Sweet cherry rootstocks for Región of Murcia.

Transcription

1 Sweet cherry rootstocks for Región of Murcia. Gregorio López Ortega, Federico García, Carmen Frutos, Almudena Bayo, Diego Frutos Instuto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA).30150, La Alberca, Murcia gregorio.lopez2@carm.es Meeting of Trebinje, Bosnia & Herzegovina, February, 10-11, 2015

2 Location and climatology South-east Semiarid Mediterranean climate Soft winter with temperatures around 11 ºC Hot summers with maximum temperatures around 40 ºC 300 to 350 mm/year Cultivated lands with 350 to 1500 hours below 7ºC

3 The Sweet Cherry of Jumilla reached a price of 3 per kg higher than that from other origen. El Corte Inglés, Murcia, June 12, 2012 Sweet cherries from another origen: 4,95 / kg. Planted hectars Hectareas Not producing TOTAL Producing

4 Introduction Death of SL 64 planted in heavy soils in Murcia Death by radicular asphyxiation of five years-old sweet cherry cultivars grafted on SL64. Heavy soil of La Alberca, Imbalance between sweet chery canopy and SL 64 root system in La Alberca because root asphyxiation SL64

5 Search of appropiate rootstocks for growing sweet cherry cvs. in Murcia Adara showed bigger fruit weight that MaxMa 97 Brokgrove in cvs. Lambert, Bing C1 and Vogue. (Average 6,0 Adara vs. 4.5 g/fruit Brokgrove, significant difference) (Frutos, 1995) A number of cherry roostocks selections occur in sweet cherry sp., as long as other stone fruits spp. are growing on a short number of rootstock selections. (Frutos, 2003). This fact lead to think that a so big numbre of cherry rootstocks selected could be connected to local environmental solutions. Consequently we decided looking for our particular solutions for growing sweet cherry on soils occuring across most of Murcia s Region. The idea was to grow sweet cherry cvs. on same rootstocks used whit peach and plum cultivars. This decision were taken form around the 90 s last years of past century. Frutos, D., El cerezo, cultivo alternativo. Frutales de hueso, La Caixa, 16: 11 pp. Frutos,D., Review abot sweet cherry. Internal doc Not published.

6 Peach Orchards in Cieza. The most used rootstocks here are Peach Almonds Hybrid Selections

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8 Mayor/Adara Cherry cvs/adara/mayor

9 Mayor Mayor/Adara Adara Mayor Adara Cherry cvs/adara/mariana 2624 Cherry cvs/adara/mayor

10 Mayor/Adara, November, 20, 2014

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13 Objectives To introduce with success the sweet cherry culture in Murcia First step: 1. Cherry rootstocks evaluation 2. Cultivars evaluation Second step: 3. Cultural techniques

14 Experimental farm La Maestra (CIFEA), Jumilla, Murcia. Lat: 38º 2 38,24 N ; Long: 1º 58 48,67 E; Altitud: 395 m o.s.l. Soil depth: 60 cm Texture: 48% clay, 30% silt and 22% sand Average of yearly temperature: 16ºC Average of yearly rainwater: 250 mm Average of yearly chill hours below 7,2º C: 950 h Chill horurs below 7,2 ºC Jumilla Cieza

15 Materials and Method Tryals Desing and Conditions Design: Frame of plantation: Fertigation: Edge rows: 12 plots Trial1 and 8 plot Trial 2, Random blocks 5 x 2 m 2 drop emiters of 4 l/hour each/tree All the perimeter Taken up area: Trial 1 (1.450 m 2 ) Trial 2 (800m 2 ) Year of platation: 2006 Irrigation control : Test drill for conductivity and ph. Irrigation water : From m 3 /ha first years to m 3 /ha following years Mineral nutrition: 90N-60P-80K during the firs two years later

16 Parameters studied Material and Method 1. Phenology. Date of ripening 2. Phenotipical and productive evaluation Vigor (Trunk Sección, cm 2 ) Production (Kg/tree) Productivity (Producción/Vigor) 3. Fruit quality. Caliper (mm) Volume Weigth (g) Texture (gf/mm) Color Soluble Solids Content Acidity and ph Wide Long (L) Height (h)

