What factors influence fungicide performance?

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Audra Bridges
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1 What factors influence fungicide performance? Product selection Tank mi components AI selection Application rate Carrier volume Weather conditions Nozzle pressure Nozzle type Turf health

2 The Basics of Fungicide Selection

3 Fungicide Nomenclature Chemical Name complete chemical formula for the active ingredient Common Name simplified name for the active ingredient Trade Name(s) commercial name for the formulated product

4 Fungicide Nomenclature: Eample Chemical Name tetrachloroisothalonitrile Common Name chlorothalonil Trade Name(s) Daconil, Chlorstar, Concorde, Echo, Manicure...

5 Fungicide Definitions control spectrum - number of diseases controlled narrow spectrum - controls a small number of diseases broad spectrum - controls a large number of diseases residual control - length of control after application

6 How are fungicides classified? Topical Mode of Action movement on/in the plant after application Biochemical Mode of Action how fungal growth is inhibited at the biochemical level Chemical Class group of fungicides with similar chemical properties identical biochemical mode of action similar topical mode of action

7 Turfgrass Fungicides: 15 Chemical Classes Aromatic hydrocarbon Benzimidazole Carbamate Carboamide Dicarboimide Dithiocarbamate DMI Nitrile Phenylamide Phenylpyrolle Phosphonate Polyoin Pyridine QoI QiI

10 Topical Mode of Action contact - stays on leaf surface localized penetrant - absorbed into leaf but not translocated systemic - absorbed and translocated acropetal penetrant - absorbed and translocated upward in ylem true systemic - absorbed and translocated in ylem and phloem

13 Why is topical mode of action important? determines length of residual control contacts and localized penetrants less effective for curative applications acropetal penetrants and true systemics best for control of root diseases when tank miing, miture components should have different topical modes of action

Systemic fungicides provide superior curative control Heritage (0.4 oz) Daconil (3.2 oz) Heritage + Dac (0.

14 Systemic fungicides provide superior curative control Heritage (0.4 oz) Daconil (3.2 oz) Heritage + Dac ( oz) Untreated Brown patch Incidence (%) Days after application

15 Biochemical mode of action chlorothalonil inhibits thiol-dependent enzymatic reactions thiophanate-methyl inhibits chromosome separation in cell division by binding to the β-tubulin protein

16 Biochemical mode of action Single-site inhibitor inhibits one biochemical reaction in the fungal cell high risk for fungicide resistance Multi-site inhibitor inhibits more than one biochemical reaction in the fungal cell low to moderate resistance risk

17 Preventing Fungicide Resistance avoid the repetitive use of fungicides from the same chemical class minimize fungicide use through integrated pest management use preventative control for resistance-prone diseases apply fungicides properly

18 Developing a Fungicide Program 1. efficacy on primary disease(s) 2. residual control 3. control spectrum 4. side effects 5. resistance risk 6. formulation type/quality 7. cost (per area per day)

19 Developing a Fungicide Program Microdochium Patch Yellow Patch Pythium RD Fairy Ring Dollar Spot Summer Patch Brown Patch J F M A M J J A S O N Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green

20 Developing a Fungicide Program do not believe everything that you read on a fungicide label! some fungicides are labeled for diseases that they do not control adequately eamples: mancozeb - dollar spot DMIs - brown patch, leaf spot, spring dead spot QoIs - dollar spot, spring dead spot

21 Developing a Fungicide Program Rating system for fungicide efficacy ++++ ecellent control when disease pressure is very high good control when disease pressure is high; ecellent control when disease pressure is moderate good control when disease pressure is moderate; ecellent control when disease pressure is low + good control when disease pressure is low 0 does not provide adequate control under any conditions? Insufficient data - Not labeled

22 Developing a Fungicide Program Residual Control number of days of protection depends on topical mode of action, chemical class, and application rate Eample: brown patch control QoIs - 21 to 28+ days dicarboamides - 14 to 21 days benzamides - 14 to 21 days benzimidazoles - 10 to 14 days DMIs - 7 to 10 days contacts - 7 to 10 days

