IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Research Report Cover Sheet

Transcription

1 a.pdf IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Research Report Cover Sheet Researcher(s) Cai-Zhong Jiang Affiliation: University of California Trial: 2013 CA PhoneNumber: CA ProjectTitle: Botrytis Efficacy PR# Research Target Crop/Plant Product EPA Reg. # Production Site Status Botrytis Gray Mold Botrytis cinerea Rose Rosa sp. BAS703 01F Fluxapyrosad + pyraclostrobi - BASF Greenhouse C Botrytis Gray Mold Botrytis cinerea Rose Rosa sp. Disarm 480SC Fluoxastrobin OHP Greenhouse C Botrytis Gray Mold Botrytis cinerea Rose Rosa sp. F9110 F FMC Greenhouse C Botrytis Gray Mold Botrytis cinerea Rose Rosa sp. Medallion Fludioxonil Syngenta Greenhouse C Botrytis Gray Mold Botrytis cinerea Rose Rosa sp. Palladium Cyprodinil + fludioxanil Syngenta Greenhouse C Botrytis Gray Mold Botrytis cinerea Rose Rosa sp. Proud 3 Thyme oil (5.6%) - Biohumanetics Greenhouse C Botrytis Gray Mold Botrytis cinerea Rose Rosa sp. Regalia 5O (MOI-10605) Extract of Reynoutria sachali Marrone Bio In Greenhouse C Botrytis Gray Mold Botrytis cinerea Rose Rosa sp. SP WP SP SePro Greenhouse C Botrytis Gray Mold Botrytis cinerea Rose Rosa sp. SP2773 SP SePro Greenhouse C 315 Botrytis Gray Mold Botrytis cinerea Rose Rosa sp. V Fenpyrazamine - Valent Greenhouse C

2 p 1 Narrative Summary (Results/Discussion) Please keep text to one page if possible. Include summary of trial results and a brief discussion including how any changes from the protocol may have affected results. Results for multiple PRnumbers can be summarizedd together, but please list all PRNumbers in the header and in thee summary data table. Disease Rates For disease rates, refer to Tables 1 and 2 and Figures 1 and 2. BAS703 (PR#31859) was shown to dramatically reduce the amount of fungal infections in miniaturee rose flowers through the course of the experiment for both application rates of 4 oz per 1000 gal and 8 oz per 100 gal, however the statistical significance for the difference in mean disease rating went awayy on Day 28 for the 4 oz per 100 gal BAS703 rate (see notes below). Palladium (PR# 31563), Proud 3 (PR# 31564), SP2770 (PR# 31565), SP2773 (PR# 31566, and V10135SC (PR# 315) actually showed a few statistically significant increases in disease rates versus the untreated controls plants, especially after Day 21, but we believee that after Day 14, the shelf-life of the flowers have expired and the flowers rapidly become infected with fungii after senescence. Phytotoxicity There found no evidence of phytotoxicityy from any of the treatments. Although there were differences in the change of growth between treatments, the variability was also high on Day 0 between groups (Figure 4 and Figure 5). Theree was no leaf necrosis or leaf yellowing, except for mild leaff yellowing due to senescence at thee base of most of the plants after Day 14, but that occurred even in control plants. We ested for premature senescence as an indicator of phytotoxicity by keeping track of Pale flowers, but the data was severely impacted by secondary fungal disease that afflicted senescing flowers. Notes: 1). Multiple attempts were made to reach the Cleary Chemical representative for the sample of Torque fungicide (PR# 31567) but they could not be reached, so Torque was not included in this study. 2). Data collected at Day28 should be interpreted with caution because the shelf life of the minirose flowers was terminated and result in dead flowers.