17 Material and Method Tryal 1: High to medium vigor rootstocks SL-64 MaxMa 14 Adara Mayor Mariana 2624 (Prunusmahaleb) (Prunusavium x Prunusmahaleb) (Prunus cerasífera) (Prunus persica x Prunus dulcis) (Prunus cerasifera x Prunus munsoniana) Sweet cherry Interstock (Adara) Rootstock Rootstocks Meloïdogine Pathogens Soil adaptability Effects on cultivars Agrobac terium Armillaria Rosellinia Chlorosis Asphyxiation Compatibility Vigor Ripening SL 64 Very resistant (VR) Moderate (M) S - T S Good (G) Vigorous (V) - MaxMa14 VR Tolerant (T) - - T M G Semivigorous Doesn t affect Adara Inmune (I) T T G V - Mayor Susceptible (S) S S S T S No compatible Mariana 2624 I S M to R R M R No compatible V V Doesn t affect Doesn t affect

18 Sweet cherry rootstocks for particular soils of the Region of Murcia: Results Shoot of peach x almond hybrid Mayor Mayor Adara Mariana 2624 Adara SL 64 MaxMa14 Newstar La Maestra, 29/5/2012 #1 Rootstocks trial results from 2010 to 2013 in Jumilla, 4th to 6th leaf, cv. Newstar. Rootstocks Average productions Cumulative production Average fruits (kg/tree) (Kg/tree) weight (g) Mariana 2624 / Adara 21,12 a 63,37 a 7,99 b Mayor / Adara 19,76 a 59,27 a 7,61 c Adara 13,5 b 40,52 b 8,35 a MAxMA 14 7,41 c 22,25 c 6,69 e SL-64 7,69 c 23,07 c 7,04 d For each rootstock, values followed by different letter in each column are significantly different at P 0.05 by Duncan s Multiple Range Test

19 Premature lost of trees SL % Mayor 44 % MaxMa % Adara 13 % Mariana % Results TRYAL 1: QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS TCSA (cm 2 ) Mariana 2624 Mayor Adara MaxMa 14 SL 64 Mariana 2624 Mayor Adara MaxMa 14 SL Rootstocks Vigor (cm 2 of Trunk Section Area mesured on the Newstar cultivar). Vertical lines show significant differences (P< 0,05). Rootstcks effect on the annual increment of Trunk Section Area (TCSA), final TCSA, cumulative yield and Yield efficiency during the four years studied ( ). ª) Inside of the same column, values accompanied by the same letter are not singnifficantly differents. Idem with different letter they are singnifficantly differents (Duncan test, P < 0,05 %)