23 Developing a Fungicide Program Reasons for Tank-Miing Increase control spectrum more common as fungicides become more specific Improve disease control for difficult-to-control diseases Enhance curative control contact + acropetal penetrant is best Prevent fungicide resistance mi different chemical classes

24 Side Effects of Fungicides on Turfgrasses prevention or control of other diseases increase of other diseases enhance turf quality growth regulation / thinning increased thatch accumulation

25 Fungicides that enhance non-target diseases chlorothalonil - summer patch, stripe smut benzimidazoles - leaf spot/melting out, Pythium blight, powdery mildew DMIs - leaf spot/melting out, Pythium blight, algae dicarboamides - Pythium blight QoIs - yellow spot

26 Do not apply DMI fungicides at high rates when temperatures above 90 F are epected.

27 Heritage (0.4 oz, 28 d) Triton (2 oz, 14 d)

28 Disarm (0.18 oz, 21 d) Disarm (0.18 oz, 14 d)

29 Tips for Avoiding Fungicide Side-Effects avoid using high rates on short intervals if possible rotate frequently tank-mi as needed to increase control spectrum

30 Heritage, Compass, Insignia, Disarm... Banner, Bayleton, Eagle, Lyn, Rubigan... What s the difference? control spectrum residual control side effects cost

31 Heritage 50WG has little to no activity against dollar spot.

9 oz, 14 day) Spectro (2 oz, 14 day) 150 Dollar Spot Incidence

32 Evaluation of QoI fungicides for dollar spot suppression Untreated Compass (0.2 oz, 14 day) Insignia (0.9 oz, 14 day) Spectro (2 oz, 14 day) 150 Dollar Spot Incidence (#/plot) May 5 May 21 May 26 Jun 2 Jun 11 Jun 17 Jun 24 Jun 30 Jul 7 Jul 15

33 Untreated Control

34 Insignia 20WG (0.9 oz, 14 day)

35 Compass 50WG (0.2 oz, 14 day)

36 Spectro (4 oz, 14 day)

37 Fungicides within a class vary in their side-effects Untreated ProStar (2.2 oz) Lyn (2 fl oz) Lyn (1 fl oz) Bayleton (2 fl oz) Bayleton (1 fl oz) Treatments applied on Mar 22 and Apr 12 Data collected Apr Phytotoicity (1 to 9)

38 Daconil, Chlorstar, Concorde, Echo... What s the difference? active ingredient is usually made by the same company formulations are different formulation impacts length of residual control formulation also impacts quality of miing/handling

39 Choosing a Post-Patent Fungicide What is different formulation What isn t different active ingredient packaging customer service price

40 Fungicides Sold Under Multiple Trade Names chloroneb (Terraneb, Terremec) chlorothalonil (Daconil, Chlorothalonil, Chlorstar, Concorde, Echo, Manicure) ethazole (Koban, Terrazole) iprodione (26GT, 18+, Iprodione Pro) fosetyl-al (Signature, Prodigy) mancozeb (Fore, Dithane, Mancozeb, Pentathlon DF) mefanoam (Subdue Ma, Feno, Mefanoam)

41 Fungicides Sold Under Multiple Trade Names myclobutanil (Eagle, Immuno) salts of phosphorous acid (Alude, Magnum, Resyst, Vital) propiconazole (Banner Ma, Propiconazole Pro, Savvi, Spectator) quintozene (PCNB, Terrachlor, Turfcide) thiophanate-methyl (3336, Fungo, Systec, T-storm) thiram (Spotrete, Thiram) vinclozolin (Curalan, Touche, Vorlan)

42 Comparison of Propiconazole Products for Dollar Spot Control 150 Banner Ma (1 fl oz) Propiconazole Pro (1 fl oz) Untreated Dollar Spot Incidence (spots/plot) /6 5/22 5/27 6/3 6/12 6/18 6/25 7/1 7/8 7/16

