Proposed New CBD Bypass Road in Hermanus:

Transcription

1 Proposed New CBD Bypass Road in Hermanus: Visual Impact Assessment Report Prepared for EFG Engineers and ice Group Report Prepared by Report Number /42A December 2015

2 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page i Proposed New CBD Bypass Road in Hermanus: Visual Impact Assessment SRK Consulting SRK Project Number /42A November 2015 SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd The Administrative Building Albion Spring 183 Main Rd Rondebosch 7700 Cape Town South Africa smasson@srk.co.za Website: Tel: +27 (0) Fax: +27 (0) Compiled by: Scott Masson Environmental Consultant smasson@srk.co.za Peer Reviewed by: Chris Dalgliesh Partner

3 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Profile and Expertise of Specialists Page ii SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd (SRK) has been appointed by the EFG Engineers (Pty) Ltd (EFG) and ice Group (Pty) Ltd (ice) Joint Venture (the Joint Venture) to undertake the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process required in terms of the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 (NEMA). SRK has appointed a team of professionals to conduct the Visual Impact Assessment (VIA) specialist study as part of the EIA process. SRK Consulting comprises over professional staff worldwide, offering expertise in a wide range of environmental and engineering disciplines. SRK s Cape Town environmental department has a distinguished track record of managing large environmental and engineering projects, extending back to SRK has rigorous quality assurance standards and is ISO 9001 accredited. In accordance with the Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning EIA guidelines for specialists (Brownlie, 2005) and NEMA, the qualifications and experience of the key individual specialists involved in the study are detailed below. Project Review: Christopher Dalgliesh, BBusSc (Hons); MPhil (EnvSci) Certified with the Interim Board for Environmental Assessment Practitioners South Africa (CEAPSA) Chris Dalgliesh is a Partner and Principal Environmental Consultant with over 22 years experience, primarily in South Africa, Southern Africa, West Africa and South America (Suriname). Chris has worked on a wide range of projects, notably in the natural resources, Oil & Gas, waste, infrastructure (including rail and ports) and industrial sectors. He has directed and managed numerous Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) and associated management plans, in accordance with international standards. He regularly provides high level review of ESIAs, frequently directs Environmental and Social Due Diligence studies for lenders, and also has a depth of experience in Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), State of Environment Reporting and Resource Economics. He holds a BBusSci (Hons) and M Phil (Env) and is a Certified Environmental Practitioner of South Africa (CEAPSA). Specialist Consultant: Scott Masson, BSc (Hons) (EnvMan); MLA (L.Arch.) Registered Professional Landscape Architect with the South African Council of the Landscape Architecture Profession Scott Masson is an Environmental Consultant and has been involved in the environmental and landscape architectural field for the past 6 years. His expertise includes Visual Impact Assessments, Environmental Impact Assessment, Environmental Management Plans and Environmental Control Officer work, Integrated Water and Waste Management Plans, environmental planning and sensitivity studies; and landscape architectural planning and design. Scott holds a BSc (Hons) in Environmental Management, a MLA in Landscape Architecture, is a Certified Environmental Practitioner of South Africa and is a registered Professional Landscape Architect with the South African Council of the Landscape Architecture Profession. Statement of SRK Independence Neither SRK nor any of the authors of this Report have any material present or contingent interest in the outcome of this Report, nor do they have any pecuniary or other interest that could be reasonably regarded as being capable of affecting their independence or that of SRK. SRK has no beneficial interest in the outcome of the assessment which is capable of affecting its independence.

4 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this report have been based on the information supplied to SRK by the Joint Venture. SRK has exercised all due care in reviewing the supplied information, but conclusions from the review are reliant on the accuracy and completeness of the supplied data. SRK does not accept responsibility for any errors or omissions in the supplied information and does not accept any consequential liability arising from commercial decisions or actions resulting from them. Opinions presented in this report apply to the site conditions and features as they existed at the time of SRK s investigations, and those reasonably foreseeable. These opinions do not necessarily apply to conditions and features that may arise after the date of this Report, about which SRK had no prior knowledge nor had the opportunity to evaluate. Page iii

5 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page iv Table of Contents Profile and Expertise of Specialists... ii Statement of SRK Independence... ii Disclaimer... iii Acronyms and Abbreviations... viii Glossary... ix 1 Introduction Background Terms of Reference Approach and Method Approach Method Assumptions and Limitations Project Description Project Location Project Description Bypass Road Alternatives Road Design Aspects The No-Go Alternative Visual Context (Affected Environment) Landscape Character Geology and Topography Vegetation Land Use Visual Character Visual Quality... 21

6 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page v 4.4 Sense of Place Analysis of the Magnitude of the Visual Impact Visual Exposure (Viewshed) Visual Absorption Capacity Visual Receptors Viewing Distance and Visibility Compatibility with Landscape Integrity Magnitude of the Overall Visual Impact Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures Construction Phase Altered Sense of Place and Visual Intrusion from Construction Activities Operations Phase Altered Sense of Place and Visual Intrusion from the Proposed Road Infrastructure Altered Sense of Place from Increased Traffic Altered Sense of Place and Visual Quality caused by Light Pollution at Night Findings and Recommendations Findings Conclusion References Appendices Appendix A: Viewpoint Photographs Appendix B: Impact Rating Methodology... 61

7 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page vi List of Tables Table 4-1: Typical Visual Character Attributes Table 5-1: Visual Absorption Capacity Criteria Table 5-2: Distance Categories Table 5-3: Visibility Criteria Table 5-4: Visibility from Viewpoints Table 5-5: Landscape Integrity Criteria Table 5-6: Magnitude of Overall Visual Impact Table 6-1: Altered sense of place and visual intrusion during construction Northern Alternative Table 6-2: Altered sense of place and visual intrusion during construction Southern Alternative Table 6-3: Altered sense of place and visual intrusion from the proposed road infrastructure Northern Alternative 40 Table 6-4: Altered sense of place and visual intrusion from the proposed road infrastructure Southern Alternative 41 Table 6-5: Altered sense of place from increased traffic Northern and Southern Alternatives Table 6-6: Altered sense of place and visual quality caused by light pollution at night Northern and Southern Alternatives 42

8 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA List of Figures Figure 1-1: Location of the project... 2 Figure 2-1: Approach and Method of VIA Study... 5 Figure 3-1: Northern alternative... 9 Figure 3-2: Southern alternative Figure 3-3: Typical cross-sections of the bypass Figure 3-4: Representations of the CBD bypass Figure 4-1: Land use Figure 4-2: Landscape character Figure 4-3: View across North Cliff with the Oliphantsberg Mountains in the background Figure 4-4: View from the cemetery towards Hoy s Koppie with Walker Bay in the background Figure 4-5: Types of views in the landscape Figure 4-6: View across the Oliphantsberg Mountains Figure 4-7: Views across Walker Bay Figure 5-1: Northern Alternative viewshed Figure 5-2: Southern Alternative viewshed Figure 5-3: Residences along Mountain Drive Figure 5-4: Residences along Moffat Street Figure 5-5: Visual Exposure vs Distance (Adapted from Hull and Bishop, 1998) Figure 6-1: Directional outdoor luminaries ( 42 Page vii

9 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page viii Acronyms and Abbreviations CBD EFG EIA EMP GIS GPS ha ice Central Business District EFG Engineers (Pty) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Management Programme Global Information Systems Global Positioning System hectares ice Group (Pty) Ltd NEMA National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 S&EIR SRK ToR VAC VIA WCDTPW Scoping and Environmental Impact Reporting SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd Terms of Reference Visual Absorption Capacity Visual Impact Assessment Provincial Government Western Cape: Department of Transport and Public Works

10 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page ix Glossary Aspect Landscape Integrity Sense of Place Skyglow The direction a slope faces with respect to the sun. The relative intactness of the existing landscape or townscape, whether natural, rural or urban, and with an absence of intrusions or discordant structures (Oberholzer, 2005). The unique quality or character of a place, whether natural, rural or urban. Relates to uniqueness, distinctiveness or strong identity. Sometimes referred to as genius loci meaning 'spirit of the place' (Oberholzer, 2005). A form of light pollution which refers to the brightening of the sky above or near populated areas. Visual Character Visual Exposure Visual Impact Visual Intrusion Determined by the elements that make up the landscape including geology, vegetation and land-use of the area. Determined by the zone of visual influence or viewshed. Visual exposure tends to diminish exponentially with distance. A description of the effect of an aspect of the development on a specified component of the visual, aesthetic or scenic environment within a defined time and space (Oberholzer, 2005). The nature of intrusion of an object on the visual quality of the environment resulting in its compatibility (absorbed into the landscape elements) or discord (contrasts with the landscape elements) with the landscape and surrounding land uses. Viewshed Visibility The topographically defined area from which the project could be visible. The area from which the project components would actually be visible and depends upon topography, vegetation cover, built structures and distance. Visual Quality Visual Receptors Derived from the experience of the environment with its particular natural and cultural attributes. Individuals, groups or communities who are subject to the visual influence of a particular project (Oberholzer, 2005). Visual Absorption Capacity The potential for the area to conceal the proposed development.