20 Results Tryal 1: Qualitative parameters Effect of rootstock on weigth, caliper, Soluble Solids Content (SSC) and firmness of Newstar s fruits Character Rootstock Average Character Rootstock Average Fruit weight (g) Adara 7,7 a 7,6 a 8,9 a 10,5 a 8,7 a Fruit weight (g) Adara 7,7 a 7,6 a 8,9 a 10,5 a 8,7 a MaxMa 14 5,8 b 6,3 c 8,0 b 7,8 d 7,0 c MaxMa 14 5,8 b 6,3 c 8,0 b 7,8 d 7,0 c Mariana ,0 a 7,2 ab 8,8 a 10,0 ab 8,5 a Mariana ,0 a 7,2 ab 8,8 a 10,0 ab 8,5 a Mayor 7,5 a 6,5 ab 8,8 a 9,9 b 8,3 a Mayor 7,5 a 6,5 ab 8,8 a 9,9 b 8,3 a SL 64 7,3 a 6,7 bc 7,1 c 9,1 c 7,6 b SL 64 7,3 a 6,7 bc 7,1 c 9,1 c 7,6 b Fruit size (mm) Adara 25,4 a 25,2 a 26,2 a 27,4 a 26,1 a Fruit size (mm) Adara 25,4 a 25,2 a 26,2 a 27,4 a 26,1 a MaxMa 14 22,6 c 23,3 c 25,1 b 24,4 d 23,8 c MaxMa 14 22,6 c 23,3 c 25,1 b 24,4 d 23,8 c Mariana ,9 a 24,8 a 26,5 a 27,1 ab 26,1 a Mariana ,9 a 24,8 a 26,5 a 27,1 ab 26,1 a Mayor 25,2 ab 23,9 ab 26,3 a 26,6 bc 25,7 a Mayor 25,2 ab 23,9 ab 26,3 a 26,6 bc 25,7 a SL 64 24,5 b 24,1 b 24,5 b 26,1 c 24,8 b SL 64 24,5 b 24,1 b 24,5 b 26,1 c 24,8 b SSC (ºBrix) Adara 17,0 a 17,0 a 19,5 ab 17,2 a 17,8 ab SSC (ºBrix) Adara 17,0 a 17,0 a 19,5 ab 17,2 a 17,8 ab MaxMa 14 16,5 a 16,2 b 20,0 a 15,2 b 17,4 b MaxMa 14 16,5 a 16,2 b 20,0 a 15,2 b 17,4 b Mariana ,4 a 16,8 ab 19,0 bc 15,6 b 17,6 ab Mariana ,4 a 16,8 ab 19,0 bc 15,6 b 17,6 ab Mayor 16,5 a 16,4 a 18,6 cd 16,4 ab 17,4 b Mayor 16,5 a 16,4 a 18,6 cd 16,4 ab 17,4 b SL 64 18,5 b 17,0 a 18,1 d 17,7 a 18,1 a SL 64 18,5 b 17,0 a 18,1 d 17,7 a 18,1 a Firmness (gf/mm) Adara 266 a 377 ab 358 a 334 a Firmness (gf/mm) Adara 266 a 377 ab 358 a 334 a MaxMa b 409 a 302 c 319 ab MaxMa b 409 a 302 c 319 ab Mariana b 409 a 352 a 332 ab Mariana b 409 a 352 a 332 ab Mayor 239 b 376 ab 338 ab 318 ab Mayor 239 b 376 ab 338 ab 318 ab SL b 369 a 312 bc 308 b SL b 369 a 312 bc 308 b Linear correlation coefficients (r ) Caliper vs. Fruit weight (r=0,978, p<0,01) Volume vs.fruit weight (r=0,991, p<0,01) Inside of the same column, values accompanied by the same letter are not singnifficantly differents. Idem with different letter they are singnifficantly differents (Duncan test, P < 0,05 %)

21 Rootstock behavior 4th leaf /Adara/Mariana 2624, Cehegín 8th leaf /Pontaleb, El Portugalés, Bullas October, 18th, 2012

22 Materiales y Métodos Material and Method Tryal 2: Medium to low vigor rootstocks SL-64 (Prunus mahaleb) MaxMa 14 (Prunus avium x Prunus mahaleb) Pikú 1 [Prunus avium x (P. canescens x P. tormentosa)] Pikú 3 [Prunus pseudocerasus x (P. canescens x P. Incisa)] Pikú 4 [ Prunus cerasus x (P. kurilensis x P. sargentii)] Gisela 5 (Prunus cerasus x P. canescens) Gisela 6 (Prunus cerasus x P. canescens) Pathogen resistance Soil Adaptability Effects on cultivars ROOTSTOCK Meloïdogine Agrobacterium Armillaria Chlorosis Asphyxiation Compati bility Vigor Ripening Fruit SL 64 Very resistant Moderate Susceptible Tolerant Susceptible Good Alto - - MaxMa 14 Very resistant Tolerant - Tolerant Moderate Good Medium Does not affect - PiKu Good Medium-Low Anticipates - PiKu Good Medium-Hight Anticipates - PiKu Good Medium-Low Anticipates Gisela Moderate Tolerate Good Low Anticipates - Gisela 6 - Moderate - - Tolerate Good Medium-Low Bigger caliper Anticipates -

23 Results Tryal 2: Quantitative parameters Early losses Gisela 6 100% Pikú 1 88 % Gisela 5 38 % SL % Pikú 3 13 % Pikú 4 13 % MaxMa 14 0 % TSA (cm 2 ) Gisela 5 SL 64 MaxMa 14 Pikú 4 Pikú Effects of rootstock on TSA of Newstar cultivar. Vertical segments represent standard deviation at p<0,05 Rootstcks effect on the annual increment of Trunk Section Area (TSA), final TSA, cumulative yield and Yield efficiency during the four years studied ( ). Rootstock TCSA increasing rate (cm 2 /año) a TCSA (cm 2 ) Cumulative yield (Kg/árbol) Yield efficiency (Kg/cm 2 ) Gisela 5 2,6 b 22,9 b 10,7 b 0,37 ab SL 64 16,2 a 104,1 a 49,4 a 0,40 ab MaxMa 14 14,5 a 88,9 a 34,3 ab 0,33 ab Pikú 4 18,1 a 99,2 a 51,6 a 0,44 a Pikú 3 17,9 a 100,9 a 33,6 ab 0,27 b a ) Inside of the same column, values accompanied by the same letter are not singnifficantly differents. Idem with different letter are singnifficantly differents (Duncan test, P < 0,05 %)