3 p 2 Resultss Table 31571, 31565, 31566, 315 Please insert results table here. Include PRnumbers for each treatment if multiple PRnumbers are included in this summary. Please include product, active ingredient, and statistics. Click here to enter text. Mean Total Disease Rating (±SD) PR # Product Control BAS703 half BAS703 full Disarm F9110 Medallion Palladium Proud 3 Regalia SP2770 SP2773 V10135SC Active Ingredient -- Xemium and pyraclobstrin Xemium and pyraclobstrin Fluoxastrobin F9110 Fludioxonil Cyprodinil Thyme oil (5.6%) Extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis 0.0 (± 0) 0.0 (± 0) 5.9 (± 2.4) 7.9 (± (± 0.6) SP2770 SP2773 Fenpyrazamine Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day (± 0) 0.0 (± 0) 4.1 (± 0.5) 7.5 (± (± 1.1) 0.0 (± 0) 0.0 (± 0) *1.6 (± 1.0) *4.6 (± 1. 7) 6.0 (± 2.5) 0.0 (± 0) 0.0 (± 0) *0.9 (± 0.4) *3.7 (± 1.4) *6.4 (± 1.4) 0.0 (± 0) 0.0 (± 0) 4.6 (± 0.9) 8.1 (± 1.0) 9.0 (± 1.4) 0.0 (± 0) 0.0 (± 0) 2.4 (± 1.5) 6.8 (± 1.4) 8.5 (± 1.0) 0.0 (± 0) 0.0 (± 0) 5.3 (± 1.7) 8.7 (± 0.4) 9.5 (± 0.6) 0.0 (± 0) 0.0 (± 0) 4.2 (± 2.3) *9.3 (± 0. 9) 9.4 (± 0.4) 0.0 (± 0) 0.0 (± 0) 3.9 (± 1.0) 8.4 (± 0.6) *9.7 (± 0.6) 0.0 (± 0) 0.0 (± 0) 5.7 (± 2.0) 8.7 (± 1.6) *9.9 (± 0.2) 0.0 (± 0) 0.0 (± 0) *5.3 (± 0.9) 8.5 (± 0.9) *9.8 (± 0.3) 0.0 (± 0) 0.0 (± 0) 4.5 (± 1.8) 9.0 (± 1.6) *9.8 (± 0.6) Mean Growth (cm) Table 1: Overall summary of total disease rating, where 0 = no sign of disease and 10 = 100% of flower blooms afflicted with either black petals or o powdery fungal growth. Bolded and asterisks values show results with statistical significance when compared to untreated controls. Data collected at Day28 should be interpreted with caution because almost all flowers senesced and the shelf-life of the minirose were terminated.

4 p 3 BAS703 half BAS703 full Disarm F9110 Medallion Palladium Proud 3 Regalia SP2770 SP2773 V10135SC Day 14 *0.002 * * Day 21 Day 28 * *0.002 * * * * * *0.044 Table 2: Confidence intervals of the means between each treatment group and the control group using Student s T-test. P Bold and asterisked values indicate statistical significance. Days 0 and 7 are not shown because there was no variance in all treatments on those data collection dates. Notes: Dataa collected at Day28 should be interpreted with caution because almost all flowers senesced and the shelf-life of the minirose were erminated.

5 p 4 Day 0 and 7 Day 14 Treatment V10135SC SP2773 SP2770 Regalia Proud 3 Palladium Medallion F9110 Disarm BAS703 full BAS703 half Control Treatment V10135SC SP2773 SP2770 Regalia Proud 3 Palladium Medallion F9110 Disarm BAS703 full BAS703 half Control 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Mean proportion of afflicted flowers 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Mean proportion of afflicted flowers 100% Day 21 Day 28 Treatment V10135SC SP2773 SP2770 Regalia Proud 3 Palladium Medallion F9110 Disarm BAS703 full BAS703 half Control 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Mean proportion of afflicted flowers Treatment V10135SC SP2773 SP2770 Regalia Proud 3 Palladium Medallion F9110 Disarm BAS703 full BAS703 half Control 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Mean proportion of afflicted flowers Figure 1: Representation of the averagee proportion of flowers that exhibited each of the four health states scored: Healthy (blue), Powdery (red), Black (green), and Pale (purple).

6 p , 31565, 31566, 315 BAS703 half BAS703 full Disarm F Total disease rating DAIA Total disease rating DAIA Total disease rating DAIA 28 Total disease rating DAIA Medallion Palladium Proud 3 Regalia Total disease rating DAIA Total disease rating DAIA Total disease rating DAIA 28 Total disease rating DAIA

7 p , 31565, 31566, 315 SP2770 SP2773 V10135SC Total disease rating DAIA Total disease rating DAIA Total disease rating DAIA 28 Figure 2: Mean plant total disease ratings for each of the corresponding treatments compared to untreated controls throughout the course of the experiment. Evaluation was based on the percentagee of flowers on each plant that had either visible powdery fungus or blackened petals. Thesee two proportions were added together and converted to a 0-10 scale to determine the total disease rating, where 10% afflicted flowers equals a rating of 1, 20% afflicted flowers equals a rating of 2, etc. Standard errors are plotted.