43 Comparison of chlorothalonil formulations 200 Dollar spot incidence (spots/plot) Daconil Ultre Concorde DF Echo DF Daconil Weatherstik Concorde SST Echo 720 **All products applied at 2.7 oz a.i. per 1000 ft 2 ; data collected 14 days after one application Data provided by B.B. Clarke, Rutgers University Untreated

44 Some products differ in formulation type Active Ingredient ME EC mefanoam Subdue Ma, Feno Mefanoam propiconazole Banner Ma, Propiconazole Pro Spectator

45 Combination products differ in a.i. content Product chlorothalonil thiophanate-methyl Spectro 72% 18% Systec 50% 17%

46 Combination products differ in a.i. content 9 Turfgrass Quality (0 to 9) 6 3 a a b a c 0 Spectro (2 oz) Spectro (4 oz) Consyst (2 oz) Consyst (4 oz) Untreated Treatments applied every 14 days from 17 Apr to 26 Jun

47 Fungicides help to prevent decline of cool-season grasses during summer

48 Phosphonates and Summer Bentgrass Decline in early 90 s, L.T. Lucas (NC State) discovered that application of Aliette + Fore every 14 days prevented summer bentgrass decline in mid 90 s, Aliette formulation changed to include pigment similar to that in Fore, giving rise to Signature opened door for tank-mitures with other fungicides early 00 s to present, phosphite salt products released

49 What are the phosphonate fungicides? a group of products containing various forms of PO3 - as the active ingredient have fungicidal activity against oomycetes (Pythium and Phytophthora) and certain other pathogens (Colletotrichum) have dual mode of action - phosphite ion has direct fungicidal properties - also stimulates natural defense responses

50 Phosphonate Fungicides for Turfgrass Phosphite Form fosetyl-al Trade Names Signature, Prodigy, Aliette mono- and di-potassium salts Alude, Resyst, Vital NH4 and K salts Magellan, Magnum

51 fosetyl-al Differences among phosphonate phosphite products salts Signature Aliette Alude Magellan Magnum NC STATE TURF PATHOLOGY

52 Stressgard: Pigment or Dye? dyes are small, soluble molecules that reflect light pigments are large, insoluble molecules with an array of biological properties Stressgard is a copper phthalocyanine pigment Copper Phthalocyanine

53 Research Objectives 1. Compare the effects of Signature, Aliette, and phosphite salts on the summer quality of creeping bentgrass putting greens 2. Evaluate the performance of chlorothalonil and mancozeb as tank-mi partners with phosphonates

54 Research Locations Country Club of North Carolina Southern Pines, NC A-1/A-4 creeping bentgrass 2003 and Sandhills Research Station Jackson Springs, NC A-1 creeping bentgrass Lake Wheeler Turfgrass Field Laboratory Raleigh, NC Penncross creeping bentgrass

55 Treatments and Application Methods Phosphonates Signature (4 oz) Aliette (4 oz) Alude (6 fl oz) Resyst (6 fl oz, 2003 only) Magellan (6 fl oz) Magnum (6 fl oz) phosphorous acid (2.3 oz, 2003 only) None Contacts Daconil Ultre (3.2 oz) Fore WP (4 oz, ) Fore WP (8 oz) None Design/Application Methods Split-plot RCB with 4 reps ft subplots Treatments every 14 days in June, July, and August Applications in 2 gal/1000 ft 2

56 Foliar burn resulting from application of phosphite salts

57 Sandhills Research Station, 2004 Signature Aliette Magellan Alude Magnum None a a ab ab ab b Turf Quality (0 to 9) Data collected 30 July 2004

58 Sandhills Research Station, Daconil Ultre (3.2 oz) Fore (8 oz) Fore (4 oz) None Turf Quality (0 to 9) a a b b a a b c a b c d July 14 July 30 July

59 Lake Wheeler Turfgrass Field Lab, Signature Aliette Magellan Alude Magnum None Turf Quality (0 to 9) a a b b bc c 0 Data collected 4 Aug 2005