24 Results Resultados Tryal 2: Qualitative parameters Effect of rootstock on Fruit Weight, Caliper, Solible Solid Content, and Firmness in Newstar sweet cherry Carácter Rootstock Average Fruit weight (g) Gisela 5 6,7 c 7,0 d 8,3 bc 7,6 b 7,3 c SL 64 6,9 bc 9,2 b 7,8 c 8,4 a 8,1 b MaxMa 14 5,6 d 8,3 c 7,7 c 8,8 a 7,6 c Pikú 4 7,3 b 8,5 c 8,6 b 9,0 a 8,4 b Pikú 3 8,3 a 10,3 a 9,7 a 9,1 a 9,4 a Fruit size (mm) Gisela 5 23,2 c 24,0 d 25,7 bc 24,2 c 24,3 d SL 64 23,6 c 26,5 b 25,2 c 25,4 bc 25,2 c MaxMa 14 22,0 d 25,5 c 25,3 bc 26,0 ab 24,7 d Pikú 4 24,6 b 25,6 c 26,1 b 26,4 ab 25,7 b Pikú 3 25,6 a 28,0 a 27,3 a 26,6 a 26,9 a SSC (ºBrix) Gisela 5 18,8 a 19,5 bc 19,2 ab 19,2 b SL 64 17,6 b 20,4 ab 18,0 b 18,7 bc MaxMa 14 16,0 c 19,8 abc 18,9 ab 18,2 c Pikú 4 17,7 b 19,0 c 18,4 b 18,4 c Pikú 3 18,7 a 20,8 a 19,9 a 19,8 a Linear correlation coefficients ( r ) Caliper vs. Fruit weight (r=0,958, p<0,01) Volume vs. Fruit weight (r=0,966, p<0,01) Firmness (gf/mm) Gisela a 333 bc 427 a 318 a SL bc 374 a 358 a 335 ab MaxMa c 364 ab 377 a 333 ab Pikú ab 301 c 374 a 319 b Pikú ab 355 ab 404 a 347 a Inside of the same column, values accompanied by the same letter are not singnifficantly differents. Idem with different letter they are singnifficantly differents (Duncan test, P < 0,05 %)

25 Conclusiones Conclusions Gisela 6, Pikú 1 and SL 64 showed a hight percent of premature losses due radicular asphyxiation. In case of peach-almond hybrid Mayor, with the same problem, it is posible the occurrence of deficiencies in cultural cares during fist years of plantation. In fact, the survival trees growed and produced normaly, and this was not observed in the above mentioned rootstock selections. Gisela 5 produced very small trees; so, its use is unadvisible for hot mediterranean climates whit heavy and clayed soils. Pikú 3 improved fruit quality whit regard to other tried rootstocks, what is a good option for growers more interested on quality than on amount of production. According to results it seem advaisible using Mariana 2624 and Adara as sweet cherry rootstocks for heavy soils of Murcia, as both ones were these that support the bigger crop productions besides a very good fruit quality. Mayor can be used for stony, limy and not irrigated soils of hilly areas, because this rootstock is resistant to limy soil, have a hight vigor, and good profit of winter and spring rainwater cyclethat ocurs in Murcia.

26 The next rootstock selections from IMIDA Newstar / P. cerasifera Adara genotypes genotypes.. Summer Objectives: Newstar / P. cerasifera Adara genotypes selected, selected winter 2014.Different tree vigor Bark continuity between cultivar and rootstock union Adaptation to soils Good agronomic performance Good compatibility with cherry cvs. Avoidance of interstock Precocity

27 Murcia s Sweet Cherry Team

28 Thaks for your attention