8 p 7 Height (cm) Mean Plant Height Day 0 Day 28 Treatmentt Figure 3: Mean plant height on Day 0 and Day 28 for each treatment Mean change in height (cm) Change in height (cm) Change 2.0 Horizontal Figure 4: Change in mean plant height on Day 0 and Day 28.

9 p 8 Materials & Methods/Recordkeeping Please fill out the informationn below or attach a separate document with comparable information. Name(s) of Personnel Conducting Research: Chao Ma, Ayla Norris, Nick Dao, Gulden Haspolat, Daide Che Location of Trial (city/state): Davis, CA Use Site (greenhouse/shadehouse/field container/etc): Greenhouse Crop History Crop Cultivar/Variety: Karina miniature rose Date of stick cutting: December 4, 2013 Date of first cut / final cut: December 25, 2013 / January 15, 2014 Date of first space / final space: January 22, 2014 / January 29, 2014 Potting Mix: Peat moss perlite mix Pot size & spacing: 4 pot, 5 pots per 10 x 20 tray Row spacing: N/A Product(s) applied prior to start of experiment: Product Date of Application Bonzi Bonzi Bonzi Overture Flagship Add more rows as needed.

10 p 9 Experiment Information Experimental Design: Number of Reps: Completely Randomized 5 Materials & Methods: Insert materials & methods here only if information is not presented elsewhere. Include any changes from protocol. Plant Material Immature potted miniature roses of the Karina variety were retrieved from the Rocket Farms nursery (Rocket Farms, Half Moon Bay, CA) on and placed indoors under grow lights with a light strength of 18 µmol m 2 s - 1. The flowers were unopened in tight buds. On the plants were moved to the greenhouse. Thee plants were allowed to acclimate for one week before the first treatment and data collection date on (Day 0). By thatt point the flowers were fully open and mature. Plants remained in the 4 pots they were delivered in. The plants were brought indoors for the final threee days of the experiment to avoid exposure to a routine greenhouse pesticide application that was scheduled. Treatments The plants were arranged five pots to a tray, one tray for each of the 11 treatments, plus one untreated control tray. On each data collection day, the pesticides were preparedd according to the instructions and sprayed ontoo the flowers and leaves until wet using handheld spray bottles. The untreated control plants were allowed to remain dry. Also, each week the tray positions weree rearrangedd on the bench to decrease bias due to possiblee light and temperature gradients in the greenhouse. Disease scoring On each collection date (Day 0 ( ), Day 7 ( ), Dayy 14 ( ), Day 21 ( ), and Day 28 ( ) the number of flowers on each plant displaying each of the four health categories (Healthy, Powdery, Black, and Senescent were counted. Healthy flowers were bright red with no sign of disease or senescence. Powdery flowers had visible white, powdery fungus on one or more petals, which may be powdery mildew or mold. Black flowers had one or more petals that had blackenedd petals that resemble Botrytis infection. Flowers that had both blackened petals and powdery fungus were categorized as Powdery. Senescent flowerss had pale flowers. The number of flowers in each category was converted into the percentage of the total number of flowers on each plant, which was then converted to a 0-10 scale, where 0 equals 0% afflicted and 10 equals 100% afflicted. For the total disease score, Powderyy and Black scores were added together. Also at each collection date, plants were evaluated for phytoxicity symptoms such as leaf burning / yellowing or stunted growth. Paling senescent flowers were included in the evaluations because premature senescence can be a symptom of phytotoxicity. Plant Height On Day 0 ( ) and Day 28 (4-7-14), plant height was measured at the plants highest points. Statistical Analysis Statistical significance between disease rating means between the controls and the treatments was calculated using Student s t test through JMP software. Standard errors were plotted on the graphs using Microsoft Excel.

