John Inguagiato, Joseph Roberts, James Murphy, Jo Anne Crouch and Bruce B. Clarke, Rutgers University

Transcription

1 Developing Best Management Practices for the Control of Anthracnose on Greens John Inguagiato, Joseph Roberts, James Murphy, Jo Anne Crouch and Bruce B. Clarke, Rutgers University

2 Over the Past Decade - Increase in the Prevalence of Anthracnose Disease on Putting Green Turf ٠ Many have suggested that current Management Practices have contributed to abiotic stress, thus predisposing turf to anthracnose ٠ In many cases, Fungicides alone has not provided acceptable control ٠ Fungicide resistance to certain chemical classes have made control difficult ٠ Currently, Anthracnose is one of the most troublesome disease on golf course greens in the US

3 Anthracnose Disease of Turfgrass Causal Agent Colletotrichum cereale (Formerly known as Colletotrichum graminicola) Symptoms Poa - yellow, irregular patches (1 to 2 in) Bent - red to bronze patches (size varies) Appearance Usually on greens Spring to Mid-summer (variable)

4 Photo: W. Uddin Foliar blighting and thinning of Poa annua caused by Colletotrichum cereale (formerly Colletotrichum graminicola)

5 Acervuli structures and setae on Poa annua leaf from C. cereale (formerly C. graminicola, the causal agent of anthracnose disease (photo from Univ. of Guelph)

6 Anthracnose Symptomology Chlorotic Leaves Acervuli on Infected Poa annua Tillers Photo: Landschoot, APS Press

7 So What Does This All Mean to You? We embarked on a major Anthracnose Project at Rutgers in 2002 to: ٠ Determine which management practices influence the incidence and severity of anthracnose ٠ Formulate a comprehensive set of best management practices for control of this disease

8 Key Factors ٠Plant Species - annual bluegrass ٠Fertilization rate, frequency, granular vs foliar ٠Mowing Practices ٠Topdressing and Incorporation Method? ٠Traffic Stress? ٠Cultivation (Verticutting)? ٠Soil Moisture / Irrigation Practices ٠Herbicides ٠Plant Growth Regulators?

9 Plant Health and Temperature Root Activity >>>> Cool Season Grass Species J F M A M J J A S O N D Agnew 2002

10 Nitrogen Fertilization Major nutrient controlling plant vigor Influences many turfgrass diseases: Dollar spot (Markland et al., 1969) Red thread (Cahill et al., 1983) Brown Patch (Burpee, 1995; Fidanza et al., 1996) Frequently applied at very low levels

11 Summer Nitrogen Effect on Anthracnose Low rate, soluble N (0.1 lb N 1000 ft -2 ) 28-day Interval 0.1 lb 1000 ft -2 month -1 7-day Interval 0.4 lb 1000 ft -2 month -1

12 Effect of Nitrogen on Anthracnose on a Poa annua green Rutgers Univ Low N 0.1 lb/m /month High N 0.1 lb/m /week % Disease Jun 7-Jul 2004

13 N Effect on Anthracnose of Poa annua Low N High N 2004

14 Mowing and Rolling Practices Mowing heights have been reduced over past decade but, this decreases photosynthesis and plant vigor Mowing frequency have also increased to obtain greater ball roll distances but this may enhance mowing stress and increase wounding? Lightweight rolling has been used to smooth putting surface, but may increase compaction However, until recently the impact of these factors on anthracnose was unknown

15 Impact of Mowing Practices on Mowing Height in in in. Anthracnose: Mowing Frequency Single cut each day (7x / wk) Double cut each day (14x / wk) John Deere 220B Grooved Front Roller

16 2004 Mowing Height Effect on Anthracnose Rutgers University inch inch inch % Disease Jul 13-Aug 27-Aug 10-Sep 24-Sep 8-Oct

17 31 August inch inch

18 Mowing Frequency Effect on Anthracnose / wk 7 / wk 80 % Disease Jul 13-Aug 27-Aug 10-Sep 24-Sep 8-Oct

19 Lightweight Rolling Practices Effecting Rolled every other day Anthracnose No rolling TRUE-SURFACE TM vibratory rollers

20 Lightweight Rolling Effect on Anthracnose Rutgers University Roll No Roll % Disease Jul 13-Aug 27-Aug 10-Sep 24-Sep 8-Oct 2004

21 Materials & Methods Surface Treatment Vibratory Roller Sidewinder Roller No Rolling Location Center Periphery

22 Lightweight Roller Study: Disease Data Sidewinder Roller Vibratory Roller None % Disease % Disease May 7-Jun 17-Jun 27-Jun 7-Jul 17-Jul 27-Jul 6-Aug Date

23 July 11, 2007 No Roll Vibratory Rolling Sidewinder Rolling

24 Conclusions The Take-Home message is that you can significantly reduce anthracnose and still maintain desired ball roll distances by: (1) increasing heights of cut and either (2) increasing mowing frequency, and/or (3) initiating frequent lightweight rolling

25 Sand Topdressing Routine light sand topdressing: ٠ Dilutes organic matter ٠ Improves infiltration rate ٠ Smoothes putting surface However, does it enhance infection through wounding?

