Irradiation of Star apple and cut flowers
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1 Eighth Annual Chapman University Phytosanitary Irradiation Forum June 13-15, 2018 Centara Lad Prao, Bangkok, Thailand Irradiation of Star apple and cut flowers Presented by Nguyen Thi Ly Research and Development Center for Radiation Technology (VINAGAMMA) Vietnam Atomic Energy Institute (VINATOM)
2 Contents I. IRRADIATION OF STAR APPLE FRUITS Introduction Method Results and discussion II. IRRADIATION OF FRESH CUT FLOWERS Status of export cut flowers in Vietnam EB irradiation of cut flowers for quarantine purpose Combination of pre-treatment and irradiation to prolongate flower s vase-life
3 INTRODUCTION Mekong Delta in Vietnam Many kinds of fruits in Mekong delta
4 INTRODUCTION 16 Export Fruits of Vietnam have a good opportunity to export to US According to its commitment in accession to the WTO and trade promotion program, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) has announced sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) database of 16 kinds of fruits to be exported to the US 1. Dragon (2008) 2. Rambutan (2011) 3. Longan (2014) 4. Litchi (2014) 5. Star apple (2017) 6. Mango (2017) 7. Pomelo 8. Banana 9. Pineapple 10. Watermelon. 11. Sapodilla 12. Durian 13. Guava 14. Plum 15. Jack-fruit 16. Rose-apple fruit
5 INTRODUCTION Star apple fruits (chrysophyllum cainito) from Vietnam are allowed to be imported to US since July 2017 by USDA/APHIS. Star apple fruits must be irradiated at 400 Gy minimum absorbed dose to quarantine. - Famous star apple fruit: Lo Ren and purple -Harvested time: December to March - Rich of nutrients.
6 INTRODUCTION Pest and diseases risk assessment of star apple fruit Pests with highest risk potential (fruit borer) Pests with high risk potential (fruit flies) Pests with medium risk potential (mealybugs) Diseases with high risk potential (fungi) -Nephopterix sp. (Pyralidae Lepidoptera) -Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) -Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) -Icerya sp. (Homoptera:Margarodid ae) - Lasiodiplodia theobromae fruit borer larvae Fruit fly larvae & adult Mealybugs: Icerya sp. Fungi
7 METHODS Checking color Clean Let them dry Irradiating at doses of 400Gy, 600 Gy, 800Gy, 1kGy by EB or Cobalt-60 1/ Effect of Gamma and EB irradiation on quality of star apple 2/ Effect of Gamma and EB irradiation on insects, fungi infested on star apples Insect infestation assessment 3/ Determination of dose distribution on the carton of products 4/ Synergistic effect of combined treatment on Star Apple at trading condition Determited solid solute Store at ambient temperature
8 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of Gamma and EB irradiation on quality of star apple after 6 days stored at room temprature (27ºC±2, RH 70-80%) Dose Lo Ren star apple Purple star apple Type of Irr. (kgy) Brix Weight loss (%) a* Brix Weight loss (%) b* ±0.5ª 0.27±0.01ª ± 0.74 a 11.7 ± 0.4ª 0.23 ± 0.06 a ± 1.17 a ±1.7ª 0.25±0.05ª ± 0.76 ab 11.0 ± 0.3ª 0.33 ± 0.06 ab ± 1.20 b EB ±0.3ª 0.26±0.02ª ± 0.86 ab 11.5 ± 0.5ª 0.26 ± 0.1 ab ± 1.25 b ±0.8ª 0.36±0.01 b ± 0.83 b 11.7 ± 0.6ª 0.32 ± 0.11 ab ± 1.95 b ±1ª 0.37±0.09 c ± 0.89 c 11.7 ± 0.6ª 0.37 ± 0.22 ab ± 2.50 b ±0.7ª b 0.31±0.06ª ± 1.34 a 11.9 ± 0.6ª 0.33 ± 0.04 a 9.78 ± 0.63 a ±1.3 ab 0.3±0.03ª ± 0.80 a 11.6 ± 1.2ª 0.29 ± 0.01 a ± 1.88 b γ ray ±0.3 ab 0.33±0.03ª b ± 1.26 a 11.4 ± 1.7ª 0.33 ± 0.06 a ± 1.94 ab ±0.9 ab 0.36±0.01 b ± 1.10 a 11.5 ± 2.3ª 0.32 ± 0.02 a ± 0.82 b ±0.3 a 0.38±0.01 b ± 1.40 a 11.8 ± 0.3ª 0.35 ± 0.06 a ± 1.01 b The same letter in the column is insignificant difference (t-test, P= ).