60 Lake Wheeler Turfgrass Field Lab, Signature Aliette Magellan Alude Magnum None Turf Quality (0 to 9) a ab ab b b c 0 Data collected 16 August 2005

61 Lake Wheeler Turfgrass Field Lab, Daconil Ultre (3.2 oz) Fore (8 oz) Fore (4 oz) None Turf Quality (0 to 9) b a b c b a c d 0 20 July 4 Aug

62 Untreated Fore 80WP (8 oz) Daconil Ultre (3.2 oz) NC STATE TURF PATHOLOGY

63 Signature + Daconil Aliette + Daconil Alude + Daconil Magellan + Daconil NC STATE TURF PATHOLOGY

64 Conclusions contact fungicides provide the greatest and most consistent increase in creeping bentgrass quality phosphonate fungicides may increase bentgrass quality in certain years/varieties fosetyl-al significantly more effective than phosphite salts in 2004 and 2005 no interactions among contact and phosphonate products phosphite salts may induce mild phytotoicity when applied during hot weather

Pythium Blight Control in Tall Fescue, 2006 5 Pythium blight incidence (%) 4 3 2 1 0 Alude (5.

65 Pythium Blight Control in Tall Fescue, Pythium blight incidence (%) Alude (5.5 oz) Heritage TL Insignia (0.9 oz) Subdue (1 oz) Untreated (2 oz) All treatments applied on 14 day interval Data collected 3 Aug

66 Anthracnose Basal Rot and Foliar Blight NC STATE TURF PATHOLOGY

67 Anthracnose Control in Poa annua Putting Greens, Blowing Rock NC, 2005 Untreated Compass (0.25 oz) Insignia (0.5 oz) Heritage (0.2 oz) Spectro (4 oz) 26GT (3 fl oz) 3336 (4 fl oz) Daconil Ultre (3.2 oz) Medallion (0.5 oz) Endorse (4 oz) Alude + Daconil Ultre ( oz) Alude (6 fl oz) Signature (4 oz) Signature + Daconil ( oz) Anthracnose incidence (%) Treatments applied 5/23, 6/6, 6/20, 7/11, and 7/25 Data collected 8/15

68 Anthracnose Control in Annual Bluegrass Greens, Blowing Rock CC Chipco Signature (4 oz) Alude (6 fl oz) NC STATE TURF PATHOLOGY

69 Anthracnose Control in Annual Bluegrass Greens, Blowing Rock NC Heritage 50WG (0.4 oz) Untreated Control NC STATE TURF PATHOLOGY

70 Conclusions In general, phosphite salts perform as well as fosetyl-al for disease control purposes Fosetyl-Al provides more consistent quality increases during summer stress No consistent benefit observed from StressGard pigment in these studies Phosphite salts may cause foliar burn if applied during hot weather (>90F)

71 Maimizing Fungicide Performance use proper cultural practices to maintain turf health select a product that can deliver the desired results use preventative applications when possible time applications based on weather conditions, not the calendar deliver the active ingredient to the site of disease activity ensure uniform coverage of the target site prevent the buildup of fungicide resistance

72 Timing Preventative Applications for Foliar Diseases Schedule applications based on low night temperature Dollar Spot - >50ºF Brown Patch >60ºF Pythium blight - >65ºF

73 Timing Applications for Root and Crown Diseases Schedule applications based on average daily soil temperature Summer Patch - > 65ºF Take-all Patch - 40ºF to 60ºF Spring Dead Spot - 60ºF to 80ºF Large Patch - <70ºF

74 Selecting an Application Rate Preventative Applications before fungal infections occur use low rate on short intervals or high rate at long intervals all topical modes of action are effective Curative Applications after fungal infections occur use high rates at short intervals acropetal penetrants are best tank-mi with a contact fungicide is often beneficial

75 Nozzle Type Influences Fungicide Performance Flat Fan Nozzle Raindrop Nozzle

76 Nozzle Type Influences Fungicide Performance Raindrop Nozzle Flat Fan Nozzle Diquat 1 oz per 1000 ft 2

77 Flat fan nozzles are no longer created equal XR Flat Fan Fine to medium droplets Air-induction Flat Fan Coarse to very course droplets TurfJet Flat Fan Etremely course droplets

78 XR Flat Fan application

79 TurfJet application

80 Air-induction nozzles balance drift and coverage Spray Solution Air

81 1 to 2 gallons H2O per 1000 ft 2 2 to 3 gallons H2O per 1000 ft 2 5 gallons H2O per 1000 ft 2 or water-in immediately with 1/8 to 1/4 of H2O Where do you want the fungicide to be?