26 Impact of Topdressing Rate and Frequency on Anthracnose: Interval (days) Rate (ft ft -2 ) No sand 1.0 v All plots brushed uniformly ft ft ft ft -2

27 Effect of Topdressing Rate on Anthracnose of Annual Bluegrass Putting Green Turf sand ft 3 /1,000ft a a b a b a a % Disease b b b b b C b 20.0 a c 10.0 ab b Jun 22-Jun 2-Jul 12-Jul 22-Jul 1-Aug 11-Aug 21-Aug 31-Aug 10-Sep

28 No Sand Sand 1 ft3/1,000ft2

29 Impact of Topdressing Frequency on Anthracnose of Annual Bluegrass Putting Green Turf days 80.0 % Disease a a b a a b a a b a b c Jun 22-Jun 2-Jul 12-Jul 22-Jul 1-Aug 11-Aug 21-Aug 31-Aug 10-Sep

30 No Sand 1.0 ft ft ft ft -2 Topdressing improves surface characteristics Firmer surface raises effective height of cut Deeper tillering reduces stress

31 What About Sand Type and Incorporation Method? Incorporation None Vibratory roller Soft-bristled broom Stiff-bristled broom Sand Type Round Sub-angular

32 Sand Particle Shape Effect on Anthracnose Severity None Round Sub-angular ft ft - 2 Disease (%) Jun 7-Jul 27-Jul 16-Aug 5-Sep 25-Sep

33 Incorporation Method - brush (soft) - vibratory roller - none - brush (stiff) - water

34 Incorporation Method Influence on Anthracnose Severity None Roll Soft Stiff ft ft - 2 Disease (%) Jun 7-Jul 27-Jul 16-Aug 5-Sep 25-Sep

35 What about foot traffic? Does foot traffic influence the ability of sand topdressing to reduce anthracnose?!

36 What about foot traffic? Does foot traffic influence the ability of sand topdressing to reduce anthracnose? Traffic does not appear to increase anthracnose in the presence of sand topdressing!

37 Materials and Methods - Traffic applied 5 days wk -1 at rate of 200 rounds day -1 - Sanded plots are topdressed weekly with 1 ft 3 /1000 ft 2 - Foot traffic applied over plots with and without sand topdressing

38 No Traffic Traffic No Traffic 19 July 2007

39 Irrigation Some of the first observations on the influence of cultural practices on anthracnose were related to poor irrigation and soil conditions (Sprague and Evaul, 1928) So we decided to: evaluate the effects of irrigation quantity on anthracnose

40 Effects of Irrigation Quantity 100% replacement of ET o Excessive Irrigation 80% replacement of ET o Moderate Irrigation 60% replacement of ET o Slight Stress, plus syringing 40% replacement of ET o Severe Stress, extensive syringing

41 Irrigation Practices Influence on Anthracnose % ET 80% ET 60% ET 40% ET 60 Disease (%) Jun 21-Jun 5-Jul 19-Jul 2-Aug 16-Aug

42 Disease Data 2008 % Disease 100% ET 80% ET 60% ET 40% ET Jun 1-Jul 15-Jul 29-Jul 12-Aug - Treatments initiated 30-May, 2008

43 July 11, % ET 60 % ET 80 % ET 100 % ET

44 Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Anthracnose Basal Rot of Poa Greens

45 Plant Growth Regulators: Modes of Action ٠ Class A: Late GA Synthesis Blockers ٠ Primo MAXX (trinexapac-ethyl) ٠ Class B: Early GA Synthesis Blockers ٠ Trimmit (paclobutrazol), Cutless (flurprimidol) ٠ Class C: Mitotic Inhibitors ٠ Slo-Gro (maleic hydrazide), ٠ Embark (Mefluidide), Limit (amidochlor) ٠ Class D: Herbicidal Mode ٠ Oust (sulfometuron-methyl) Roundup Pro (glyphosate) ٠ Telar (chlorsulfuron) Prograss (ethofumesate) ٠ Class E: Ethylene Production Enhancement ٠ Proxy (ethephon) Agnew 2002

