Basic Hop Physiology & Stages of Production
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1 Basic Hop Physiology & Stages of Production 1600 River Road Yakima, WA Presenter: Sarah Del Moro, CPC, MS Soil Science Agronomist John I. Haas, Inc. Copyright 2015 John I. Haas, Inc., except where noted. Unauthorized reproduction without permission is prohibited.
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4 Getting Started Hops in Michigan? Growing Pains Considerations Cultivar Selection
5 Where to Start? Thinking about hops! over a beer perhaps? There are many things to consider Locations of U.S. hop production: Washington: 74% Oregon: 14% Idaho: 10% Other States: 2% U.S. hop economic value: $ 272 million in 2014 Crop value has been turbulent Source: USDA-NASS, prepared by Hop Growers of America
6 Getting Started Thinking About Hops? Agriculture is an important industry in MI! 2 nd only to CA in U.S. for crop diversity Although CA leads in U.S. for economic activity generated from agriculture (~$100 bil.) according to Wikipedia Source: Michigan Ag Council (
7 Getting Started Thinking About Hops? Agriculture is an important industry in MI! 2 nd only to CA in U.S. for crop diversity Although CA leads in U.S. for economic activity generated from agriculture (~$100 bil.) according to Wikipedia Agriculture, especially when diverse, is a GOOD economic driver Healthy, more buffered, fun Interest in hop production is not surprising
8 Getting Started Growing Pains Increasing acreage of hops is expensive relative to other crops Labor Pesticides & Fertilizer Equipment Infrastructure (can cost millions of dollars) Picking machine Kiln Cooling/conditioning, baling, and storage
9 Getting Started Considerations Climate Day length drives hop maturity (photoperiod sensitive) Latitude determines day length Heat determines growth during each stage
10 50 th Parallel 40 th Parallel 30 th Parallel
11 Getting Started Considerations Climate Day length drives production stages (photoperiod sensitive) Latitude determines day length Heat determines growth during each stage Soil type Physical: soil texture, drainage Chemical: ph and nutrients Biological: microbes, organic matter, etc.
12 Getting Started Considerations Climate Day length drives hop maturity (photoperiod sensitive) Latitude determines day length Heat determines growth during each stage Soil type Physical: soil texture Chemical: ph and nutrients Biological: microbes, organic matter, etc. Most suitable cultivar?
13 Getting Started Source: USDA-NASS, prepared by Hop Growers of America Cultivar Selection What do brewers want? New Local Consistent Quality Public versus private cultivars Public: commercially available Private: usually grown on the farm or with select neighbors of the breeder Cultivars that seem to do well in NE? Cascade Centennial
14 Basic Hop Physiology Phylogeny Roots and Rhizomes The Bine and Aboveground Plant Dioecious Flowers Components of the Hop
15 Basic Hop Physiology Hop Phylogeny Family: Cannabaceae Cannabis C. sativa Humulus spp. H. lupulus H. japonicas H. yunnanensis H. lupulus variety we cultivate: H. lupulus var. lupulus Other, infertile varieties: H. lupulus var. cordifolius H. lupulus var. lupuloides H. lupulus var. neomexicanus H. lupulus var. pubescens (Neve, 1991)
16 Basic Hop Physiology Root System Water roots: Grow deep in soil Location of plant s energy reserves Crown: Large, central mass of roots Produces many shoots Rhizomes: Produce buds that become new spring growth Can be extracted to plant new hop yards Typically found closer to surface Covering bines with soil creates more rhizomes Fine Roots Rhizome/root system will grow extensively if not managed
17 Basic Hop Physiology Aboveground Growth Aboveground plant is annual Dies back in fall and plant goes into dormancy Bines grow rapidly in ideal conditions: Up to per season Up to one foot per day
18 ~25 Hops (C3 plant) have a growth rate that exceeds that of corn and sorghum (C4 plants)
19 Basic Hop Physiology Aboveground Growth Aboveground plant is annual Dies back in fall and plant goes into dormancy Bines grow rapidly in ideal conditions: Up to per season Up to one foot per day Wrap clockwise around anything within reach Source:
20 Basic Hop Physiology Aboveground Growth Aboveground plant is annual Dies back in fall and plant goes into dormancy Bines grow rapidly in ideal conditions: Up to per season Up to one foot per day Wrap clockwise around anything within reach Phototropic (light) and thigmotropic (touch) mechanism Source:
21 Basic Hop Physiology Aboveground Growth
22 Basic Hop Physiology Aboveground Growth Colorized scanning electron microscope image of hop trichome. Photographed at Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany by Dr. Andre Kempe