11 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 1 1 Introduction 1.1 Background The Provincial Government Western Cape: Department of Transport and Public Works (WCDTPW) proposes to construct a bypass road approximately 3 km long, to the north of the Hermanus Central Business District (CBD), abutting Mountain Drive, past the Hermanus Sports Complex and along Fairways Avenue, in Hermanus in the Western Cape (the project) (see Figure 1-1). SRK Consulting (South Africa) Pty Ltd (SRK) has been appointed by the EFG Engineers (Pty) Ltd (EFG) and ice Group (Pty) Ltd (ice) Joint Venture (the Joint Venture) to undertake the Scoping and Environmental Impact Reporting (S&EIR) process required in terms of the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998, as amended (NEMA), and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations, A Visual Impact Assessment (VIA) of the proposed bypass road is one of the investigations being undertaken by specialists as part of the S&EIR process. The VIA will consider both the magnitude of the visual impact (rated according to visual assessment criteria) and the significance of the visual impact (rated according to standard EIA rating methodology, as prescribed in the Terms of Reference). 1.2 Terms of Reference The primary aims of the study are to describe the visual baseline, assess the visual impacts of the project and identify effective and practicable mitigation measures. More specifically, the Terms of Reference for the study are as follows: Determine the character and sensitivity of the visual environment and identify sensitive areas, opportunities and constraints, including those associated with tourism; Identify visual resources and key viewing corridors / viewpoints; Determine and groundtruth the existing visual character and quality in order to understand the sensitivity of the landscape; Determine and map the visual zone of influence of the project by calculating the viewshed of the proposed bypass; Identify potential impacts of the proposed project on the visual environment through analysis and synthesis of the following factors: o o o o o Visual exposure; Visual absorption capacity; Sensitivity of viewers (visual receptors); Viewing distance and visibility; and Compatibility with landscape integrity. Assess the impacts of the project on the visual environment and sense of place using the prescribed impact assessment methodology; Identify and assess potential cumulative impacts resulting from the proposed development in relation to other proposed and existing developments in the surrounding area; Recommend practicable mitigation measures to avoid and/or minimise/reduce impacts and enhance benefits. Assess the effectiveness of proposed mitigation measures using the prescribed impact assessment methodology; and Recommend and draft a monitoring campaign to ensure the correct implementation and adequacy of recommenced mitigation and management measures, if applicable.

12 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 2 HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Locality Map Project No /42A Figure 1-1: Location of the project

13 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 3 2 Approach and Method Given the subjective nature of visual issues, assessing the visual impacts of a development/site in absolute and objective terms is not achievable. Thus, qualitative as well as quantitative techniques are required for the assessment of visual impacts. In this study, emphasis has therefore been placed on ensuring that the methodology and rating criteria are clearly stated and transparent. The focus of the baseline study was on determining the character and sensitivity of the visual environment, the visual catchment area, identifying visual resources and viewing corridors and identifying potential visual opportunities and constraints. For the impact assessment, all ratings are motivated and, where possible, assessed against explicitly stated and objective criteria. There are very few guidelines that provide direction for visual assessment; the most relevant are the Landscape Institute s Guideline for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessments and the Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning s Guideline for Involving Visual and Aesthetic Specialists in EIA Processes (2005), both of which have been considered in this VIA. 2.1 Approach The approach adopted for this study is intended to be as accurate and thorough as possible. Analytical techniques were selected so as to promote the reliability and credibility of the assessment. The approach to and reporting of the VIA study comprises four major, phased elements (as depicted in Figure 2-1 below): 1. A description of the project; 2. A description of the visual context; 3. The identification and discussion of the potential visual impacts; and 4. An assessment of those potential impacts. Visual impacts are assessed as one of many interrelated effects on people (i.e. the viewers and the impact of an introduced object into a particular view or scene) (Young, 2010). In order to assess the visual impact the project has on the affected environment, the visual context (baseline) in which the project is located must be described. The inherent value of the visual landscape to viewers is informed by geology/topography, vegetation and land-use and is expressed as Visual Character (overall impression of the landscape), Visual Quality (how the landscape is experienced) and Sense of Place (uniqueness and identity). Visual impact is measured as the change to the existing visual environment caused by the project as perceived by the viewers (Young, 2010). The visual impact(s) may be negative, positive or neutral (i.e. the visual quality is maintained). The magnitude or intensity of the visual impacts is determined through analysis and synthesis of the visual absorption capacity (VAC) of the landscape (potential of the landscape to absorb the project), viewshed (zone of visual influence or exposure), visibility (viewing distances), compatibility of the project with landscape integrity (congruence), and the sensitivity of the viewers (receptors). Sources of visual impacts are identified for the construction and operations phases of the project. The significance of those visual impacts is then assessed using the prescribed impact rating methodology, which includes the rating of: Impact consequence, determined by extent, duration and magnitude/intensity of impact (see above); Impact probability;

14 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 4 Impact significance, determined by combining the ratings for consequence and probability; and Confidence in the significance rating. 4. A mapping exercise was undertaken to define the visual character of the study area and identify sensitive areas, opportunities and constraints. The significance rating methodology is described in more detail in Appendix B. Mitigation measures recommended to avoid and/or reduce the significance of negative impacts, or to optimise positive impacts, are identified for the project. Impact significance is re-assessed assuming the effective implementation of mitigation measures. 2.2 Method The following method was used to compile the visual baseline for the project: 1. The project was described using information supplied by the proponent and EIA team; 2. Visual data, including data on topography, vegetation cover, and land-use, and other background information was collected and reviewed; 3. Fieldwork was undertaken (19 August 2015), comprising an extensive reconnaissance of the study area, particularly the project site (alignment or route) and proposed viewpoints. The objectives of the fieldwork were to: Familiarise the specialist with the site and its surroundings; The following method was used to assess the visual impact of the project: 1. The visual zone of influence was determined using a GIS model to delineate the viewshed based on the dimensions, particularly the elevations, of the bypass route; 2. Field observations at key viewpoints were made to determine the likely distance at which visual impacts will become indistinguishable; 3. Impacts (direct, indirect, and cumulative) on the visual environment and sense of place were rated based on a professional opinion and the prescribed impact rating methodology; 4. Mitigation measures were recommended to avoid and/or reduce negative impacts; and 5. Environmental management and monitoring measures were provided for inclusion in the EMP. Identify key viewpoints / corridors; and Determine and groundtruth the existing visual character and quality in order to gauge the sensitivity of the landscape. Visual sampling using photography was undertaken to illustrate the likely zone of influence and visibility. Viewpoint locations were recorded with a GPS; and

15 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 5 HERMANUS BYPASS VIA APPROACH AND METHOD Project No /42A Figure 2-1: Approach and Method of VIA Study

16 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page Assumptions and Limitations As is standard practice, the VIA is based on a number of assumptions and is subject to certain limitations, which should be borne in mind when considering information presented in this report. The validity of the findings of the study is not expected to be affected by these assumptions and limitations: This study does not motivate for or against the project, but rather seeks to give insight into the visual character and quality of the area, its visual absorption capacity and the significance of the anticipated visual impacts created by the project. In the event that unacceptable visual impacts are identified, this is clearly indicated in the report. VIA is not, by nature, a purely objective, quantitative process, and depends to some extent on subjective judgments. Where subjective judgments are required, appropriate criteria and motivations for these are clearly stated; The assessment is based on technical information supplied to SRK, which is assumed to be accurate. This includes the proposed locations, dimensions and drawings of the project / route alternatives; The viewshed calculation was undertaken using 20 m contour intervals. The viewshed depicts the area from which the project might be visible. It does not take localised undulations, vegetation and existing man-made structures - which may obscure views - into account. This means that the project is not necessarily visible from everywhere within the viewshed, i.e. from some places the project may be obscured by existing structures, vegetation or local variations in topography. It therefore indicates a maximum exposure or worst case scenario. The viewshed was based on a modelling height of 1 m above ground level to account for undulations in the road surface, associated structures (e.g. retaining walls) and vehicles; The study area is determined by the viewshed, i.e. the area from which the CBD bypass might be visible as determined by topography; and

17 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 7 3 Project Description 3.1 Project Location The project is located in Hermanus, a coastal town on Walker Bay on the south coast of the Western Cape, approximately 120 km from Cape Town (Figure 1-1). Hermanus is the largest town in the Overstrand Municipal area and the business, cultural and administrative centre of the region. Hermanus is a popular holiday and retirement destination for local and international visitors alike, who support a flourishing hospitality industry, specialty shops, shopping centres and restaurants. Access to Hermanus is via the R43, a Provincial Road from the N2. The proposed Hermanus CBD bypass is located north of the Hermanus CBD (Figure 1-1). The western section of the CBD bypass is located north of the existing urban area and Mountain Drive, which effectively forms the urban edge in this area and on the southern edge of Fernkloof Nature Reserve. The eastern section of the CBD bypass is located within the existing urban area immediately to the west of the Hermanus Golf Course. The proposed bypass largely follows and/or will be aligned parallel to existing roads. 3.2 Project Description Bypass Road Alternatives Two alignment alternatives of the eastern CBD bypass section (i.e. located east of the Hermanus cemetery) are considered and will be assessed in the EIA: The Northern Alternative (see Figure 1-1 and Figure 3-1) runs above the cemetery and sports complex and then leads south, along the eastern edge of the Hermanus sports fields. The alignment runs between the Jose Burman Cricket Oval and the Hermanus Private School and then joins Fairways Avenue. The Southern Alternative (see Figure 1-1 and Figure 3-2) runs south of the cemetery and follows Jose Burman Drive, which separates the Hermanus High School from the Sports Complex. This alternative affects pedestrian traffic between the Hermanus sports fields and the High School. A pedestrian underpass is proposed in the eastern portion of this section, while a pedestrian and vehicular underpass is proposed in the western portion of this bypass section. This requires that the road is raised along this section to provide for the underpasses and connectivity between the School and Sports Complex (see Figure 3-3). To the west of the cemetery only a single route alternative is under consideration Road Design Aspects Road Cross-section The proposed road pavement for the bypass will be accommodated within a 25 m road reserve and include: One 3.7 m wide vehicle lane in each direction; A 1.8 m wide shoulder in each direction; A combined 3 m wide pedestrian walkway and cycle path on the southern side of the road; Stormwater drainage structures; and Lighting at intersections. Refer to Figure 3-3 for typical cross-sections of the CBD bypass road.

