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1 pcfruit PROEFCENTRUM FRUITTEELT VZW Integrated pest management in pip fruit orchards and the challenge to control stink bugs (Pentatomidae) Integrated Pest Management in horticulture: research for practice 07/03/2013 dr. ir. Tim Beliën Gertie Peusens pcfruit vzw IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 1
2 Pip fruit growing: A lot of potential pest outbreaks Apple sawfly Rusty leaf mite Rosy apple aphid Green capsid bug Winter moth Aphid eggs Rosy apple aphid Codling moth Leaf miners Apple grass aphid Winter eggs red spider mite Apple blossom weevil Leafrollers, fruit tortrix moth Apple leaf midge Apple mussel scale Woolly apple aphid Control sprayings APPLE Winter voorbloei Tijdens bloei nabloei Mei - augustus Vanaf 4w v oogst Na oogst PEAR Winter eggs red spider mite Pear leaf blister mite Pear aphid Leafrollers, fruit tortrix moth Codling moth Pear sucker Pear leaf midge sinuate pear borer Eggs pear sucker Pear midge Rusty leaf mite Winter moth Stink bugs Leafrollers, fruit tortrix moth IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 2
3 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) The rational application of a combination of biological, biotechnical, chemical, cultural or plant-breeding measures, whereby the use of plant protection products is limited to the strict minimum necessary to maintain the pest population at levels below those causing economically unacceptable damage or loss. From calendar (preventive) sprayings with broad-spectrum products to economic threshold sprayings with selective products Beneficial arthropod populations increase and redress the balance between pests and their natural control agents, resulting in fewer catastrophic occurrences of crop damage EC Directive 2009/128: 2014, all pest control activity in agriculture in EU Member States should be conducted within an IPM framework In Belgian pip fruit growing: IPM adoption already in 90-ties IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 3
4 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Key principles of IPM in pip fruit growing Apple: key beneficial: predatory mite Thyphlodromus pyri for control of spider mites (Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychus urticae) and rust mites (Aculus schlechtendali) Pear: key beneficial: predatory bugs (Anthocoris, Orius sp.) for control of pear suckers (Psyllids, Cacopsylla pyri) IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 4
5 Life cycle pear sucker Overwintering adults First generation Second generation 3 rd - 4 th generation Last generation Februar March April May June July August Septem October Novem Decem Jan adults eggs larvaes IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 5
6 Controlling pear sucker spring Overwintering adults First generation February March April May adults eggs larvaes kaolin (multiple) pyrethroids Min. 200 adults /100 beatings oil thiacloprid IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 6
7 Summer control pear sucker irst generation Second generation 3rd-4th generation Last generation May June July August September O Predatory bugs thiamethoxam / thiacloprid / potassium bicarbonate spirodiclofen potassium bicarbonate abamectin /(spinosad) adults eggs larvaes spirotetramat IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 7
8 Pre treatments Consequences for IPM system? 1st generation, before (pyrethroid against adults, oil or repellent, thiacloprid on young larvae) + Anthocoris sp. IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 8