23 Basic Hop Physiology Aboveground Growth Aboveground plant is annual Dies back in fall and plant goes into dormancy Bines grow rapidly in ideal conditions: Up to per season Up to one foot per day Wrap clockwise around anything within reach Phototropic (light) and thigmotropic (touch) mechanism Lateral side arms extend from the bines
24 Basic Hop Physiology Flowers Dioecious: plants are either male or female (there are some exceptions) Male Flowers Female Flowers
25 Basic Hop Physiology Flowers Dioecious: plants are either male or female (there are some exceptions) Female plants produce commercially valued strobiles, or hop cones Male plants are valued for breeding Pollination undesirable in commercial fields: Seeds Increased cone size
26 Basic Hop Physiology The Hop Cone Hop cones contain the commercial value of the plant
27 Basic Hop Physiology The Hop Cone Hop cones contain the commercial value of the plant Amazing phytochemical content in lupulin glands! 100+ essential oil compounds Important alpha acids, beta acids and resins
28 Basic Hop Physiology The Hop Cone Hop cones contain the commercial value of the plant Amazing phytochemical content in lupulin glands! 100+ essential oil compounds Important alpha acids, beta acids and resins Lupulin glands are actually modified trichomes (glandular trichomes) Source:
29 Basic Hop Physiology The Hop Cone Isolation of glandular trichomes from female hop bracts A. Glandular trichomes at the base of the female bracteole B. Female bracteole after trichome isolation C. Isolated glandular trichomes Source: American Society of Plant Biologists ( Lupulin glands account for 20-30% of cone weight
30 Stages of Production Dormancy Planting and Spring Regrowth Vegetative Growth Reproductive Growth Harvest Preparation for Dormancy
31 Stages of Production Determined by photoperiod Shorter day lengths signal maturity Longer day lengths signal vegetative growth Different cultivars respond to different photoperiodic signals
32 Stages of Production Determined by photoperiod Shorter day lengths signal maturity Longer day lengths signal vegetative growth Different cultivars respond to different photoperiodic signals Length of vegetative growth stages will also vary depending on cultivar and climate Stages of production will take place at different times in PNW than MI Each hop growing region must identify their norm
33 Stages of Production Dormancy Onset: Can be September through November Shoots and fine roots die Storage roots thicken and accumulate starch Large resting buds develop
34 Stages of Production Dormancy Onset: Can be September through November Shoots and fine roots die Storage roots thicken and accumulate starch Large resting buds develop Fieldwork: Cut back overgrown roots Apply pre-emergent herbicides and compost Work the ground Set up new hop yards
35 Stages of Production Planting a New Crop New commercial hops come from clonal sources; genetically identical to parent material Rhizomes Cuttings No matter what form is used, start with virus and disease free Left, Dark discoloration of rhizomes infected with Pseudoperonospora humuli. Right, Healthy rhizome. (C. B. Skotland)
36 Stages of Production Planting a New Crop New commercial hops come from clonal sources; genetically identical to parent material Rhizomes Cuttings No matter what form is used, start with virus and disease free Several hop yard schemes Most common in U.S.: 18.5 tall x 14 between rows x 3.5 between plants Many other layouts: Row spacing: between 7 and 14 Between plant spacing: at least 1 Low-trellis options
37 Stages of Production Planting Rhizomes Rhizome pieces and crowns can be planted directly into new fields Low temperatures are ok A: Mature rhizome from main planting, B: rhizomes from layered, buried bine. Drawn by R.F. Farrar (Neve, 1991)
38 Stages of Production Planting Rhizomes Rhizome pieces and crowns can be planted directly into new fields Low temperatures are ok Rhizome pieces can also be propagated in pots Kept in greenhouses or cold-frames for planting later in the season (after dormancy period) Requires period of exposure to the elements before direct planting Longer shoots must be cut Typically planted after frost season More expensive
39 Stages of Production Cuttings prepared for propagation (Neve, 1991) Planting Softwood Cuttings Softwood cuttings are typically one or two nodes Generally not preferred over direct planted or potted rhizomes Weaker tissue, requires delicate establishment of roots More time, greenhouse space and resources Used to increase acreage of new cultivars with limited parent material Can get thousands of new plants from one