18 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 8 Depending on the topography, the pedestrian/cycle path may be lower than the road. The road shoulder could also be used by cyclists. The design will generally be uniform along the full length of the bypass, but may vary in areas depending on topographical and other local constraints. The design depicted in the cross-section is intended to be largely rural, without kerbs and channels, although these may be implemented at intersections and along Fairways Avenue. It is proposed that all retaining structures are constructed with natural sandstone rock (Figure 3-4). The Joint Venture has indicated that the cross section will be similar to that of the R43 between Hermanus and Rooiels (refer to Figure 3-4) Associated Road Infrastructure Four new traffic circles will be constructed (Figure 3-1 or Figure 3-2): The R43 (Main Road) / Mountain Drive intersection; At the intersection of the bypass with Lord Roberts Street, to provide access to Lord Roberts Street, the cemetery, the Sports Complex and the Hermanus High School (Southern Alternative) or west of the cemetery (Northern Alternative); On the eastern portion of the Hermanus High School, linking the new road to Fairways Avenue and Fernkloof Drive; and Bus / taxi embayments are proposed at traffic circles. This will allow pedestrians to cross safely at traffic circles. It is not envisaged that drop-off / public transport facilities will be provided between intersections, especially in the vicinity of the schools and sports fields, as this will encourage pedestrians to cross the road. Rather, access will be provided from the intersections to drop off areas from where vehicles can return to the bypass. It is not currently intended that fencing will be erected between the road and houses. However, some form of barrier (e.g. a low stone wall) may be constructed to restrict access by pedestrians and animals. The road reserve will include stormwater channels / pipes as necessary and link into the existing stormwater system as required. This will regulate and address some of the existing concerns regarding stormwater run-off from the mountain. Road design will consider the possible creation of a limited number of safe pedestrian underpasses to link the urban area to hiking trails in the Fernkloof Nature Reserve The No-Go Alternative The No-Go Alternative will retain the status quo and involve no construction of a Hermanus CBD bypass. No new visual impacts will occur. At the intersection of the CBD bypass with the R43. Lighting is proposed at intersections to improve safety. To retain the scenic nature of the proposed bypass environment, streetlight cables may be located underground where viable.

19 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 9 HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Northern Alternative Project No /42A Figure 3-1: Northern alternative Source: Joint Venture, 2015

20 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 10 HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Southern Alternative Project No /42A Figure 3-2: Southern alternative Source: Joint Venture, 2015

21 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 11 Northern and Southern Alternative: Typical cross-section along northern section Southern Alternative: Typical cross-section along Jose Burman Drive Northern and Southern Alternative: Typical cross-section along raised section of Fairways Road HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Typical Cross-sections Project No /42A Figure 3-3: Typical cross-sections of the bypass Source: Joint Venture, 2015

22 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 12 Representations of the typical cross-section of the CBD bypass Examples of low stone retaining walls HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Representations of CBD Bypass Project No /42A Figure 3-4: Representations of the CBD bypass Source: Joint Venture, 2015

23 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 13 4 Visual Context (Affected Environment) The following description of the affected environment focuses on the Visual Character of the area surrounding and including the project area and discusses the Visual Quality and Sense of Place 1. A more comprehensive baseline description of the area is provided in the EIA Report. This baseline information provides the context for the visual analysis. 4.1 Landscape Character Landscape character is the description of the pattern of the landscape, resulting from particular combinations of natural (physical and biological) and cultural (land use) characteristics. It focuses on the inherent nature of the land rather than the response of a viewer (Young, 2000). Each of the key characteristics is discussed below. Refer to Figure 4-2 for visual representations of landscape character Geology and Topography The geology and topography of the area, together with the Mediterranean climate and the proximity to the coast, provide the framework for the basic landscape features and visual elements of the study area. The Hermanus area is underlain by geological formations of the Table Mountain Group, while the town of Hermanus is located on light grey quartzitic sandstone of the Peninsula Formation. The weather-resistant nature of the Table Mountain Group results in the formation of steep rocky outcrops, such as the west-east trending Oliphantsberg Mountains to the north of Hermanus. These mountains are made up of the Goudini Formation on the lower slopes, a band of brown-weathering quarztitic sandstone, and rocks of the Skurweberg formation, light grey coarser-grained quartzitic sandstone. Hermanus is situated on a wave cut platform nestled between the steep and rugged Oliphantsberg Mountains and the coastline. The coast is characterised by a high energy wave environment and rocky shoreline with sheltered bays. From the coastline moving inland, the topography rises gently across the wave-cut platform. Approximately 1 km inland, the topography rises steeply forming the Oliphantsberg Mountains and the highest peak reaches 258 m. Hoy s Koppie, located centrally within Hermanus, is a significant feature and visual landmark in the town. It rises about 75 m above the relatively flat wave-cut platform on which the town is located. Material has been transported from the mountain slopes and deposited on the wave-cut platform creating light grey to pale red sandy soils Vegetation Hermanus is located within the Cape Floristic Kingdom and the Fynbos Biome and in the original extent of the following vegetation types: Overberg Sandstone Fynbos predominantly on the slopes of the Oliphantsberg Mountains; Agulhas Limestone Fynbos on the wave-cut platform extending west; and Hangklip Sand Fynbos on the wave-cut platform extending east. 1 These terms are explained in the relevant sections below.

24 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 14 However, much of the natural vegetation in the area has been lost to urban development. Natural vegetation cover on the slopes of the Oliphantsberg Mountains has mostly remained intact due to its unsuitability for development and the proclamation of the Fernkloof Nature Reserve. Natural terrestrial vegetation and habitats occur along the proposed Hermanus CBD bypass route adjacent to Mountain Drive and north of the Sports Complex, and fall inside the southern boundary of the Fernkloof Nature Reserve. The proposed bypass is located in Overberg Sandstone Fynbos which is characterised by moderately tall, dense restioid, ericoid-leaved and porteoid shrublands and also includes some small trees and tall shrubs. Some of the natural areas are deemed Critical Biodiversity Areas by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). Wetlands adjacent to the Hermanus Golf Course and Fairways Avenue are designated as Ecological Support Areas by SANBI. The remainder of the bypass route falls within urban areas. Copses of eucalyptus trees occur at the foot of the mountain in the Sports Complex and along Jose Burman Drive. These trees as well as exotic and indigenous trees and large shrubs planted in the golf course and residential gardens of Hermanus, provide limited visual screening Land Use There are a variety of land uses adjacent to the proposed bypass route alternatives including (Figure 4-1): Fernkloof Nature Reserve located north of Hermanus on the slopes of the Oliphantsberg Mountains; North Cliff residential area between Mountain Drive and the R43, close to the centre of Hermanus; Hoy s Koppie, a historical landmark 2 in the landscape. Boardwalks and paths provide access to scenic viewpoints on the koppie; Hermanus cemetery located between Hoy s Koppie and the Oliphantsberg Mountains; Hermanus Primary School located south of Hoy s Koppie; Numerous churches situated on the eastern end of Jose Burman Drive; Hermanus High School on Jose Burman Drive; Hermanus Private School (pre-primary and primary school) located east of the Sports Complex; A Sports Complex is proposed north of Hermanus High School. Other than a cricket field, the area is largely vacant, though some development activity is underway. A church (Bosko) and related school are located adjacent to the Sports Complex site. An open area sheltered under eucalyptus trees in the Complex is currently used for the Hermanus Country Market; Innesbrook Village residential complex along Fernkloof Drive forms part of the Fernkloof Estate that fringes Hermanus Golf Course; East Cliff residential area situated between the eastern edge of the town centre / Hoy s Koppie and Hermanus Golf Course; and Hermanus Golf Course (Fernkloof Estate) separating east and west Hermanus. 2 Sir William Hoy was the first general manager of the South African Railways and was knighted for his services in Sir William and Lady Hoy lie buried on the top of Hoy s Koppie.

