EMERGING DISEASES OF GOLF COURSE TURFGRASS

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1 EMERGING DISEASES OF GOLF COURSE TURFGRASS J.E. KAMINSKI,

6 Dollar Spot Resurgence In Crenshaw CBG, (Dernoeden et al., 2001) Rate % DS Treatment oz/1000ft 2 13 Aug 20 Sept Honor 0.2 <1 c 76 a Trinity c 70 a Banner MAXX c 72 a GR b 16 b Untreated a 9 b Applied on 2 wk interval 30 Apr 25 Jun. GR 140 (Bacillus sp + Fe + N) applied weekly 30 Apr 23 Jul.

7 Photo Courtesy P. Gradoville, CGCS

8 Photo Courtesy S. McDonald

9 BROWN RING PATCH PATHOGEN: Rhizoctonia circinata HOSTS: Annual bluegrass, rough bluegrass, creeping bentgrass (Japan) SYMPTOMS: Circular rings, darker green turf in center of ring, orange/bronze leaves SIGNS: Mycelium following incubation, right angle branching, sclerotia

14 Photo Courtesy E. Ullrich

16 BROWN RING PATCH DISTRIBUTION Wong and Kaminski, GCM September 2007

17 BROWN RINGPATCH CONTROL TORREY PINES, WONG Treatments applied May 12 ProStar (3 oz) Heritage (0.4 oz) Endorse (4 oz) Medallion (0.5 oz) Banner MAXX (2 oz) Insignia (0.9 oz) 26GT (4 oz) Daconil Ultrex (3.3 oz) Compass (0.25 oz) Cleary's 3336 (4 oz) Untreated a a a a a a a a ab bc May 12 May 25 c % Disease Wong and Kaminski, GCM September 2007

18 BROWN RINGPATCH CONTROL GREENHOUSE, WONG Untreated a ProStar (3.0 oz) Heritage (0.4 oz) d cd Insignia (0.9 oz) Banner MAXX (2.0 oz) e bc Endorse (4.0 oz) Medallion (0.5 oz) e e Curative Preventive Daconil Ultrex (3.3 oz) b % Disease Wong and Kaminski, GCM September 2007

19 BROWN RING PATCH MANAGEMENT Get It Diagnosed Preventive Applications History of Disease Symptoms OR At First Onset ProStar, Heritage, others Curative Applications Multiple Applications Medallion, Endorse, Banner MAXX Thiophanate-Methyl INEFFECTIVE

22 ETIOLATION A pathological condition of plants that grow in places that provide insufficient light It is characterized by elongated stems and pale color due to lack of chlorophyll. American Heritage Dictionary

23 ETIOLATED (MAD) TILLER SYNDROME PATHOGEN : Unknown HOSTS: Annual bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, creeping bentgrass SYMPTOMS: Elongated leaves of turfgrass plants, chlorosis OTHER: Develops during overcast, rainy periods; short lived; no apparent death

24 ETIOLATED TILLER SYNDROME Conflicting Reports of Causal Agent Bacteria Wilt? Gibberellic Acid Producing Fungi? Plant Growth Regulators?

27 Photo Courtesy P. Dernoeden

28 ETIOLATED TILLER SYNDROME Conflicting Reports of Causal Agent Bacteria Wilt? Gibberellic Acid Producing Fungi? Plant Growth Regulators?

29 BAKANAE DISEASE OF RICE (FOOLISH SEEDLING) med.univ-angers.fr Fusarium fujikuroi Gibberellic producing fungi Ricethailand.go.th

31 ETIOLATED TILLER SYNDROME Conflicting Reports of Causal Agent Bacteria Wilt? Gibberellic Acid Producing Fungi? Plant Growth Regulators?

33 CREEPING BENTGRASS ETIOLATION SYNGENTA-UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, 2007 Treatment Primo (P) Headway (H) H+P Vital (V) V+H V+P V+H+P Fairphyte (F) F+H F+P F+H+P PK Fight (PKF) PKF+H PKF+P PKF+H+P Etiolation (0 to 10)

35 ETIOLATED TILLER SYNDROME Conflicting Reports of Causal Agent Bacteria Wilt? Gibberellic Acid Producing Fungi? Plant Growth Regulators? Problem is Aesthetic No Death = No Funding!

37 PYTHIUM BLIGHT PATHOGEN: Pythium spp. HOSTS: Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) SYMPTOMS: Mimic summer patch, slow to develop, yellow leaves, melting out SIGNS: Mycelium develops following incubation, oospores, etc.