9 Field trials: Determining of side effects OBJECT 1st gen eggs (Ref Appl. A) 1st gen larvae (Ref. Appl. B) 2nd gen hatching eggs (Ref. Appl. C) spirodiclofen (+ adjuvant) 2. - pyrethroid spirodiclofen (+ adjuvant) 3. - thiacloprid spirodiclofen (+ adjuvant) 4. kaolin a or mineral oil 5. kaolin a or mineral oil - spirodiclofen (+ adjuvant) - spirodiclofen (+ adjuvant) a 1or 3 applications, b 1 or no application 2nd gen larvae (Ref. Appl. D) spirodiclofen (+ adjuvant) b spirodiclofen (+ adjuvant) b spirodiclofen (+ adjuvant) b spirodiclofen (+ adjuvant) b abamectin b Materials & Methods Random block design, macroplots (min.40 trees) (mobile insects), 4 replicates Treatments with knapsack sprayer, Leaf Wall Area (LWA) dose expression Sampling of Anthocorids larvae and adults by fixed number of beatings per plot (10-20): One beating = 3 short solid beatings per branch, on 3 randomly chosen branches in centre of plot. Predatory bugs caught in beating tray (min. 40 cm x 50 cm) + counted for each plot. Number of larvae/adults registered separately. Assessment of mortality (side effect): Formula Abbott (%): Side effect = ((C T)/C) * 100 C = average degree of beneficial population in untreated object T = average degree of beneficial population in treated object Statistical analysis: homogeneity of variances test(transformations), ANOVA: multiple comparisons (Duncan, Newman Keuls) or Friedman (two-way ANOVA) IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 9
10 Anthocoris nemoralis & Cacopsylla pyri population dynamics 7 locations FLOWERING First flowers open: 07/04 Full bloom: 14/04 End of : 05/ Psylla pyri adults Psylla pyri eggs Psylla pyri larvae Psylla eggs 2nd gen Psylla larvae 2nd gen Anthocoris adults Anthocoris Larvae Orius adults Numbers per 10 shoot/clusters or beatings IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/
11 Mean number of Anthocoris larvae or adults Example of results for one location No statistical differences! larvae (dotted lines) adults (solid lines) 6 4 C 2 0 ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ENVIDOR Check + TREND / spirodiclofen 90 (D) + adjuvant (D) DECIS pyrethroid (C) / ENVIOR + TREND (C) 90 /(D) spirodiclofen + adjuvant (D) CALYPSO thiacloprid 480 SC + TREND + 90 adjuvant (C) / (C) / spirodiclofen + adjuvant (D) ENVIDOR + TREND 90 (D) SURROUND kaolin (AB) (AB) / ENVIDOR / spirodiclofen + TREND + adjuvant (D) 90 (D) kaolin (AB) / spirodiclofen + adjuvant (D), abamectin (E) SURROUND (AB) / ENVIDOR + TREND 90 (D) / VERTIMEC (E) IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/
12 Conclusion for IPM system pear No stastistical differences between check and thiacloprid objects in larvae of Anthocoris sp. in 5 large scale trials When statistical differences are found in the number of adults, no differences are found between thiacloprid and the selective IPM references thiacloprid can be used on a selective way when applied before, before appearance of Anthocoris sp. in the orchard = Selectivity based on timing of application IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/
13 IPM in pear orchards Only selective plant protection products New challenges: increasing populations of secondary pests economic threshold IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/
14 IPM in pear orchards Only selective plant protection products New challenges: increasing populations of secondary pests economic threshold Stink bug damage! Rhaphigaster nebulosa Peribalus strictus Pentatoma rufipes Palomena prasina Asopinae: beneficial! Timing treatments /selectivity: which is causing main damage? How is life cycle? IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/
15 Stink bugs in pear orchards Which species is mainly responsible for increasing damage? R. nebulosa P. prasina P. rufipes P. rufipes correlation - damage pears IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/
16 IPM control method: beat and kill Location Method Total P. Rufipes stink bugs Other stink bugs % damage Mean % damage Huldenberg Beat and kill Total Meensel Beat and kill total Abbott control 29.9 % 5.4 % Very labor intensive: variable efficacy results IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/