9 EB γ ray Star apple after 9 days at room temperature
10 EB γ ray Lo Ren star apple after 1 day treatment by Irradiation and keep at room temperature (T=27±2 C; RH: 85±5%)
11 EB Purple star apple after 1 day treatment by Irradiation and keep at room temperature (T=27±2 C; RH: 85±5%) γ ray
12 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effects of gamma and EB irradiation to pathogenic fungi and pest insects infesting on star apples Subjects Pest insects Molds/fungi Dose (kgy) EB γ ray 3d 6d 9d 3d 6d 9d 0 (Control) (Control) (-), (+), and (++) were not appearance, beginning appearance and a lot appearance, respectively (15 fruits/observation time)
13 Comparison of resistance of fungal spores Lasiodiplodia theobromae isolated from fresh star apples to gamma and electron beam radiation. Log10 CFU/mL y = x R² = y = x R² = Gamma EB Log10 CFU/mL y = -7.74x R² = y = -5.33x R² = GM+ NaDCC 20 ppm EB + NaDCC 20ppm Dose (kgy) Dose (kgy) Survivial curves for conidiospores Lasiodiplodia theobromae following gamma and EB treatment Survival curves for conidiospores Lasiodiplodia theobromae following gamma and EB combined with NaDCC treatment D 10 value is 0.95 kgy and 1.1 kgy for gamma and EB respectively D 10 value reduced to 0.13 kgy (for NaDCC + GI) and 0.19 kgy (for NaDCC + EbI) in combination 6/18/2018 RC No DT. The; CV. Chung; NT. Ly 13
14 Spores and hyphae of Lasiodiplodia theobromae under microscope in combined treatment of irradiations and NaDCC: 20ppm NaDCC + 0 kgy (A); 20ppm NaDCC kgy Gamma irradiation (B) & 20ppm NaDCC kgy EB irradiation (C) Control NaD. 20ppm + 0 kgy NaD. 20ppm kgy NaD. 20ppm kgy Effect of combined treatment of EB irradiation and NaDCC 20ppm on Lasiodiplodia theobromae in vivo condition
15 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Determination of dose distribution on the carton of products (EB) The carton dimension: L49 W32 H12 cm 5 2 Gross weight: 4 kgs Dose distribution on the carton of products (Lo Ren and purple star apple) Parameter Lo Ren star appele Purple star aple Location Dose (Gy) DUR (Dmax/Dmin) Distribution on carton of star apple is suitable for both kinds of star apples because DUR of 1.1 (Lo Ren) and 1.07 (purple).
16
17 5-7cm Hình 15: Dose distribution inside and outside star apple fruit Purple Lo Ren Vị trí Outside Inside Outside Inside (kgy) (kgy) (kgy) (kgy) DUR of Lo Ren star apple = cm DUR of purple star apple = 2.2 To assure the quality of irradiated purple star apples mdf wedges with 1 cm of thickness were suggested to put in the carton to get lower DUR.
18 Purple star apples using mdf wedges inside the carton Dose uniformity ratio (DUR) for purple star apple before and after using mdf wedge Before After Location Inside of fruit (kgy) Outside of fruit (kgy) Inside of fruit (kgy) Outside of fruit (kgy) DUR DUR reduce form 2.2 to 1.4.
19 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Using 20 ppm NaDCC in pre-treatment before EB irradiation (dose of kgy) extended shelf-life of star apple when keeping them under the trade conditions (7 days at 9 o C in transportation by air to destination). The shelf-life of both types of star apples (13 days) was higher than the control (non- treatment. un-irradiation) (6 days) (Figure 4). Star apple fruits after 13 days under trade conditions
20 Color and disease severity of star apple during time storage under trade conditions Parameter L* disease severity L disease severity Treatment Lo Ren Star apple 0 d 7 d 10d 13 d 16 d Mean of dose ĐC ± ± ± ± ± B N - 0 Gy ± ± ± ± ± A N Gy ± ± ± ± ± B N Gy ± ± ± ± ± B Mean of time 62.27a 61,74a 61.81a 60.46a 52.63b ĐC ± ± ± A N - 0 Gy ± ± B N Gy ± ± A N Gy ± ± A Mean of time 0.71a 0.71a 0.77a 1.02b 2.08c Purple star apple ĐC ± ± ± ± ± A N - 0 Gy ± ± ± ± ± B N Gy ± ± ± ± ± B N Gy ± ± ± ± ± B Mean of time 47.10a 43.26b 40.23c 38.17d 33.73e ĐC ± ± A N - 0 Gy ± B N Gy ± B N Gy ± 0,1 1.03B Mean of time 0.71a 0.71a 0.87ab 0.95b 2.19c Mean values followed by the same letter are not significant difference at P < 0.05 Data of disease severity was transformed to (xi+0.5) 1/2
21 Vietnam must prepare 10 years for exported star apple fruit to the US.
22 Status of Exported Lo Ren star apple fruits to US Starting from September 2017 Exported Quantity: tones from December 26, 2017 to March 15, 2018 (transportation by airplane) Area (province) Export lot number Exported quantity (tons) Tien Giang Can Tho Total Required phytosanitary treatment Irradiation Price in US market: 10 USD/kg
23 Phytosanitary irradiation of cut flowers by electron beams Status of export cut flowers in Vietnam EB irradiation of cut flowers for quarantine purpose Combination of pre-treatment and irradiation to prolongate flower s vase-life
24 Vietnam s cut flower export value to Japan is approximately 6.2 million USD per year, which constitutes 1.4% of Japan's total flower imports. In the next years, this figure could increase by more than USD 8 million.
