Turf Disease Management: Are You Using All of the Tools in Your Toolbox? Dr. Bruce B. Clarke Rutgers University

Transcription

1 Turf Disease Management: Are You Using All of the Tools in Your Toolbox? Dr. Bruce B. Clarke Rutgers University

2 Such an Integrated Disease Management Approach seeks to : i Reduce fungicide use i Minimize non-target effects i Increase microbial diversity in soil i Enhance root and foliar growth i Improve the public s perception of the turfgrass industry Introduction Traditional turf management programs have relied heavily on fungicides for disease control Recently, a more visible trend toward non-chemical strategies i Turf managers are seeking additional tools i Increasing focus of research on non-chemical methods to complement their chemical control program

3 But, What Tools are Available to Keep Your Course in Top Notch Condition? Hyatt Hills Golf Complex

4 The Best Turf Disease Management Programs: Optimize Cultural Management Practices to reduce plant stress and limit disease development Augment traditional disease control strategies with improved methods of Biological Control Utilize Cultivars with Improved Genetic Resistance / Tolerance v Classical breeding v Use of biotechnology Maximize Chemical Control Strategies to utilize - v Improved efficacy and better application technology v Enhanced disease forecasting models v Reduced risk of fungicide chemistries and improved

5 Cultural Practices that Influence Disease Development Fertilization rate, frequency, source Soil and water ph Mowing Practices Topdressing and Incorporation Method Dew removal Cultivation Practices Soil Moisture / Irrigation Practices Plant Growth Regulators

6 Cultural Practices that Influence Disease Development Fertilization rate, frequency, source Soil and water ph Mowing Practices Topdressing and Incorporation Method Dew removal Cultivation Practices Soil Moisture / Irrigation Practices Plant Growth Regulators

7 Nutrition and Turfgrass Disease 8 of 13 essential elements have influence on one or more turfgrass diseases : Nitrogen (N) Phosphorous (P) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Iron (Fe) Sulfur (S) Manganese (Mn) Zinc (Zn) Silicon (Si)

8 Nutrition and Turfgrass Disease 8 of 13 essential elements have influence on one or more turfgrass diseases : Nitrogen (N) Phosphorous (P) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Iron (Fe) Sulfur (S) Manganese (Mn) Zinc (Zn) Silicon (Si)

9 Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Source on Turf Disease Resistance A. Increase Susceptibility to : Gray Leaf Spot Heat Stress Melting-Out Rhizoctonia Blight Summer Patch Spring Dead Spot B. Decrease Susceptibility to: Microdochium Patch Leaf Spot Pythium Blight Red Leaf Spot Anthracnose Dollar Spot Red thread Rust

10 Nitrogen deficiency can intensify diseases such as Anthracnose

11 Effect of Nitrogen Frequency on Anthracnose on a Poa annua green Rutgers University % Disease a b a b a b 0.1 lb/wk 0.1 lb/month 0 18-Jun 30-Jun 25-Jul Rating Date Clarke 2003

12 The Source of Nitrogen can Influence the Incidence and Severity of Turfgrass Diseases Anthracnose Gray leaf spot Microdochium patch Spring dead spot Summer patch Take-all patch

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14 Patch Severity Amonium SCU Nitrate Meth. Urea Urea UTC Jul 22-Jul 7-Aug 22-Aug Rating Date

15 Acidification of Soil by Nitrogen Source 4 lb N/1000 sq. ft / year Pot. Nitrate Ca. Nitrate No Nitrogen Urea Nutralene Nitroform SCU Amm. Chloride Amm. Sulfate

16 Nutrition and Turfgrass Disease 8 of 13 essential elements have influence on one or more turfgrass diseases : Nitrogen (N) Phosphorous (P) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Iron (Fe) Sulfur (S) Manganese (Mn) Zinc (Zn)

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18 Influence of Mn and Cu on Take-all Patch on a Bentgrass Fairway % Disease Incidence a a ab a b bc bc b d d Year 1 Year 2 d cd 0 0 Mn 0 Cu 0 Mn 0.7 Cu 1 Mn 0 Cu 1 Mn 0.7 Cu 2 Mn 0 CU 2 Mn 0.7 Cu Kg / ha Heckman et. al., 2003,

19 2 lb Mn / M 0 lb Mn / M

20 Cultural Practices that Influence Disease Development Fertilization rate, frequency, source Soil and water ph Mowing height and frequency (and techniques to compensate for changing mowing practices) patch diseases (Bermudagrass decline, spring dead spot, summer patch, and take-all gray leaf spot anthracnose leaf spot and melting out

21 2004 Mowing Height Effect on Anthracnose of an Annual Bluegrass Green Rutgers University inch inch inch % Disease Jul 13-Aug 27-Aug 10-Sep 24-Sep 8-Oct

22 31 August inch inch

23 Influence of Lightweight Rolling on Anthracnose of an Annual Bluegrass Green- Rutgers Sidewinder Roller Vibratory Roller None % Disease % Disease May 7-Jun 17-Jun 27-Jun 7-Jul 17-Jul 27-Jul 6-Aug Date