17 Aantal wantsen op 50 bomen Stink bugs in pear orchards Population dynamics of Pentatoma rufipes? Life stage Huldenberg Ezemaal Assent Huldenberg Meensel Kerkom Assent N2 15/3 1/3 20/3 < 15/4 15/3 N /4 16/4 12/4 15/4 totaal 19/4 20/4 16/4 N4 5/5 2/5 8/5 5/5 3/5 13/5 1/5 40 N5 29/5 8/6 29/5 19/5 19/5 26/5 10/5 adult 16/7* 5/7 25/6 30/5 30/6 7/7 13/6 30 N1 <15/9 <15/9 <2/9 N /9 15/9 2/9 (3/10) 10 Methods March-November, 0 population of true bugs in 4 pear orchards (cv. Conférence) was monitored by beating 3 times on 3 shoots of 50 trees twice a month. Collected bugs were identified (species, life stage, sex) and counted. Dynamica van P. rufipes (2011, Huldenberg) 15/apr 5/mei 19/mei 30/mei 23/jun 11/jul 15/sep 13/okt adult N4 N2 N5 N3 N1 Overwintering as nymph! IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/
18 Stink bugs in pear orchards Field trial: control efficacy sprayings Methods - Randomized microplot block design (6 trees/plot, 4 plots/treatment) in two pear orchards (cv. Conférence) using a motorized knapsack sprayer Obj Product Check (untreated) Active ingredient Dose rate 1 Tracer 480 EC Spinosad 0.3 l/lwa 2 Tracer 480 EC Spinosad 0.3 l/lwa 3 Tracer 480 EC Spinosad 0.3 l/lwa App Application time 1 March 15 (early season) 1 April 1 (before bloom) 1 April 19 (after bloom) - Assessments of P. rufipes in May and in June, - Assessments of damaged fruit (%) in July - Efficacy calculated as corrected mortality (%) according to Abbott (1925). 4 Tracer 480 EC Spinosad 0.3 l/lwa 5 naturabell Bio insect 180 EC 6 naturabell Bio insect 180 EC 7 naturabell Bio insect 180 EC 8 naturabell Bio insect 180 EC Pyrethrum + Piperonylbut Pyrethrum + Piperonylbut Pyrethrum + Piperonylbut Pyrethrum + Piperonylbut 2 March 15 + April 19 3 l/lwa 1 March 15 (early season) 3 l/lwa 1 April 1 (before bloom) 3 l/lwa 1 April 19 (after bloom) 3 l/lwa 2 March 15 + April 19 IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/
19 Mean number P. rufipes (4 trees) % Abbott efficacy Stink bugs in pear orchards Field trial: control efficacy sprayings Presence of P. rufipes (Huldenberg 9/5/2011) mid-march (early) before mid-march + after after (late) mid-march (early) before mid-march + after after (late) Check spinosad (Tracer) pyrethroid (Compo Naturabell Bio Insect) IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/
20 Mean fruit damage (4 trees) % Abbott efficacy Stink bugs in pear orchards Field trial: control efficacy sprayings Stink bug mediated fruit damage (Huldenberg, 26/7/2011) a ab b c bc bc b bc ab mid-march (early) before mid-march + after after (late) mid-march (early) before mid-march + after after (late) 0 Check spinosad (Tracer) pyrethroid (Compo Naturabell Bio Insect) IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/
21 Damage fruits / control efficacy (%) Stink bugs in pear orchards Field trial: control efficacy sprayings Field trial: treatments after harvest 2011 and before a ab a ab b 10 0 after harvest after harvest + before after harvest after harvest + before Check spinosad pyrethrum % damage unsellable % damage sellable % Abbott IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/
22 Conclusion stink bug control pear (IPM/organic) Forest bug Pentatoma rufipes is main stink bug pest species in pear In contrast to many other stink bugs, P. rufipes overwinters on the fruit trees as small nymphs become active early in the spring and cause damage to the fruits before and after bloom. Timing treatments crucial: directed on (more sensitive) nymphs! Control efficacy is depending on timing and products used. spinosad: best efficacies around/after pyrethroid: best efficacies after harvest and before IPM system: differences in side effects (pyrethroid = broad spectrum) on beneficial arthropods (predatory bugs etc..) have to be considered in timing of the treatments. Timing of treatments = crucial aspect in IPM IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/
23 Thanks to Colleagues pcfruit vzw CRA-W pcfruit PROEFCENTRUM FRUITTEELT VZW FOD Volksgezondheid RF 10/6231 PENTA-in-TOMIDAE IWT LA/ CCBT Phytopharmaceutical companies for support field trials / product development Fruit growers for trial orchards And you for your attention! IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/
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