25 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 15 HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Land Use Project No /42A Figure 4-1: Land use

26 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 16 Fernkloof Nature Reserve on the slopes of the Oliphantsberg Mountains North Cliff Hoy s Koppie Hermanus Cemetery HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Landscape Character Project No /42A

27 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 17 Christ Church on Jose Burman Drive Hermanus High School sports fields Hermanus Private School Sports Complex HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Landscape Character Project No /42A

28 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 18 Country market site at Sports Complex Innesbrook Village on Fernkloof Drive Figure 4-2: Landscape character East Cliff HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Landscape Character Hermanus Golf Course Project No /42A

29 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page Visual Character Visual character is descriptive and non-evaluative, which implies that it is based on defined attributes that are neither positive nor negative. A change in visual character cannot be described as having positive or negative attributes until the viewer s response to that change has been taken into consideration. The probable change caused by the project is assessed against the existing degree of change caused by previous development. Typical character attributes, used to describe the visual character of the affected area and to give an indication of potential value to the viewer, are provided in Table 4-1. The basis for the visual character of the area is provided by the geology, vegetation and land use of the area, giving rise to a predominantly urban environment situated on a relatively flat and narrow coastal plain strongly influenced by the coast to the south and the natural Oliphantsberg Mountains to the north (Figure 4-3). The area can be described as a transition landscape associated with the interface between a natural area (Fernkloof Nature Reserve) and the developed residential and urban zone of Hermanus. Hoy s Koppie and other rocky outcrops add to the visual character of the area (Figure 4-4). Figure 4-3: View across North Cliff with the Oliphantsberg Mountains in the background Figure 4-4: View from the cemetery towards Hoy s Koppie with Walker Bay in the background

30 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 20 Table 4-1: Typical Visual Character Attributes Highly Transformed Landscape Urban/Industrial Transition Landscape Modified Rural Landscape Natural Transition Landscape Untransformed Landscape Natural Substantially developed landscape. High levels of visual impact associated with buildings, factories, roads and other related infrastructure (e.g. powerlines). Transitional landscape associated with the interface between, rural, agricultural area and more developed suburban or urban zones. Typical character is rural landscape, defined by field patterns, forestry plantations and agricultural areas and associated small-scale roads and buildings. A changing landscape character associated with the interface between natural areas and modified rural / pastoral or agricultural zones. No / minimal impact associated with the actions of man. National parks, coastlines, pristine forest areas. Source: CNDV,

31 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page Visual Quality Aesthetic value is an emotional response derived from our experience and perceptions. As such, it is subjective and difficult to quantify in absolute terms. Studies in perceptual psychology have shown that humans prefer landscapes with higher complexity (Crawford, 1994). Landscape quality can be said to increase when: Topographic ruggedness and relative relief increases; Water forms are present; Diverse patterns of grasslands, shrubs and trees occur; Natural landscape increases and man-made landscape decreases; and Where land-use compatibility increases. The visual quality of the overall area is largely ascribable to the builtup, urban character of the landscape contained to the north by the open, green slopes of the Oliphantsberg Mountains. Views across Walker Bay contribute to the visual quality of the area. The visual quality of the area can be experienced through a number of views (refer to Figure 4-5). These views include: Figure 4-5: Types of views in the landscape Source: (CNDV, 2006) Short closed views towards the Oliphantsberg Mountains; Extended open views across Walker Bay; and Long closed views across the town of Hermanus towards the Oliphantsberg Mountains in the east. Some elements detract from the visual quality in the study area, notably the scarring (quarries adjacent to Mountain Drive and construction activities at the Sports Complex), an electrical substation on the northern edge of Hermanus and the powerline in the Fernkloof Nature Reserve area. Nevertheless the visual quality of the study area is considered to be high.

32 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page Sense of Place Our sense of a place depends not only on spatial form and quality, but also on culture, temperament, status, experience and the current purpose of the observer (Lynch, 1992). Central to the idea of sense of place or Genius Loci is identity. An area will have a stronger sense of place if it can easily be identified, that is to say if it is unique and distinct from other places. Lynch defines sense of place as the extent to which a person can recognise or recall a place as being distinct from other places as having a vivid or unique, or at least a particular, character of its own (Lynch, 1992:131). It is often the case that sense of place is linked directly to visual quality and that areas/spaces with high visual quality have a strong sense of place. However, this is not an inviolate relationship and it is plausible that areas of low visual quality may have a strong sense of place or more commonly that areas of high visual quality have a weak sense of place. The defining feature of sense of place is uniqueness, generally real or biophysical (e.g. trees in an otherwise treeless expanse), but sometimes perceived (e.g. visible but unspectacular sacred sites and places which evoke defined responses in receptors). Tourism can sometimes serve as an indicator of sense of place insofar as it is often the uniqueness (and accessibility) of a space/place which attracts tourists. the town) and of Walker Bay add to the sense of place of the area (Figure 4-6 and Figure 4-7). Hoy s Koppie is a distinguishable landmark in the landscape. However, Hermanus is transitioning rapidly to a major regional commercial centre and the sense of place in many parts of Hermanus (e.g. the Hermanus CBD) is changing quickly with increased pressure to develop. Figure 4-6: View across the Oliphantsberg Mountains The region has scenic value in terms of the coastal setting and sense of nature invoked by the location of the town between the sea cliffs and the Fernkloof Nature Reserve on the slopes of the Oliphantsberg Mountains. The region has attractive visual-spatial qualities and residents and tourists are attracted to Hermanus because of its scenery and location in the landscape. Hermanus sense of place is highly influenced by the coast - residents refer to Hermanus as a seaside village. The views of the Oliphantsberg Mountains (as a backdrop to Figure 4-7: Views across Walker Bay

33 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 23 5 Analysis of the Magnitude of the Visual Impact The following section outlines the analysis that was undertaken to determine the magnitude or intensity of the overall visual impact of the project. Various factors were considered in the assessment, including: Visual exposure; Visual absorption capacity; Potential visual receptors; Visibility and viewing distance; and viewshed was generated for the Northern Alternative (Figure 5-1) and the Southern Alternative (Figure 5-2). The method used in determining the zones of influence included GIS modelling based on 20 m contours. The viewshed analysis assumes maximum visibility of the project in an environment stripped bare of vegetation and structures. It is therefore important to remember that the project is not necessarily visible from all points within the viewshed as views may be obstructed by elements such as trees, dense scrub, built structures and/or localised variations or irregularities in topography (see visibility from specific viewpoints in Section 5.3). Analysis of the viewsheds of the Hermanus CBD Bypass (Figure 5-1 and Figure 5-2) is instructive and leads to the following observations: Compatability with the existing landscape / townscape integrity. The analysis of the magnitude or intensity of the visual impact, as described in this section, is summarized and integrated in Table 5-6 and forms the basis for the assessment and rating of the impact as documented in the next section (Section 6). The Northern Alternative and Southern Alternative have very similar viewsheds and show that the CBD bypass will be visible from most of Hermanus and the Fernkloof Nature Reserve. However, the viewsheds do not take into account the effective screening provided by the built fabric of Hermanus. 5.1 Visual Exposure (Viewshed) Visual exposure is determined by the zone of visual influence or viewshed. The viewshed is the topographically defined area that includes all the major observation sites from which the project could be visible. The boundary of the viewshed connects high points in the landscape and demarcates the zone of visual influence. For the purposes of this study, the viewshed for each alternative is based on a modelling height 1 m above ground level to determine the visibility of the road surface (and any variants in the road surface), associated road infrastructure, and vehicles on the road. A

34 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 24 Figure 5-1: Northern Alternative viewshed

35 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 25 Figure 5-2: Southern Alternative viewshed

36 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page Visual Absorption Capacity The VAC is the potential for the area to conceal the proposed project. Factors contributing to the VAC include: Overall, the area is rated as having a moderate VAC mainly due to local topographical variations in the landscape and the built up urban environment being able to absorb the project to a certain degree. Topography and vegetation that is able to provide screening and increase the VAC of a landscape; The degree of urbanisation compared to open space. A highly urbanised landscape is better able to absorb the visual impacts of similar developments, whereas an undeveloped rural landscape will have a lower VAC; and The scale and density of surrounding development. These factors frequently apply at different scales, by influencing the VAC in the foreground (e.g. dense bush, small structures), middleground and background (e.g. tall forests, hills, cityscapes) (see Section 5.3). Criteria used to determine the VAC of the affected area are defined in Table 5-1. The VAC of the area is increased by: Topography, particularly as Hermanus is situated on a narrow platform between the Oliphantsberg Mountains and coast thereby limiting the viewshed. Local variations in topography within Hermanus provide partial visual screening Hoy s Koppie and the related ridgeline from Oliphantsberg as well as other minor outcrops and ridgelines; Visual screening by vegetation, particularly eucalyptus trees and trees in private gardens; and Existing urban fabric in Hermanus.

37 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 27 Table 5-1: Visual Absorption Capacity Criteria High Moderate Low The area is able to absorb the visual impact as it has: Undulating topography and relief Good screening vegetation (high and dense) Is highly urbanised in character (existing development is of a scale and density to absorb the visual impact). The area is moderately able to absorb the visual impact, as it has: Moderately undulating topography and relief Some or partial screening vegetation A relatively urbanised character (existing development is of a scale and density to absorb the visual impact to some extent. The area is not able to absorb the visual impact as it has: Flat topography Low growing or sparse vegetation Is not urbanised (existing development is not of a scale and density to absorb the visual impact to some extent.)