44 PRELIMINARY INFORMATION Possible P. torulosum or P. catenulatum Native Soil Putting Greens with Topdressing Poor Drainage (no internal) Selects Annual Bluegrass (may move on to bentgrass later) Symptoms Mimic Summer Patch

45 COMMONALITIES OF THIS PYTHIUM SLOW Development Foliar Mycelium (Hand Lens Only) Signature Pythium Programs

46 CHIPCO SIGNATURE ALUMINUM TRIS (O-ETHYL PHOSPHONATE) Phosphonates for Pythium Control Recent Years Increased Use of Chipco Signature Every 1 to 4 weeks Stress Guard Movement Away From Traditional Pythium Fungicides Subdue MAXX Banol Segway

47 CHIPCO SIGNATURE ALUMINUM TRIS (O-ETHYL PHOSPHONATE) No Known Resistance Development to Signature May Be Naturally Ineffective on Certain Pythium Species (Harmon, personal communication)

48 CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS Scout Suspect Areas and Have Diagnosed Pay Attention to Host Summer Patch is DIFFICULT to Diagnose Maintain Signature Program BUT Rotate Traditional Pythium Fungicides Into Schedule During Favorable Conditions Apply to Foliage (Do NOT Water-In) Curative Applications Banol or Segway Subdue MAXX 5 Days Later

51 THATCH COLLAPSE First Identified on Fine Leaf Fescue in Northern Scotland Summer 2010 May 2011 Issue of Golf Course Management Symptoms Observed at Penn State Research Facility Fall 2010

52 THATCH COLLAPSE Believed to be Caused by a Basidiomycete

53 OVERVIEW OF BASIDIOMYCETES Yellow Ring (Trechispora alnicola) Superficial Fairy Ring (T. cohaerens and Coprinus kubickae) White Blight (Melanotus phillipsii) Fairy Ring (Various species) Type I, II, and III Localized Dry Spot (Various species) Thatch Collapse (Unidentified)

60 THATCH COLLAPSE PATHOGEN: Unidentified Basidiomycete HOSTS: Creeping Bentgrass, Velvet Bentgrass, others? SYMPTOMS: Sunken Green Circular Patches (3 to 1 ) SIGNS: Mycelium in Thatch and Foliage Following Incubation

61 Ron Wolf

66 Image Courtesy D. Davis, Penn State Image Courtesy D. Davis, Penn State SPHAEROBOLUS STELLATUS White Rot Fungi Normally Found on Mulch

67 Image Courtesy D. Davis, Penn State SPHAEROBOLUS STELLATUS

68 SPHAEROBOLUS STELLATUS White Rot Fungi Typically Found on Landscaping Mulch Produces Gleba (Spore Production) Contains Potential Enzymes to Degrade Thatch (Brantley et al., 2001) Brantley E., Davis D. and Kuhns L. (2001). Influence of mulch characteristics on sporulation by the artillery fungus Sphaerobolus stellatus. J Environ. Hort. 19(2):89-95

69 Photo courtesy Megan Cushnahan HAS OCCURRED ON GOLF COURSES GLOBALLY New Zealand Michigan, USA Also affecting: -U.K. -Australia

70 SINCE THEN SYMPTOMS HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN California Ohio Michigan Montana Pennsylvania South Dakota Australia New Zealand

71 CHARACTERIZING THATCH COLLAPSE Type II, Lectophilic Basidiomycete Circular Patches 6-18 Inches in Diameter With an Irregular Boarder Darker Green Turf from Thatch Degradation White Mycelia Present on Thatch Layer Orange Hue within Infested Thatch Symptoms Not Limited to One Turf Species Warm and Cool-Season Turfgrasses

72 Organic Matter (%) FOUND S. STELLATUS CAUSES Significant Reduction of Organic Matter 21% 1,8 1,3 Organic Matter Content A B 0,8 0,3 Control S. stellatus infested -0,2 Treatments *Combined means followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to LSD test at α = 0.05.

74 Average Daily Growth Rate (mm) BIOLOGY OF S. STELLATUS S. stellatus Optimal Daily Growth Rate at C (70-86 F) S. stellatus Growth Rate 2 1,5 1 0, Temperature C CA MI SD

75 SUMMARY Thatch Collapse Symptoms Observed Globally S. stellatus Shown to Degrade Organic Matter Decreased Thatch Depth 28% Total Organic Matter Reduced 21% Optimal Growth at F

76 CONCLUSIONS Thatch Collapse is a New Problem in Turf Sphaerobolus stellatus is a Casual Agent Grows Optimally at 70 to 86 F Possible Management Strategies Endorse/Affirm, ProStar, Heritage, Medallion Tank Mix with Wetting Agent Water-in Topdress Regularly Treat Like Fairy Ring

77 THATCH COLLAPSE RESEARCH Isolation, Identification and Biology Thatch Degradation Enzymes Fungicide Evaluations Cultural Management Practices

79 EMERGING DISEASES OF GOLF COURSE TURFGRASS J.E. KAMINSKI,

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