protection Program (FRPP) for purchasing of development rights of RI sod farms using Some criteria of the FRPP are to protect topsoil from conversion to non- agricultural uses, and ensure that the agricultural capacity of the soils remain viable for future generations
6 Soil Loss on Sod Farms Each time sod is harvested, a layer of soil is removed The amount of soil removed during harvest varies depending on farming practices, soil type, etc. A few studies have made attempts to quantify this loss of soil
7 Is that much soil really being removed? RI sod producers feel they are increasing the soil quality of their land, outweighing any soil loss occurring during harvest Perhaps methods used to quantify soil loss are inadequate or antiquated for use on modern sod farms - biosolids Other factors affect soil quality other than loss
8 What is soil quality? The capacity of a soil to function within ecosystem boundaries to sustain biological productivity, maintain environmental quality, and promote plant and animal health - Doran et. al Dynamic Properties
9 Dynamic Soil Properties Describes condition of soil due to relatively recent land use Includes soil quality indicators Composed of physical, biological, and chemical soil properties
10 Objectives To determine appropriate soil quality indicators to be used for assessing the sustainability of land used for sod production To establish reference guidelines to be used for future soil quality assessment on sod farming operations To determine the overall effect commercial sod production has on soil quality
11 Methods Sites 5 sod farms, 3 control sites (corn field, turf plot (no harvest), and forest All 8 sites stratified by soil type Agawam, Enfield, Bridgehampton
12 Soil Types Bridgehampton A 29% Percent Soil Types of Total Area of 13 RI Sod Farms Enfield A 31% EfA BhA EfB AfA HkA BhB Tb Nt HkC Ss MmB AfB MmA HnC OTHER
13 Bridgehampton Parent Material Enfield for RI sod farm soils Loess or loamy material fine, silty material Outwash coarse sands and gravels
14 2006 Sampling 15 points were randomly selected at all sites using GIS at each point soil cores were taken at depths of 0-10, 10-20, and cm these samples were measured for ph, SOM, NH 4+ & NO 3-, and microbial biomass C 6 points were randomly selected in the field stratified to areas with established turf on sod farms sites, random at control sites used for measuring soil respiration and infiltration rates
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17 SQ Indicators used in this study Chemical: Organic Matter NH 4+ & NO 3 - ph
18 Biological: Microbial biomass C Soil Respiration
19 SQ Indicators used in this study Physical: Bulk density Infiltration rate Solum thickness Loess Thickness
20 Sod Farm Field Adjacent Forest
21 Sampling harvested sod Harvested sod was collected from 4 sites, on the same day in an effort to ensure similar soil moisture conditions during sod strips were collected straight from the harvester to avoid soil loss during handling samples taken from the strips were frozen until ready for analysis
22 Entire sod piece (grass and soil) 1.4% of the ashed weight of sod piece Sod sample after initial burning in preparation for LOI analysis Sod piece with soil washed off (plant biomass only)
23 3 sod strips were collected 50 m apart along a transect at each site Piece # 1 Piece # 2 Piece # 3 50 m 50 m 1 of 2 2 of 2 A B C For each sod strip, 3 1 x 1 adjoining squares were traced out a 10cm diameter cup cutter was used to take 2 random samples from each 1 x 1 square
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25 Results Mineral Soil Loss per Sod Harvest US Tons/Acre Piece 1 Piece 2 Piece Sod Farm C Sod Farm B Sod Farm D
26 Skogley and Hesseltine 1978 Removal: tons/acre/harvest Carr 1996 Removal: tons/acre/harvest NRCS standards Tolerable Loss: 3 tons/acre/year Based on these studies, at least 9-16 times more soil is being removed than allowable by NRCS standards
27 Soil Organic Matter Content n = cm cm cm Sod Farm B Sod Farm C Sod Farm D Sod Farm E Silage Corn Turf Plot Forest Sod Farm A % Organic Matte
28 Soil Organic Matter Content (0-10 cm) D DE AB BC D CD E A Sod Farm A Sod Farm B Sod Farm C Sod Farm D Sod Farm E Silage Corn Turf Plot Forest % Organic Matter -----
29 Soil Organic Matter Content (10-20 cm) DE AB A ABC BCD BCD CD E Sod Farm A Sod Farm B Sod Farm C Sod Farm D Sod Farm E Silage Corn Turf Plot Forest % Organic Matter -----
30 Soil Organic Matter Content (20-30 cm) A A A A A AB B AB Sod Farm A Sod Farm B Sod Farm C Sod Farm D Sod Farm E Silage Corn Turf Plot Forest % Organic Matter -----
31 Upcoming research plans Run samples for C:N ratios Measure δ13c Isotope Signatures Biosolid fertilizer, turf plant tissue, and SOM Sample all sod farms within fields ~30 years old SOM, Mineral N Finish lab analysis Boston Bean biosolid fertilizer
32 Acknowledgements Professors Mark Stolt, Jose Amador, Bridget Ruemmele Pedology and Soil Ecology Lab People Rob Swanson, Kim Devlin, Maggie Payne, Erika Patenaude NRCS Eric Scherer, Charles Kome
33 Questions?
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