38 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page Visual Receptors Receptors are important insofar as they inform visual sensitivity. The sensitivity of viewers is determined by the number of viewers and by how likely they are to be impacted upon. Potential viewers include the following: The sensitivity of viewers or visual receptors potentially affected by the visual impact of the project is considered to be high. Residents: Visibility of the CBD bypass to residences along Mountain Drive (Figure 5-3), Fernkloof Drive, Moffat Street (Figure 5-4) and Fairways Avenue is likely to be high as these receptors will have views directly on to the proposed CBD bypass. Visibility to users (motorists and pedestrians) of Mountain Drive, Lord Roberts Street, Fernkloof Drive, Moffat Street and Jose Burman Drive will be high. Visibility from other residences and users of local access roads is likely to be low, since the urban fabric and vegetation obtrudes views beyond the very immediate foreground. School-goers and visitors to Hermanus High School, Hermanus Private School and Bosko Church School will be particularly aware of the proposed development. The CBD bypass will also be visible to visitors to the Sports Complex and the churches on Jose Burman Drive. Visitors/Tourists: Visitors to the Fernkloof Nature Reserve are particularly sensitive receptors. These receptors will have clear views across the northern section of the CBD bypass. Visitors to Hoy s Koppie, an important viewpoint and cultural landmark in Hermanus, will have clear views of the entire CBD bypass. Visitors to Hermanus Golf Course will have partial views of the CBD bypass, particularly the eastern portion before the bypass connects with the R43. Users of the R43 will have very limited exposure to the bypass road, mainly at the intersection with the CBD bypass at Mountain Drive (west) and the intersection close to Fairways Avenue (east). Visibility from the rest of the R43 is likely to be low, since the urban fabric and vegetation obtrudes views beyond the very immediate foreground. Figure 5-3: Residences along Mountain Drive Figure 5-4: Residences along Moffat Street

39 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page Viewing Distance and Visibility The distance of a viewer from an object (in this case the CBD bypass) is an important determinant of the magnitude of the visual impact. This is because the visual impact of an object diminishes/attenuates as the distance between the viewer and the object increases. Thus the visual impact at m would, nominally, be 25% of the impact as viewed from 500 m. At m it would be 10% of the impact at 500 m (Hull and Bishop, 1988 in Young, 2000). Table 5-2: FOREGROUND (0 1 km) MIDDLEGROUND (1 3 km) BACKGROUND (> 3 km) Distance Categories The zone where the proposed project will dominate the frame of view. The project will be highly visible unless obscured. The zone where colour and line are still readily discernible. The project will be moderately visible but will still be easily recognisable. This zone stretches from 3 km to the point from where the project can no longer be seen. Objects in this zone can be classified as marginally visible to not visible. The selected viewpoints are shown in Figure 4-1, and views from these viewpoints are shown in photographs included as Appendix A. The criteria used to determine the visibility of the proposed project are set out in Table 5-3 and the visibility of from each viewpoint is summarised in Table 5-4. Table 5-3: NOT VISIBLE Visibility Criteria Project cannot be seen Figure 5-5: Visual Exposure vs Distance (Adapted from Hull and Bishop, 1998) Three basic distance categories can be defined for a project of this scale (as discussed and represented in Table 5-2): Foreground; Middleground; and Background. A range of viewpoints were selected along the proposed route of the CBD bypass in order to identify potential receptors and to provide an indication of the likely visibility of the project. The viewpoints were not randomly selected but were chosen because they are likely to best represent the visibility of the road to receptors. MARGINALLY VISIBLE VISIBLE HIGHLY VISIBLE Project is only just visible / partially visible (usually in background zone) Project is visible although parts may be partially obscured (usually in middleground zone) Project is clearly visible (usually in foreground or middleground zone)

40 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 30 Table 5-4: Visibility from Viewpoints View Point # Location Co-ordinates Direction of view from the site Time Photograph Taken Alternative VP1A Near intersection of 34 25'3.03"S; Looking south 10h25 Northern and Mountain Drive and 19 13'29.96"E Southern VP1B R43 Looking east 10h26 Alternatives VP2 VP3 VP4 VP5 Adjacent to Mountain Drive Adjacent to Mountain Drive Adjacent to Mountain Drive Substation access road off Mountain Drive 34 25'0.00"S; 19 13'39.17"E 34 24'52.75"S; 19 13'49.49"E 34 24'45.03"S; 19 14'4.92"E 34 24'43.07"S; 19 14'13.05"E Looking east 10h35 Northern and Southern Alternatives Looking east 10h55 Northern and Southern Alternatives Looking west 11h00 Northern and Southern Alternatives Looking north 11h06 Northern and Southern Alternatives Potential Significant Receptors and Visibility Users of R43 highly visible, although only briefly; and Users of Mountain Drive highly visible. Users of Mountain Drive highly visible; Residents in North Cliff highly visible to those residents along Mountain Drive, but visibility diminishes drastically for those residents further away from Mountain Drive due to the VAC provided by the urban fabric; and Visitors to Fernkloof Nature Reserve - highly visible to visitors in areas adjacent to the bypass. Users of Mountain Drive highly visible; Residents in North Cliff highly visible to those residents along Mountain Drive, but visibility diminishes drastically for those residents further away from Mountain Drive due to the VAC provided by the urban fabric and a minor ridgeline; Visitors to Fernkloof Nature Reserve - highly visible to visitors in areas adjacent to the bypass; Visitors to the cemetery highly visible; Visitors to the churches on Jose Burman Drive highly visible; and Visitors to Hermanus High School and Hermanus Pre-primary School - visible. VP6A North of cemetery 34 24'34.49"S; Looking east 11h30 Northern Alternative Visitors to Fernkloof Nature Reserve - highly 19 14'19.14"E visible to visitors in areas adjacent to the VP6B Looking west 11h31 bypass; Visitors to the cemetery highly visible; and Visitors to the churches on Jose Burman Drive highly visible.

41 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 31 View Point # Location Co-ordinates Direction of view from the site Time Photograph Taken Alternative Potential Significant Receptors and Visibility VP7A North of Sports 34 24'24.83"S; Looking east 11h40 Northern Alternative Visitors to Fernkloof Nature Reserve - highly Complex 19 14'29.26"E visible to visitors in areas adjacent to the VP7B Looking west 11h41 bypass; VP8A Jose Burman Drive at 34 24'30.66"S; Looking north 11h46 Northern and entrance to 19 14'40.14"E Southern VP8B Hermanus Private Looking south 11h47 Alternatives VP8C School Looking east 11h47 VP8D Looking west 11h48 VP9A Entrance to 34 24'34.72"S; Looking east 11h50 Southern Hermanus High 19 14'33.29"E Alternative VP9B School on Jose Looking west 11h50 Burman Drive VP10A Jose Burman Drive 34 24'41.91"S; Looking north 12h02 Southern near intersection with 19 14'23.15"E Alternative VP10B Lord Roberts Street Looking south 12h03 Visitors to the Sports Complex and Bosko Church highly visible; and Visitors to Hermanus High School visible, but could be partially obscured by gum tree copses. Visitors to the Sports Complex and Bosko Church highly visible; Users of Jose Burman Drive - highly visible; Visitors to Hermanus Private School highly visible; Residents immediately adjacent to Fernkloof Drive and users of Fernkloof Drive highly visible; and Visitors to Hermanus High School visible. Visitors to Hermanus High School highly visible; Users of Jose Burman Drive highly visible; Visitors to Hermanus Private School highly visible; Visitors to the Sports Complex and Bosko Church highly visible; and Residents immediately adjacent to Fernkloof Drive and users of Fernkloof Drive visible. Users of Jose Burman Drive and Lord Roberts Street highly visible; Visitors to the cemetery highly visible; Visitors to the churches on Jose Burman Drive highly visible; Visitors to Hermanus Pre-primary School highly visible; Visitors to Fernkloof Nature Reserve visible; and

42 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 32 View Point # Location Co-ordinates Direction of view from the site Time Photograph Taken Alternative VP11A Fernkloof Drive near 34 24'32.41"S; Looking north 12h28 Northern and the entrance to 19 14'44.77"E Southern VP11B Innesbrook Village Looking south 12h28 Alternatives VP12 Fairways Avenue 34 24'38.22"S; 19 14'53.74"E VP13 R43 at proposed intersection 34 24'41.70"S; 19 15'8.15"E Looking south 12h31 Northern and Southern Alternatives Looking west 12h45 Northern and Southern Alternatives Potential Significant Receptors and Visibility Residents of Northcliff marginally visible. Users of Fernkloof Drive and residents of Innesbrook Village highly visible; Visitors to Hermanus High School highly visible; and Residents of Eastcliff highly visible to those residents along Moffat Street. Not visible to other residents in Eastcliff. Users of Fairways Avenue highly visible; Residents of Eastcliff - highly visible to those residents along Fairways Avenue, but visibility diminishes drastically for those residents further away from Fairways Avenue due to the VAC provided by the urban fabric; and Visitors to Hermanus Golf Course marginally visible. Users of R43 highly visible, but only briefly; and Residents along R43 highly visible to those residents abutting the bypass, but visibility will diminish drastically for those residents further away due to the VAC provided by the urban fabric.