40 Stages of Production Spring Regrowth Onset: Typically March through May Signaled by increasing day length and temperatures Storage roots are depleted as shoots emerge rapidly from over-wintered buds
41 Stages of Production Spring Fieldwork: Pruning, Weeding, Fertilizing Chemical or mechanical pruning from March through April Goal is to prepare consistent shoot length for training and to prevent disease Established plants produce more shoots than new plantings Weeding is accomplished at same time Dry fertilizer application Split applications better As-needed basis is best
42 Stages of Production Spring Fieldwork: Twining and Irrigation Rough coir or paper Germany actually uses wire
43 Stages of Production Spring Fieldwork: Twining and Irrigation Rough coir or paper Germany actually uses wire Best yields can be attained when twine is at >65 incline Ideal rate of growth with more internodes; therefore more laterals Can depend on cultivar In PNW, drip irrigation installed along with twine Hops require about 2 acre-feet, or inches of water
44 Stages of Production Spring Fieldwork: Training Critical component of maximizing yield Too early, too much vegetation Too late, not enough vegetation Select newest shoots Soft, supple, many nodes # of shoots depends on cultivar, usually 3 Weeding and removal of older shoots is done at training
45 Stages of Production Spring Fieldwork: Training
46 Stages of Production Vegetative Growth Typically May through July From May to early July, most growth is in main bine In July, bulk of growth occurs in lateral production
47 Stages of Production Vegetative Growth Typically May through July From May to early July, most growth is in main bine In July, bulk of growth occurs in lateral production Yield is determined in the plant very early, and adding fertilizer at this stage is essential
48 Stages of Production Vegetative Growth Typically May through July From May to early July, most growth is in main bine In July, bulk of growth occurs in lateral production Yield is determined in the plant very early, and adding fertilizer at this stage is essential Goal is to have healthy crop while managing growth Smaller internode length is better
49 Stages of Production Summer Fieldwork: Pests, Diseases and Weeds Major challenges to quality are pests and diseases Other issues, while impacting yield, may not impact quality as much Healthy plants have more defenses Fertilize Irrigate Spray Basal foliage stripping Scout fields constantly, every day
50 Stages of Production Reproductive Growth Typically late July through August Vegetative productions nearly ceases Growth is concentrated on hop cones Mature cones can account for up to 50% of aboveground biomass Cannot increase number of cones Maintaining plant health will maximize cone weight and quality Fertilize Irrigate Spray
51 Stages of Production Harvest Timing determined by cone moisture Can be mid-august to early October depending on region Many harvest methods Most common: cut and transport strings and bines to a stationary picking machine Field strippers and mobile harvesters are also used Almost always used in addition to a stationary picking machine
52 Stages of Production Harvest
53 Stages of Production Harvest
54 Stages of Production Harvest Hops are picked and cleaned in one facility
55 Stages of Production Harvest Hops are picked and cleaned in one facility Dried in the kiln
56 Stages of Production Harvest Hops are picked and cleaned in one facility Dried in the kiln Cooled and baled Source: Rogue Farms, Independence, OR
57 Stages of Production Harvest Hops are picked and cleaned in one facility Dried in the kiln Cooled and baled Then shipped to cold storage before downstream processing Source:
58 Stages of Production Preparation for Dormancy Typically end of August through September Signaled by short days Aboveground growth is over Starch and soluble sugars are transported to roots Accumulation in roots peaks by October Important to continue irrigating through this stage
59 Re-cap There are many things to consider about growing hops Hops are physiologically complex New cultivars are continuously developed Stages of production require different management schemes Requires thinking ahead; each growth stage pre-determines the next few stages
60 Take Home Message Quality is the #1 goal: Value will be realized in the quality you produce To achieve consistent quality, know your plants and your environment Can be a lot of work and expense while not always a high value Next steps are to collect a lot of information The management decisions you make will depend on your specific region How do you know if your management scheme is optimal? How do you measure a response?
61 Thank You!
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