46 Plant Growth Regulators The widespread use of PGRs on putting green turf over the past decade has coincided with increased incidence of anthracnose Trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX) is used to reduce vegetative growth (increased density & vigor) Mefluidide (Embark) suppresses seedheads - Resulting in increase carbohydrates and deeper rooting (Cooper et al., 1988 and Cooper et al., 1987)

47 Plant Growth Regulators Trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX) ٠None ٠0.125 fl oz ft -2 every 14-d late-march to August Mefluidide (Embark 0.2L) ٠None ٠30 fl oz 1000 ft -2 applied twice late-march to early-april Trinexapac-ethyl and Mefluidide

48 Trinexapac-ethyl Effect on Anthracnose in Absence of Mefluidide TE +TE % Disease Jun 7-Jul 5-Aug 30-Aug 2004

49 60 50 Mefluidide Effect on Anthracnose in Absence of Trinexapac-ethyl -ME +ME % Disease Jun 7-Jul 5-Aug 30-Aug 2004

50 Interaction of Trinexapac-ethyl and Mefluidide on Anthracnose ME +TE ME*TE 40 % Disease Jun 7-Jul 5-Aug 30-Aug 2004

51 Trinexapac-ethyl and Mefluidide Effect on Anthracnose of a Poa annua green 2004 ME TE ME*TE 14-Sept

52 Growth Regulation Recommendations Use to PGRs to produce a quality playing surface 1) Embark or Proxy at label rates during Mar/Apr 2) Follow-up with subsequent apps of Primo - every 7 to to fl oz / 1000 ft 2 Will not increase anthracnose, and may actually reduce it, particularly when using seedhead suppressants and Primo together on putting greens

53 Controlling Anthracnose Basal Rot with a Sound Fungicide Program

54 Chemical Control of Anthracnose I. Demethylation Inhibitors (Sterol Inhibitors) n Banner, Bayleton, Eagle, Trinity, Tourney, Triton II. Strobilurins n Heritage, Compass Insignia, Disarm III. Benzimidazoles n Fungo, Cleary 3336, Systec 1998 IV. Nitriles n Daconil, ChloroStar, Echo, Concorde V. Combinations (III + IV) n ConSyst, Spectro, Headway, Tartan

55 Sites reporting reduced QoI performance Frank Wong

56 Benzimidazole Resistance Frank Wong

57 Excellent Control of ABR : Single Products ٠Nitrile chlorothalonil Daconil Ultrex 82.5SDG (3.2 oz) ٠DMI - propiconazole Banner MAXX 1.3MC (1.0 fl oz) - tebuconazole Lynx 45W (1.11 oz) - triticonazole Trinity 1.67SC (1.0 fl oz) ٠Antibiotic polyoxin-d Endorse 2.5W (4.0 oz) 14 d interval

58 Excellent Control of ABR : Bent/ Poa Green - Rutgers

59 Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Anthracnose on an Annual Bluegrass Green - PSU Rated on 25 Aug Uddin & Soika (2001) F & N Tests 56:T17

60 ABR: Banner vs. UTC vs. Daconil Banner Untreated check Daconil Ultrex Aug 2, 02

61 Good Control of ABR until Late August ٠Phosphonate fosetyl-al Chipco Signature 80WG (4.0 oz) ٠DMI myclobutanil Eagle 40W (1.0 oz) ٠Dicarboximide iprodione Chipco 26GT 2SC (4 fl oz) ٠Phenylpyrrole - fludioxonil Medallion 50W (0.25 oz) 14 d interval

62 Good Control of ABR until Late August % Disease Signature 4 oz Eagle 1 oz Chipco 26GT 4 fl oz Medallion 0.25 oz Untreated check 8-Jul 18-Jul 2-Aug 14-Aug 26-Aug 10-Sep Rating Date

63 Evaluating Tank Mixtures for the Control of Anthracnose

64 Excellent Control of ABR : Tank-Mixture #1 80 % Disease Nitrile (N) - Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz Phenylpyrrole (PP) - Medallion 0.25 oz N + PP Untreated check 0 8-Jul 18-Jul 2-Aug 14-Aug 26-Aug 10-Sep 14 d interval Rating Date Rutgers University