43 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 33 Visibility is increased due to: The nature of the project: a linear development through an urban environment; The location in a residential area with many sensitive receptors including residents, schools and churches; and The location of a portion of the CBD bypass adjacent to and within a nature reserve. Visibility for different sections of the bypass varies. The visibility of the section of the CBD bypass from the R43 and adjacent to Mountain Drive (Northern and Southern Alternatives, see Figure 4-1) is described as follows: Highly visible to residents immediately adjacent to Mountain Drive and users of Mountain Drive; Visibility diminishes drastically for those residents further away from Mountain Drive due to the VAC provided by the urban fabric; Highly visible to visitors to Fernkloof Nature Reserve adjacent to the CBD bypass; and The eastern section of this portion will be highly visible to visitors to the cemetery, the churches on Jose Burman Drive, Hermanus High School and Hermanus Pre-primary School. The visibility of the section of the CBD bypass north of the cemetery, through the Sports Complex and adjacent to Hermanus Private School (Northern Alternative, see Figure 4-1) is described as follows: Highly visible to visitors to Fernkloof Nature Reserve adjacent to the CBD bypass; Highly visible to visitors to the Sports Complex, Bosko Church and the Hermanus Private School; Highly visible to residents immediately adjacent to Fernkloof Drive and users of Fernkloof Drive; The western section of this portion will be highly visible to visitors to the cemetery and the churches on Jose Burman Drive; and Visible to visitors to Hermanus High School and Hermanus Preprimary School, but partially obscured by the gum tree copses. The visibility of the section of the CBD bypass adjacent to Jose Burman Drive (Southern Alternative, see Figure 4-1) is described as follows: Highly visible to visitors to Hermanus High School, Hermanus Private School, users of Jose Burman Drive and visitors to the churches on Jose Burman Drive; Highly visible to visitors to the Sports Complex; Highly visible to visitors to the cemetery and Hermanus Preprimary School; Visible to residents along Fernkloof Drive and Moffat Street and users of these roads, but partially obscured by trees; Visible to visitors to Fernkloof Nature Reserve, but partially obscured by the eucalyptus tree copses; and The western section of this portion will be marginally visible to residents of North Cliff. The visibility of the section of the CBD bypass along Fairways Avenue to the R43 (Northern and Southern Alternatives, see Figure 4-1) is described as follows: Highly visible to those residents along Fairways Avenue, but visibility diminishes drastically for those residents further away

44 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 34 from Fairways Avenue due to the VAC provided by the urban fabric; Highly visible to residents along Fernkloof Drive and Moffat Street and users of these roads; Highly visible to those residents along the R43 abutting this portion of the CBD bypass, but visibility will diminish drastically for those residents further away due to the VAC provided by the urban fabric; Highly visible to users of the R43, but only briefly; Visible to visitors to Hermanus High School and Hermanus Private School; and Marginally visible to visitors to Hermanus Golf Course. The Northern and Southern Alternatives will be visible to many sensitive receptors including residents, schools and churches. The Northern Alternative will be most visible to visitors to Fernkloof Nature Reserve, the Sports Complex and Hermanus Private School and the Southern Alternative will be most visible to Hermanus High School, Hermanus Private School and the churches along Jose Burman Drive. The sections of the CBD bypass common to the Northern and Southern Alternatives will be particularly visible to residents along Mountain Drive and Fairways Avenue. Overall, the visibility of the CBD bypass for both alternatives is high, primarily due to its linear alignment through an urban environment and the high number of sensitive receptors in close proximity to the CBD bypass. 5.5 Compatibility with Landscape Integrity Landscape (or townscape) integrity refers to the relative intactness of the landscape with an absence of visual intrusions. The CBD bypass will be located within, or immediately adjacent to, an established residential (urban) area of Hermanus. This area includes residences, schools, churches, roads and open spaces and there are no existing visual intrusions in the townscape. The compatibility of the CBD bypass alternatives with the landscape integrity of the area are rated based on the relevant criteria listed in Table 5-5. Table 5-5: Landscape Integrity Criteria High Moderate Low A project: Is compatible with the existing land use of the area; Is highly sensitive to the natural environment; Is consistent with the urban texture and layout; The buildings and structures are congruent / sensitive to the existing architecture / buildings; and The scale and size of the development is similar to nearby existing development. A project : Is moderately compatible with the existing land use of the area; Is moderately sensitive to the natural environment; Is moderately consistent with the urban texture and layout; The buildings and structures are moderately congruent / sensitive to the existing architecture / buildings; and The scale and size of the development is moderately similar to nearby existing development. A project: Is not compatible with the existing land use of the area; Is not sensitive to the natural environment; Is very different to the urban texture and layout; The buildings and structures are not congruent / sensitive to the existing architecture / buildings; and The scale and size of the development is different to nearby existing development. The compatibility of the section of the CBD bypass from the R43 and adjacent to Mountain Drive (Northern and Southern Alternatives, see Figure 4-1) with the current landscape integrity is described as follows:

45 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 35 This section of the CBD bypass is moderately compatible with the existing land use of the area although the CBD bypass is located in the Fernkloof Nature Reserve, it is located adjacent to Mountain Drive on the Hermanus urban edge; and This section of the CBD bypass road will be comparable and similar to Mountain Drive. The compatibility of the section of the CBD bypass north of the cemetery, through the Sports Complex and adjacent to Hermanus Private School (Northern Alternative, see Figure 4-1) with the current landscape integrity is described as follows: This section of the CBD bypass is less compatible with the existing land use of the area as it is partly located further within Fernkloof Nature Reserve beyond the urban fabric of Hermanus, and then passes through a recreational area; This section of the CBD bypass will be less sensitive to the visual character and sense of place of the cemetery, nature reserve, sports fields and school grounds. The compatibility of the section of the CBD bypass adjacent to Jose Burman Drive (Southern Alternative, see Figure 4-1) with the current landscape integrity is described as follows: This section of the CBD bypass will be moderately compatible with the existing land use of the area - although the road will be adjacent to Jose Burman Drive and located in the urban edge, the section of the CBD bypass adjacent to Hermanus High School will be raised and will be less congruent with the surrounding area. This section of the CBD bypass will be moderately compatible with the existing land use of the area as this section will be comparable to Fairways Avenue; and The portion that traverses a wetland area in Hermanus Golf Course and will not be sensitive to the more natural visual character and sense of place, but this is a relatively short portion of this section. Overall, the Northern and Southern Alternatives are considered to be moderately compatible with the landscape integrity of the area. 5.6 Magnitude of the Overall Visual Impact Based on the above criteria, the expected magnitude or intensity of the overall visual impact of the project has been rated. Table 5-6 provides a summary of the criteria, a descriptor summarizing the status of the criteria and projected impact magnitude ratings. The overall expected magnitude of the visual impact of both the Northern Alternative and Southern Alternative is rated as moderate to high. This rating is due to the linear alignment of the project through an urban environment and the high number of sensitive receptors in close proximity to the project, although the CBD bypass will be moderately compatible with the existing land use of the area. The Southern Alternative may have a marginally higher overall visual impact because of the proximity to sensitive receptors and the raised portion of road. The compatibility of the section of the CBD bypass along Fairways Avenue to the R43 (Northern and Southern Alternatives, see Figure 4-1) with the current landscape integrity is described as follows:

46 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 36 Table 5-6: Magnitude of Overall Visual Impact Criteria Alternative Rating Comments Visual Exposure (Viewshed) Visual Absorption Capacity Viewer Sensitivity (Receptors) Viewing Distance and Visibility Compatibili ty with Landscape Integrity Northern Southern Northern Southern Moderate The viewsheds are restricted by Moderate the Oliphantsberg Mountains but still extend over much of Hermanus and Fernkloof Nature Reserve. Moderate Local topographical variations in Moderate the landscape and the built urban environment absorb the CBD bypass to a certain degree. Northern High Large number of sensitive Southern receptors in an urban environment. High Northern High High visibility due to the linear Southern High nature of the project in an urban environment and the high number of sensitive receptors in close proximity to the project. The visibility of the Southern Alternative may be marginally higher due to its proximity to sensitive receptors. Northern Southern Moderate Moderately compatible with the Moderate existing land use of the area. The Northern Alternative may be marginally less consistent with the existing land use due to its location beyond the urban edge.