11 p 10 Application Equipment: handheld spray bottles Product(s) applied during experiment (including treatments, fertilizers, etc): Product Active ingredient Rate(s) Application Type Date of Application Crop Growth Stage Applicationn Volume BAS703 Xemiumm and pyracolbstrin 8 oz per 100 gal Foliar * Mature 20 ml BAS703 Xemiumm and pyracolbstrin 4 oz per 100 gal Foliar * Mature 20 ml Disarm 480SC F9110 Medallion Palladium Proud 3 Fluoxastrobin F9110 Fludioxonil Cyprodinil Thyme oil (5.6%) 8 oz per oz per oz per oz per qts per 100 gal Foliar Foliar Foliar Foliar Foliar ** * ** * * Mature Mature Mature Mature Mature 20 ml 20 ml 20 ml 20 ml 20 ml Regalia Extract of Reynoutria 4 oz per 100 gal Foliar * Mature 20 ml sachalinensis SP WP SP2773 V10135SC Fertilizer SP2770 SP2773 Fenpyrazamine Hoagland lbs per lbs per 16 oz per 100 1% Foliar Foliar Foliar Sub-irrigation * * * Every ml Mature Mature Mature 20 ml 20 ml 20 ml -- solution days *Applied every 7 days: Day 0 ( ), Day 7 ( ), Day 14 ( ), and Day 21 ( ). **Applied every 14 days: Day 0 ( ) and Day 14 ( ), according to protocol.

12 p 11 Photos Please embed photos here or send jpg, tiff, or bmp. Figure 5: The area where we conductedd the experiment. Photoo taken on Day 15 after initial application.

13 p 12 Figure 6: An example of a rose flower scored as Healthy. Petals are bright red and firm, with no sign of disease or senescence.

14 p 13 Figure 7: This flower had darkening petals even before the bloom fully opened. It is likely infected with Botrytis. It was scored as Black.

15 p 14 Figure 8: A fully opened flower with extensive blackening of petals. Scored as Black.

16 p 15 Figure X: Figure 9: A flower afflicted with a powdery fungus, likely powdery mildew. Powdery flowers like this were frequently accompanied by one or more blackened petals. Anyy flower possessing powdery fungus was scored as Powdery regardless of additional black/pale petals.

17 p 16 Figure 10: Additional example of a powdery flower which is beginning to blacken.

18 p 17 Figure 11: Example of a flower scored as Pale. These flowerss show pale discoloration as they begin to senesce, but display no signs of infectious disease.

19 p 18 Figure 12: Pale flowers with visible powdery fungus were scoredd as Powdery.

20 p 19 Figure 13: Microscope image of a rose petal with powdery fungal growth.

21 p , 31565, 31566, 315 Figure 14: Photographs of an examplee plant from each treatment group on each dataa collection date. No photographs were taken on Day 7 sincee 100% of the flowers in every treatmentt group were healthy like on Day 0. See attached.jpeg file forr a larger, higher resolution picture.

22 p 21 Dataa Collected Please describe data collected and scoring system. Also includee the dates data were collected. Health Ratings The days, expressed in the figures as Days after initial application (DAIA) were as follows: Day 0 = , Day 7 = , Day 14 = , Day 21 = , and Dayy 28 = The percentage of flowers per plant were categorized into four health groups (Healthy, Powdery, Black, and Pale, described in the Methods section) which was then converted to a 0-10 scale, where 0 is 0% afflicted and 10 is 100% afflicted. Total disease rating was calculated by adding the Powder and Black rating. Plant Height On Day 0 ( ) and Day 28 (4-7-14), plant height was measured at the plants highest points. Environmental data Each day, the weather and temperature were recorded. The greenhouse is known to be about 50% humidity every day. Raw Data Insert raw data below or send separate file containing raw data.. (Sent as separate.xlsx file)

23 p 22 Environmental conditions during the experiment: Insert temperature, precipitation and/or irrigation, and relative humidity with a minimumm of high, low and average daily temperatures. Or send separate file with this information. Include a statement about any significant weather or environmental events during the course of the experiment. Temperature Temperature (F) Day Low High Median Figure 15: Low, high, and median daily temperature es in the greenhouse where the experiment was conducted.

24 p 23 Day Date 3/10/2014 3/11/2014 3/12/2014 3/13/2014 3/14/2014 3/15/2014 3/16/2014 3/17/2014 3/18/2014 3/19/2014 3/20/2014 3/21/2014 3/22/2014 3/23/2014 3/24/2014 3/25/2014 3/26/2014 3/27/2014 3/28/2014 3/29/2014 3/30/2014 3/31/2014 4/1/2014 4/2/2014 4/3/2014 4/4/2014 4/5/2014 4/6/2014 4/7/2014 Low (F) High Median (F) (F) Weather sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny cloudy/rain rain cloudy rain rain sunny rain rain sunny sunny rain Indoors Indoors indoors Irrigation water water water water water water water Table 3: Weather data and irrigation dates. No unusual weather occurrences happened during the course of this experiment. On Days 26-28, the plants were moved indoors to avoid routine greenhouse pesticide spray.