24 Cultural Practices that Influence Disease Development Fertilization rate, frequency, source Soil and water ph Mowing Practices Topdressing and Incorporation Method Dew removal Cultivation Practices Soil Moisture / Irrigation Practices Plant Growth Regulators

25 No Sand 1.0 ft ft ft ft -2 Topdressing improves surface characteristics Firmer surface raises effective height of cut Deeper crowns reducing stress

26 No Sand Sand 1 ft 3 /1,000ft 2 28 days No Sand Sand 1 ft 3 /1,000ft 2 every 7 days

27 Cultural Practices that Influence Disease Development Fertilization rate, frequency, source Soil and water ph Mowing Practices Topdressing and Incorporation Method Dew removal Cultivation Practices Soil Moisture / Irrigation Practices Plant Growth Regulators

28 Dragging fairways Image courtesy Keith Happ

29 Dew - Daconil Ultrex AM/ dew AM/ no dew Daconil Ultrex (1.8 oz) 1.2 gal/1,000 sq ft water carrier Daconil Ultrex provided better dollar spot control when dew was displaced in the AM (McDonald and Dernoeden, 2007)

30 Cultural Practices that Influence Disease Development Fertilization rate, frequency, source Soil and water ph Mowing Practices Topdressing and Incorporation Method Dew removal Cultivation Practices Soil Moisture / Irrigation Practices Plant Growth Regulators

31 Diseases Enhanced by Compaction Anthracnose basal rot Necrotic ring spot Pythium root rot Summer patch Take-all patch

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33 Effect of Compaction/Aerification on Summer Patch Severity of an Annual Bluegrass Fairway Compaction Aerification HVY (4X) HVY (2X) MOD (4X) MOD (2X) Non Comp Dp: S Dp: S & F Dp: F Sh: S Sh: S & F Sh: F None Mean Significant Difference = 1.2 cm; Clarke, Rutgers University, 1993

34 Cultural Practices that Influence Disease Development Fertilization rate, frequency, source Soil and water ph Mowing Practices Topdressing and Incorporation Method Dew removal Cultivation Practices Soil Moisture / Irrigation Practices Plant Growth Regulators

35 Leaf Wetness Period / Soil Moisture and Disease Enhanced by leaf wetness: Pythium blight brown patch dollar spot gray leaf spot Drechslera leaf spots Enhanced by high soil moisture: patch diseases Pythium blight Pythium rot root brown patch Enhanced by low soil moisture: red thread dollar spot gray leaf spot anthracnose

36 Irrigation Practices Influence on Anthracnose of an Annual Bluegrass Green % ET 80% ET 60% ET 40% ET 60 Disease (%) Jun 21-Jun 5-Jul 19-Jul 2-Aug 16-Aug

37 Cultural Practices that Influence Disease Development Fertilization rate, frequency, source Soil and water ph Mowing Practices Topdressing and Incorporation Method Dew removal Cultivation Practices Soil Moisture / Irrigation Practices Plant Growth Regulators

38 Murphy et. al., 2004 Interaction of Trinexapac-ethyl and Mefluidide on Anthracnose on an Annual Bluegrass Green ME +TE ME*TE 40 % Disease Jun 7-Jul 5-Aug 30-Aug

39 The Best Turf Disease Management Programs: Optimize Cultural Management Practices to reduce plant stress and limit disease development Augment traditional disease control strategies with improved methods of Biological Control

40 Turfgrass biocontrol Biological Controls for Turfgrass Diseases Product name Actinovate Companion DiTera EcoGuard Spot-Less Rapsody RootShield/TurfShield Mycostop Mix (Primastop) Pathogen Targets Soilborne pathogens Brown patch; Summer Patch; Pythium Blight Nematodes Dollar spot (low and moderate pressure) Dollar spot Anthracnose; brown patch; dollar spot; powdery mildew; rust Brown patch; dollar spot; many soilborne pathogens Many

41 There Have Been Successes!

42 Suppression of Summer Patch by the Commercial Biological Control Product, Companion 45 % Plot Area Symptomatic Untreated Companion Companion + Banner Companion + Heritage Banner Maxx Heritage 8/2/1999 8/9/1999 8/16/1999 8/23/1999 8/30/1999 9/6/1999 9/13/1999 9/20/1999 Rating Date Majumdar et al., 2000

43 Efficacy of Bacillus licheniformis for the Control of Dollar Spot in Crenshaw Creeping Bentgrass # Lesion Centers / plot Eco 20/14 Eco 20/14 Alt w/chipco 3 fl oz Eco 20/14 Thres w/chipco 3 fl oz Dac 3.2 oz /14 UTC 0 19-Jul 30-Jul 10-Aug 21-Aug Clarke et. al., 2002