47 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 37 6 Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures The following section describes the visual impacts during the construction and operations phases and assesses them utilising the impact rating methodology presented in Appendix B. Direct visual and aesthetic impacts are likely to result from a number of project interventions and/or activities: Earthworks, resultant scarring and construction activities (including clearing of vegetation and dust); Change in character of the site caused by new road infrastructure; Impact on sense of place caused by increased traffic; and Lighting to illuminate the development. The visual and aesthetic impacts generated by the project are likely to be associated with changes to sense of place and visual intrusion. 6.1 Construction Phase Altered Sense of Place and Visual Intrusion from Construction Activities Visual impacts will be generated by construction activities such as earthworks, which can cause scarring, and from construction infrastructure, plant and materials on site (e.g. site camp, cranes and stockpiles). Dust generated at the site will be visually unappealing and may further detract from the visual quality of the area. Such impacts are typically limited to the immediate area surrounding the construction site and the construction period. Loss of sense of place is expected since construction and the change in the state of the site (scarring, construction equipment and dust generation) are incongruent with the current nature of the surrounding area. Construction activities will have a greater impact within the foreground (< 200 m) as sensitive receptors in close proximity to these activities (e.g. residents along Mountain Drive) will be particularly exposed to these visual impacts. Due to the linear nature of the CBD bypass and the proximity to churches, schools and sports fields, a large number of receptors will be affected. Vegetation clearance and scarring along the Northern Alternative route will be particularly visible to receptors because of its location on the slopes above Hermanus (and in the Fernkloof Nature Reserve). Construction activities along Jose Burman Drive will also be particularly visible to surrounding receptors due to the number of trucks transporting fill material to raise the Southern Alternative route. However, construction impacts will be of comparatively short duration. The impact for the Northern Alternative is assessed to be of low significance and with the implementation of mitigation, is reduced to very low (Table 6-1). The impact for the Southern Alternative is assessed to be of low significance and with the implementation of mitigation, is reduced to very low (Table 6-2).

48 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 38 Table 6-1: Without mitigation Altered sense of place and visual intrusion during construction Northern Alternative Extent Intensity Duration Consequence Probability Significance Status Confidence Local High Short-term Low Definite LOW -ve High Mitigation Measures: Limit vegetation clearance and the footprint of construction activities to what is absolutely essential. Designate the area north of the bypass route along the mountain as a No Go area. Consolidate the footprint of the construction camp to a functional minimum. Screen the yard with materials that blend into the surrounding area. Avoid excavation, handling and transport of materials which may generate dust under high wind conditions. Keep construction sites tidy and all activities, material and machinery contained within an area that is as small as possible. Rehabilitate disturbed areas incrementally and as soon as possible, not necessarily waiting until completion of the Construction Phase. With mitigation Table 6-2: Without mitigation Local Medium Short-term Very Low Definite VERY LOW -ve High Altered sense of place and visual intrusion during construction Southern Alternative Extent Intensity Duration Consequence Probability Significance Status Confidence Local High Short-term Low Definite LOW -ve High Mitigation Measures: Limit vegetation clearance and the footprint of construction activities to what is absolutely essential. Designate the area north of the bypass route along the mountain as a No Go area. Consolidate the footprint of the construction camp to a functional minimum. Screen the yard with materials that blend into the surrounding area. Avoid excavation, handling and transport of materials which may generate dust under high wind conditions. Keep construction sites tidy and all activities, material and machinery contained within an area that is as small as possible. Rehabilitate disturbed areas incrementally and as soon as possible, not necessarily waiting until completion of the Construction Phase. With mitigation Local Medium Short-term Very Low Definite VERY LOW -ve High 6.2 Operations Phase Altered Sense of Place and Visual Intrusion from the Proposed Road Infrastructure The CBD bypass adjacent to Mountain Drive (for both the Northern and Southern Alternatives) will change the site from an unbuilt, predominantly natural site to a built site. Due to the location of this section immediately adjacent to Mountain Drive, this section of the CBD bypass is moderately compatible with the existing land use of the area although the CBD bypass is located in the Fernkloof Nature Reserve, it is located adjacent to Mountain Drive on the Hermanus urban edge. This section will be highly visible to residents immediately adjacent to Mountain Drive and users of Mountain Drive, but visibility diminishes drastically for those residents further away from Mountain Drive due to the VAC provided by the urban fabric. This section will also be highly visible to visitors to Fernkloof Nature Reserve and from the cemetery, the churches on Jose Burman Drive, Hermanus High School and Hermanus Pre-primary School. The section of the CBD bypass north of the cemetery, through the Sports Complex and adjacent to Hermanus Private School (Northern Alternative) will change the site from a primarily unbuilt site to a built site. The location of this section of the Northern Alternative will be less compatible with the existing land use of the area as it is partly located further within Fernkloof Nature Reserve beyond the urban fabric of Hermanus, and then passes through a recreational area. This section will be highly visible to visitors to Fernkloof Nature Reserve, the cemetery, the churches on Jose Burman Drive, the Sports Complex, Bosko Church and Hermanus Private School and residents immediately adjacent to and users of Fernkloof Drive. Although the section of the CBD bypass adjacent to Jose Burman Drive (Southern Alternative) will be located in the urban edge, this

49 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 39 section will be raised and will be visually incongruent with the surrounding area. This raised portion will create a high visual barrier (~4 m) approximately 400 m in length along Jose Burman Drive and will be highly visible to visitors to Hermanus High School, Hermanus Private School, the cemetery, Hermanus Pre-primary School, the churches on Jose Burman Drive, the Sports Complex and to users of Jose Burman Drive. The section of the CBD bypass along Fairways Avenue to the R43 (applicable to the Northern and Southern Alternatives) will be moderately compatible with the existing land use of the area as the road design, including road edge treatment and drainage channels, will be similar to Fairways Avenue. This section will be highly visible to residents along Fairways Avenue, but visibility will diminish drastically for those residents further away from Fairways Avenue due to the VAC provided by the urban fabric. This section will also be highly visible to residents along Fernkloof Drive and Moffat Street and users of these roads, residents along the R43 abutting this portion of the CBD bypass and users of the R43, but only briefly. Table 6-3: Without mitigation Altered sense of place and visual intrusion from the proposed road infrastructure Northern Alternative Extent Intensity Duration Consequence Probability Significance Status Confidence Local Medium Long-term Medium Definite MEDIUM -ve High Mitigation Measures: For the section of the bypass beyond the urban edge, slope the road towards the mountain, where possible, to reduce the visibility of the road surface. Use a combination of low stone walls, natural planting and vegetated berms to screen the road and associated infrastructure. Avoid grassed areas and long uninterrupted horizontal lines. Appoint a landscape architect to assist in the road design. Retain eucalyptus tree copses as far as possible. Rehabilitate areas affected by scarring and put measures in place to prevent erosion. Restrict signage to a minimum and place such signage on low walls where possible. Where possible, situate utilities underground to minimize visual clutter. With mitigation Local Low Long-term Low Definite LOW -ve High The impact for the Northern Alternative is assessed to be of medium significance and with the implementation of mitigation, is reduced to low (Table 6-3). The impact for the Southern Alternative is assessed to be of high significance and with the implementation of mitigation, is reduced to low (Table 6-4).

50 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 40 Table 6-4: Altered sense of place and visual intrusion from the proposed road infrastructure Southern Alternative Extent Intensity Duration Consequence Probability Significance Status Confidence Without mitigation Local High Long-term High Definite HIGH -ve High Mitigation Measures: For the portion of the bypass beyond the urban edge, slope the road towards the mountain, where possible, to reduce the visibility of the road surface. Use a combination of low stone walls, natural planting and vegetated berms to screen the road and associated infrastructure. Avoid grassed areas and long uninterrupted horizontal lines. Appoint a landscape architect to assist in the road design. Retain eucalyptus tree copses as far as possible. Rehabilitate areas affected by scarring and put measures in place to prevent erosion. Restrict signage to a minimum and place such signage on low walls where possible. Sink the road level (adjacent to Hermanus High School) below ground level (~ 1 m 3 ) and install a low vegetated berm (~ 1 m) to provide visual screening. The vegetated berm should not be higher than eye level to maintain open views across the bypass and onto the Oliphantsberg Mountains. With mitigation Local Low Long-term Low Definite LOW -ve High Altered Sense of Place from Increased Traffic Over the short-term, traffic on the CBD bypass is not expected to increase substantially. However, loss of sense of place is likely as traffic increases over the long-term. The increased number of vehicles on the road and the related noise impacts will reduce the sense of place to neighbouring receptors. However, the gradual increase in traffic over time may result in the significance of the impact to receptors being reduced as they become accustomed to the increased traffic levels. 3 The option of sinking the bypass road along Jose Burman Drive to approximately 2 3 m below ground level was screened out due to high costs for excavations and retaining walls. The visual specialist believes that sinking the road by 1 m and installing a 1 m berm will provide the necessary mitigation, but at reduced costs compared to the screened out option. Table 6-5: Without mitigation The loss of sense of place will have a greater impact within the foreground (< 200 m) as sensitive receptors in close proximity to the CBD bypass (e.g. residents along Mountain Drive and Fairways Avenue) will be particularly exposed to this impact. Increased traffic over the short-term will be significant for the Bosko Church, Sports Complex and the Hermanus Private School (applicable to the Northern Alternative) as the CBD bypass will be constructed on unbuilt land in close proximity to these receptors. The impact for the Northern and Southern Alternatives is assessed to be of medium significance (Table 6-5). No mitigation is possible. Mitigation Measures: None. With mitigation Altered sense of place from increased traffic Northern and Southern Alternatives Extent Intensity Duration Consequence Probability Significance Status Confidence Local Medium Long-term Medium Local Medium Long-term Medium Definite MEDIUM -ve High Definite MEDIUM -ve High Altered Sense of Place and Visual Quality caused by Light Pollution at Night Lighting is proposed at intersections to improve safety. This may contribute to light pollution in the area. Although the proposed intersections are located in an urban area, the existing ambient night time light in the area is fairly low because of extensive unlit areas (e.g. sports fields, Hoy s Koppie, etc.) and not all streets in North Cliff and East Cliff have street lighting. Lighting is not easily screened by vegetation and topography, and receptors experience of the impact is more intense. Good external