65 Curative Control of Anthracnose Basal Rot on an Annual Bluegrass Green Univ. Riverside, CA Rated on 24 July Applied every 14 days from 15 Jun 1 Sept Wong et al (2002) Plant Dis Mgm t Rpt 1:T06

66 What Impact does Water Volume have on Fungicide Efficacy for the Control of Anthracnose?

67 Impact of Spray Volume on Anthracnose with Medallion 50W (0.25 oz/m) Anthracnose (% Plot Area/Turf Injury) b cd 1 and 2 Gal Water / M bc d bcd TJ AI TT XR Untr. d Nozzle Type bcd d a a Phoenixville CC (Bent Green), 2006 Fidanza 1 gal; gal;

68 A Programmatic Approach to Controlling Anthracnose Basal Rot

69 Excellent Control of ABR: Programs (Alt/R) ٠USGA ٠Heritage 0.4 oz + Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz Alternated with ٠Chipco Signature 4 oz + Fore 8 oz or ٠Chipco Signature 4 oz + Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz ٠Syngenta ٠Cleary oz + Daconil Ultrex 1.8 oz ٠Heritage 0.4 oz + Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz ٠Heritage 0.4 oz + Banner MAXX 1 fl oz ٠Subdue 0.5 fl oz + Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz ٠Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz 14 d interval

70 Excellent Control of ABR: Programs (Alt/R) ٠Rutgers Alternation Program ٠Banner MAXX 1 fl oz/ 1000 ft 2 ٠Daconil Ultrex 3.2 oz/ 1000 ft 2 ٠Chipco Signature 4 fl oz + Daconil Ult. 2.4 oz/ 1000 ft 2 ٠Chipco 26GT 4 fl oz/ 1000 ft 2 ٠Medallion 0.18 oz + Banner MAXX 0.75 oz/ 1000 ft 2 ٠Chipco Signature 4 fl oz+ Daconil Ultrex 2.4 oz/1000 ft 2 ٠Endorse 3.0 oz + Banner MAXX 0.75 oz/ 1000 ft 2 ٠Chipco Signature 4 fl oz+ Daconil Ultrex 2.4 oz/1000 ft 2 14 d interval

71 Basal Rot Anthracnose Trial Paramus, NJ Percent Anthracnose a Heritage 0.2 oz b USGA Program b Syngenta Program b Bayer Program b Rutgers Program a Untreated Alternation August 26, 2002 Rutgers University

72 Tank Mixes and Rotation Programs typically provide the Best Control Summary : Rutgers Anthracnose Fungicide Studies Preventive better than Curative Control Nitrogen ( day intervals) will reduce anthracnose severity & improve fungicide efficacy DMI, Nitrile, Polyoxin-D = Excellent Control (Daconil) (Endorse) ; (DMI s variable) Benzimidazole (3336) and QoI s (Insignia) provide excellent control as long as resistant strains are not present Phosphonate, Dicarboximide, Phenylpyrrole = Good (Signature) (Chipco 26GT) (Medallion) Control

73 Current Chemical Control of Anthracnose I. Excellent 1. DMIs s Banner, Bayleton, Eagle s Trinity, Tourney, Triton 2. Nitriles (chlorothalonil) s Daconil, Chlorostar Echo, Concorde 3. Antibiotics (polyoxin-d) s Endorse 4. QoIs (e.g., Strobilurins)? s Heritage, Compass s Insignia, Disarm 5. Benzimidazoles? s Cleary 3336, Fungo 6. Combinations (2 + 5) s Spectro, ConSyst, Headway, Tartan

74 Current Control of Anthracnose II. Good to excellent 1. Phosphonate (fosetyl-al) s Chipco Signature 2. Phenylpyrrole (fludioxonil) s Medallion 3. Dicarboximide s Chipco 26GT

75 Nitrogen Development of BMPs ٠ Apply to maintain turf vigor without over-fertilizing ٠ Light-frequent applications during Summer ٠ Avoid excessive Spring fertilization? ٠ Late season fertilization? Mowing and Rolling ٠ Avoid mowing below inches ٠ Increase mowing frequency and/or roll

76 Plant Growth Regulators Development of BMPs ٠ Okay to combine Spring seedhead control (i.e., Embark or Proxy) with Primo throughout summer Sand Topdressing ٠ Light-frequent to match the rate of turfgrass growth ٠ 1 ft ft -2 every 7-d ٠ 2 ft ft -2 every 14-d

77 Development of BMPs Irrigation ٠ Avoid irrigation that induces wilt stress ٠ Avoid excessive irrigation as well ٠ 80% ET o to minimize anthracnose