44 Hsiang, 2000 Green plots were treated with Typhula phacorrhiza to control gray snow mold

45 The Best Turf Disease Management Programs: Optimize Cultural Management Practices to reduce plant stress and limit disease development Augment traditional disease control strategies with improved methods of Biological Control Utilize Cultivars with Improved Genetic Resistance / Tolerance v Classical breeding Significant improvements in resistance to many diseases including: gray leaf spot (PRG), dollar spot (bents), leaf spot (KBG), brown patch (tall fescue)

46 Bentgrass Cultivar Classification of Dollar Spot Resistance* Most Tolerant Moderately Tolerant Moderately Susceptible 007 Authority Alpha Century Highly Susceptible 13M L-93 Bengal Crenshaw Benchmark DSR Penn A-1 Backspin Imperial Declaration Penn A-2 Grand Prix Independence Kingpin Penncross Mackenzie 18 th Green Pennlinks II Pennlinks Penn A-4 Memorial Seaside Penneagle II Seaside II Penn G-1 SR 1150 Penn G-2 Penn G-6 Princeville Providence Shark Southshore SR 1119 *Table developed from data from the 1998 and 2003 NTEP *and bentgrass trials at Rutgers University

47 18 th Green Declaration (HTE)

48 Variety selection

49 Dramatic Improvements in Gray Leaf Spot Resistance over the past 5 Years Ph D Blend Paragon GLR

50 Perennial Ryegrass Cultivars with Improved Resistance to Gray Leaf Spot (FS 1048 turf.rutgers.edu/) 1G 2 1G2 All*Star 3 Apple GL Charismatic I GLSR Dart Derby Xtreme DP 1 (Soprano) Exacta II GLSR* Fiesta 4* GL 2 Harrier Manhattan 5 GLR Palace Palmer IV Palmer V Palmer GLS Panther GLS Paragon GLR Prelude GLS Primary Protégé GLR Regal 5 Repel GLS Revenge GLX Secretariat II GLSR SR 4600 Stellar GL

51 The Best Turf Disease Management Programs: Optimize Cultural Management Practices to reduce plant stress and limit disease development Augment traditional disease control strategies with improved methods of Biological Control Utilize Cultivars with Improved Genetic Resistance / Tolerance v Classical breeding Significant improvements in resistance to many diseases including: gray leaf spot (PRG), dollar spot (bents), leaf spot (KBG), brown patch (tall fescue) But there is a need for improved resistance to anthracnose, patch diseases, rusts, stripe smut, and Pythium diseases

52 The Best Turf Disease Management Programs: Optimize Cultural Management Practices to reduce plant stress and limit disease development Augment traditional disease control strategies with improved methods of Biological Control Utilize Cultivars with Improved Genetic Resistance / Tolerance v Classical breeding v Use of biotechnology

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54 Agricultural Biotechnology Acceptance Planted Biotech Acres Other crops Canola Cotton Corn Soybean Number of countries planting biotech crops reached acreage grew more than 10% Biotech acreage share GLOBAL U.S. Soybean 51% 84% Cotton 20% 81% Canola 12% 80% Corn 9% 40% Source : ISAAA, and Monsanto Estimate (Yelverton)

55 The Best Turf Disease Management Programs: Optimize Cultural Management Practices to reduce plant stress and limit disease development Augment traditional disease control strategies with improved methods of Biological Control Utilize Cultivars with Improved Genetic Resistance / Tolerance v Classical breeding v Use of biotechnology Maximize Chemical Control Strategies to utilize v Improved efficacy and better application technology

56 Enhancing Fungicide Performance with Improved Application Technology Sprayer Calibration Water ph Dollar Spot Water Volume Nozzle Selection

57 Source: Journal of Extension Fidanza et al (

58 Different water volume depending on products. 59% 41% Same water volume for everything. Source: Journal of Extension Fidanza et al ( n= 42

59 Nozzle Types XR and XRC TeeJet TwinJet Turbo TeeJet Flat Fan Spray Pattern TurfJet AI TeeJet (Air Induction) Turbo TwinJet Raindrop Hollow Cone Spray Pattern

60 Nozzle Coverage Water sensitive paper turns blue when it makes contact with water Raindrop TurfJet XR nozzle Airinduction 50 GPA = 1.15 gallons per 1000 sq. ft.

61 Impact of Water Volume and Nozzle Type on Dollar Spot Control Number of lesion Centers gal/1000 ft² 1.8 oz/ M) AI Turbo XR Del. Untr. Nozzle Type Research Conducted for Rutgers Field Day

62 The Best Turf Disease Management Programs: Optimize Cultural Management Practices to reduce plant stress and limit disease development Augment traditional disease control strategies with improved methods of Biological Control Utilize Cultivars with Improved Genetic Resistance / Tolerance v Classical breeding v Use of biotechnology Maximize Chemical Control Strategies to utilize v Improved efficacy and better application technology v Enhanced disease forecasting models v Reduced risk of fungicide chemistries and improved

63 Thank You for Your Attention This Presentation can be found at turf.rutgers.edu