82 Nozzle Type and Carrier Volume Impact Dollar Spot Control Dollar Spot Incidence (spots/plot) gal/m 2 gal/m 0 Air Induction Turbo TJ XR Flat Fan Delvan Untreated Daconil Ultre applied at 3.2 oz/1000 ft 2 Courtesy M.A. Fidanza, Penn State University

83 Carrier Volume Impacts Chlorothalonil Performance Dollar Spot Incidence (spots/plot) gal 1 gal 2 gal Daconil Ultre Concorde DF Echo 90DF Daconil Wstik Concorde SST Echo 720 All products applied to deliver 2.7 oz a.i. per 1000 sq ft on 14 day intervals Data collected 15 Aug 2002 Wong et al., Rutgers University

84 Carrier Volume Impacts Anthracnose Control 35 AI (1 gal) TT (1 gal) XR (1 gal) AI (2 gal) TT (2 gal) XR (2 gal) Untreated Anthracnose Incidence (%) July 20 August 3 Medallion applied at 0.25 oz/1000 ft 2 Courtesy M.A. Fidanza, Penn State University

85 Dew Formation Impacts Fungicide Performance AM application dew not removed AM application dew removed Daconil Ultre applied at 1.8 oz/1000 ft 2 Courtesy P.H. Dernoeden, University of Maryland

89 How does fungicide resistance develop? a small portion of the pathogen population has natural, genetic resistance to a given fungicide

90 How does fungicide resistance develop? if that fungicide is applied repeatedly, the resistant strains are able to grow rapidly without competition

91 How does fungicide resistance develop? if the resistant strains become dominant in the population, resistance has developed and control failure occurs

92 no fungicide thiophanate-methyl 10 ppm iprodione 10 ppm

93 Cases of Fungicide Resistance in Turfgrasses Dollar Spot benzimidazoles, dicarboamides, DMIs Anthracnose benzimidazoles, QoIs, DMIs Gray Leaf Spot QoIs Pythium Blight phenylamides Powdery Mildew DMIs

94 Preventing Fungicide Resistance avoid the repetitive use of fungicides from the same chemical class minimize fungicide use through integrated pest management use preventative control for resistance-prone diseases apply fungicides properly

95 Rotate or Tank-mi? It depends! only certain pathogens and fungicides are at high risk for fungicide resistance resistance management strategy should be based on: disease fungicide number of applications per year budget constraints

96 Determining the Resistance Risk Each fungicide and pathogen has a risk value: 1 = low risk 2 = moderate risk 3 = high risk Multiply the fungicide and pathogen risk values to obtain the resistance risk: Eample: dollar spot (3) * propiconazole (2) = 6

97 Preventing Fungicide Resistance Resistance Risk Recommended Action Rotate to different chemical class after EVERY application; Tank-mi with low or moderate risk product for EVERY application Rotate to different chemical class after 1-2 applications; Tankmiing with low or moderate risk product recommended Rotate to different chemical class after 1-2 applications; Tankmiing not necessary Rotate to different chemical class after 2-3 applications; Tankmiing not necessary Rotate to different chemical class after 3-4 applications; Tankmiing not necessary Rotating and tank-miing not necessary, but recommended to avoid potential side affects from continuous use of same chemical class

Fungicide Programs for Cool- and Warm-Season Landscapes

Fungicide Programs for Cool- and Warm-Season Landscapes Lane Tredway Associate Professor and Extension Specialist Department of Plant Pathology North Carolina State University 1 Each Turf Species Has Unique