25 Insect pests infested on flowers Fig. 1: thrip Fig. 2: leafminers Fig. 3: red mites Fig. 4: green worm
26 Treatment and irradiation cut flowers: Cut flower Pre-treated EB irradiation Dosimeter: Fricke/Ag dicromat Evaluate quality of cut flowers Analyzed of variance (ANOVA) using Statgraphics 15.0 with the reliability P = 0.05.
27 Determination of dose distribution on the carton of products A B C Diagram to fix dosimeters for determine dose distribution on the carton box of Chrysanthemum Type of flower Position of fixed dosimeters Measured dose, Gy (Means) DUR (Dmax/ Dmin) Total DUR Chrysathemums A (Flower) (±0.15) B (Stem) ( ) C (Flower) Carnations A (Flower) Diagram to fix dosimeters for determine dose distribution on the carton box 1.27 of (±0.05) B (Stem) carnation ( ) C (Flower)
28 Effect of EB Irradiation on quality of cut flower Effect of EB Irradiation on color, weight loss of chrysanthemum flower after 6 days at room temperature ( T = 27ºC±2, RH = 70-80%) Parameters L a b Weight loss, % Dose (Gy) Color of flower (TB±SD) Yellow White ±2.13a 65.79±2.16a ±7.88a 51.41±5.74b ±3.72a 51.14±2.97b ±1.45a 52.55±6.71b ±1.85a -8.55±2.41a ±2.13a ±1.19ab ±0.82a ±2.73a ±0.96a ±2.71ab ±1.59a 19.66±4.87a ±6.56a 33.79±2.99ab ±1.51a 38.17±7.04b ±1.8a 30.71±12.19ab ±6.7a 10.94±4.13a ±2.08a 15.1±3.29a ±2.41a 15.63±1.57a ±1.47b 26.54±1.67b Mean of each parameter with the same letter in the column is insignificant difference (t-test, P= ).
29 Flower after 6 days at room temperature
30 Effect of EB Irradiation on color, rate of yellowed leaves of chrysanthemum after 6 days at room temperature ( T = 27ºC±2, RH = 70-80%) Parameters L Dose (Gy) Color of leaves (TB±SD) Yellow White ±7.09a 32.99±1.59a ±1.20ab 29.54±4.97a ±2.76b 31.53±8.80a ±6.26ab 33.98±4.91a a b Rate of yellowed leaves, % ±0.35a -9.84±0.62a ±1.75a -9.05±0.96a ±0.67a -9.12±0.16a ±3.12a -9.72±0.57a ±1.74ab 14.55±0.37a ±1.37b 14.48±1.28a ±0.23d 16.83±0.13b ±0.46c 18.01±2.01b ±10.67a 7.55±5.04a ±51.01a 11.93±2.66ab ±19.1a 17.04±3.18bc ±30.21a 19.73±4.96c Mean of each parameter with the same letter in the column is insignificant difference (t-test. P= ).
31 Leaves of Chrysanthemum after 6 days at room temperature
32 Effect of EB Irradiation on quality of carnation after 6 days at room temperature (T = 27ºC±2. RH = 70-80%) Parameters Dose (Gy) Red carnations (TB±SD) ±2.78a L ±1.48b ±0.44a ±1.90a a b ±1.12a ±1.88a ±1.36a ±3.59a ±2.15a ±2.21a ±0.80a ±1.92a Mean of each parameter with the same letter in the column is insignificant difference (t-test. P= ). Rate of yellowed leaves. % Weight loss. % ±4.22a ±3.13a ±5.93a ±3.21a ±0.94a ±0.9a ±0.9a ±0.59a
33 Carnation after 6 days at room temperature
34 The pattern of tolerance to irradiation in red mites was eggs < 2nd instars (deutonymphs) < adults Effect of irradiation on survival and reproduction of female adult after 15 days Dose (Gray) The number of red mites adults Mortality rate (%) Number of eggs/ female adult Hatching rate of eggs (%) ±4.31 a 2759 ± 23 a 93.6±1.46 a ±7.92 b 256 ±12.53 b 63.68±5.78 b ±7.45 c 187±10.15 c 41.5±2.08 c ±0.00 d 81.67±9.02 d 4.25±2.91 d ±0.00 d 43.33±4.73 e 0±0.00 d Mean values within same stage followed by the same letter are not significant different at P=0.05. The mortality rate of female increased after 15 days and reached to 100% at dose Gy. Viability of eggs laid by irradiated females decreased with the increase of dose. Hatchability of eggs produced by treated red mite adults at dose 300 Gy was 4.25%. However. the number 1st instars (protonymphs) of F1 generation did not develop to 2nd instars during the observed time
35 Using Glucose + STS to treat cut flowers before irradiation will increase their radiotolerance when keeping under the trade conditions (5 days at 4-6 C in transportation). The vase-life of irradiated cut flowers is equivalent to the control (non-treatment. unirradiation) with 4 days for yellow chrysanthemum; 6 days for white chrysanthemum and 8-10 days for carnation (Figure 5) control, 2. Glucose + STS + 0 Gy 3. Glucose + STS Gy 4. Glucose + STS Gy STS: Sodium thiosulfate
36
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