51 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 41 Table 6-6: Without mitigation lighting design and lighting fixtures can restrict the upward immission of light into the atmosphere reducing the visual impact (altered sense of place) (refer to Figure 6-1). The impact for the Northern and Southern Alternatives is assessed to be of medium significance and with the implementation of mitigation measures, is reduced to low (Table 6-6). Altered sense of place and visual quality caused by light pollution at night Northern and Southern Alternatives Extent Intensity Duration Consequence Probability Significance Status Confidence Local Medium Long-term Medium Definite MEDIUM -ve High Mitigation Measures: Reduce the height of lighting masts to a workable minimum. Direct lighting inwards and downwards to avoid light spillage and trespass. External lights should be fitted with reflectors ( full cut-off luminaires) to direct illumination downward and inward to the specific illuminated areas (see Figure 6-1). With mitigation Local Low Long-term Low Definite LOW -ve High Figure 6-1: Directional outdoor luminaries (

52 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 42 7 Findings and Recommendations The VIA describes and interprets the visual context or affected environment in which the project is located: this provides a visual baseline or template and aims to ascertain the aesthetic uniqueness of the project area. To better understand the magnitude or intensity of visual and sense of place impacts, the capacity of the project area and receptors to accommodate, attenuate and absorb impacts was analysed in considerable detail. To assess impact significance, the CBD bypass was introduced into the baseline, taking account of the attenuating capacity of the project area. 7.1 Findings The following findings are pertinent: The WCDTPW proposes to construct a bypass road approximately 3 km long, to the north of the Hermanus CBD. Two alignment alternatives (Northern Alternative and Southern Alternative) of the eastern CBD bypass section (located east of the Hermanus cemetery) are considered. The basis for the visual character of the area is provided by the geology, vegetation and land use of the area, giving rise to a predominantly urban environment situated on a relatively flat and narrow coastal plain strongly influenced by the coast to the south and the natural Oliphantsberg Mountains to the north. The area can be described as a transition landscape associated with the interface between a natural area (Fernkloof Nature Reserve) and the developed residential and urban zone of Hermanus. Hoy s Koppie and other rocky outcrops add to the visual character of the area. The visual quality of the overall area is largely ascribable to the built-up, urban character of the landscape contained to the north by the open, green slopes of the Oliphantsberg Mountains. Views across Walker Bay contribute to the visual quality of the area. Some elements detract from the visual quality in the study area, notably the scarring (quarries adjacent to Mountain Drive and construction activities at the Sports Complex), an electrical substation on the northern edge of Hermanus and the powerline in the Fernkloof Nature Reserve area. The region has scenic value in terms of the coastal setting and sense of nature invoked by the location of the town between the sea cliffs and the Fernkloof Nature Reserve on the slopes of the Oliphantsberg Mountains. The region has attractive visual-spatial qualities and residents and tourists are attracted to Hermanus because of its scenery and location in the landscape. Hermanus sense of place is highly influenced by the coast residents refer to Hermanus as a seaside village. The views of the Oliphantsberg Mountains (as a backdrop to the town) and of Walker Bay add to the sense of place of the area. Hoy s Koppie is a distinguishable landmark in the landscape. However, Hermanus is transitioning rapidly to a major regional commercial centre and the sense of place in many parts of Hermanus (e.g. the Hermanus CBD) is changing quickly with increased pressure to develop. The VAC of the area is increased by topography, particularly as Hermanus is situated on a narrow platform between the Oliphantsberg Mountains and coast thereby limiting the viewshed. Local variations in topography within Hermanus provide partial visual screening Hoy s Koppie and the related ridgeline from Oliphantsberg as well as other minor outcrops and ridgelines. Partial visual screening is provided by vegetation, particularly eucalyptus trees and trees in private gardens. The existing urban fabric provides substantial visual screening.

53 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 43 There are a high number of sensitive receptors including visitors to Fernkloof Nature Reserve and the local churches and schools in the area. Visibility to residences along Mountain Drive, Lord Roberts Street, Fernkloof Drive, Moffat Street and Jose Burman Drive will be high, but visibility from other residences and users of local access roads is likely to be low, since the urban fabric and vegetation obtrudes views beyond the very immediate foreground. The visibility of the CBD bypass is increased due its linear alignment through an urban environment; its location in a residential area with many sensitive receptors including residents, schools and churches; and the location of a portion of the CBD bypass adjacent to and within a nature reserve. The Northern and Southern Alternatives are considered to be moderately compatible with the landscape integrity of the area. The section of the CBD bypass within the urban edge will be compatible with the existing land use of the area. The portion of the CBD bypass within the Fernkloof Nature Reserve is less consistent with the existing land use in the reserve. Visual impacts will be generated by construction activities such as earthworks, which can cause scarring, and from construction infrastructure, plant and materials on site (e.g. site camp, cranes and stockpiles) and dust. Loss of sense of place is expected since construction and the change in the state of the site (scarring, construction equipment and dust generation) are incongruent with the current nature of the surrounding area. The impact for the Northern and Southern Alternatives is assessed to be of low significance and with the implementation of mitigation is reduced to very low. The CBD bypass adjacent to Mountain Drive (applicable to the Northern and Southern Alternatives) will change the site from an unbuilt, predominantly natural site to a built site. The section of the CBD bypass north of the cemetery, through the Sports Complex and adjacent to Hermanus Private School (Northern Alternative) will change site from a primarily unbuilt site to a built site. Although the section of the CBD bypass adjacent to Jose Burman Drive (Southern Alternative) will be located in the urban edge, this section will be raised and will be visually incongruent with the surrounding area. This raised portion will create a visual barrier (approximately 400 m) in length along Jose Burman Drive. The section of the CBD bypass along Fairways Avenue to the R43 (applicable to the Northern and Southern Alternatives) will be moderately compatible with the existing land use of the area as the road design, including road edge treatment and drainage channels, will be similar to Fairways Avenue. The impact of altered sense of place and visual intrusion from the proposed road infrastructure for the Northern Alternative is assessed to be of medium significance and with the implementation of mitigation is reduced to low. The impact for the Southern Alternative is assessed to be of high significance and with the implementation of mitigation, is reduced to low. Over the short-term, traffic on the CBD bypass is not expected to increase substantially. However, loss of sense of place from the increased number of vehicles and related noise impacts is likely as traffic increases over the long-term. Increased traffic over the short-term will be significant for the Sports Complex (particularly Bosko Church) and the Hermanus Private School. The impact for the Northern and Southern Alternatives is assessed to be of medium significance. No mitigation is possible. Lighting is proposed at intersections to improve safety. Lighting is not easily screened by vegetation and topography, and receptors experience of the impact is more intense. Good external lighting design and lighting fixtures can restrict the

54 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 44 upward immission of light into the atmosphere reducing the visual impact (altered sense of place). The impact for the Northern and Southern Alternatives is assessed to be of medium significance and with the implementation of mitigation, is reduced to low. 7.2 Conclusion The overall magnitude of the visual impact that is expected to result from both the Northern Alternative and Southern Alternative is rated as moderate to high. This rating is due to the linear alignment of the project through an urban environment and the high number of sensitive receptors in close proximity to the project, although the CBD bypass will be moderately compatible with the existing land use of the area. Direct visual and aesthetic impacts associated with changes to sense of place and visual intrusion are likely to result from a number of project interventions and/or activities: Earthworks, resultant scarring and construction activities (including clearing of vegetation and dust); Change in character of the site caused by new road infrastructure; Impact on sense of place caused by increased traffic; and Lighting to illuminate the development. The Southern Alternative may have a marginally higher overall visual impact because of the proximity to sensitive receptors and the raised portion of road along Jose Burman Drive. Overall, visual impacts of the proposed project will be acceptable if the recommended mitigation measures are implemented.

55 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 45 8 References Boschkloof, (2012). Cederberg Farm Experience. Website: Accessed: October Author unknown, (2009). Shan Ding Lu. Website: Accessed: August CNDV, (2006). Strategic Initiative to Introduce Commercial Land Based Wind Energy Development to the Western Cape: Towards a Regional Methodology for Wind Energy Site Selection. Reports 1 6. Crawford, D. (1994) Using remotely sensed data in landscape visual quality assessment, Landscape and Urban Planning. 30: SANBI, (2010). BGIS Mapping Tool. South African National Biodiversity Insitute (SANBI). Website: Accessed: August SEF (2007). Phase 2 Expansion Of The Sishen - Saldanha Iron Ore Export Corridor, Saldanha Bay, Western Cape: Visual Impact Assessment, Ref No , October SRK Consulting, (2012). Draft Visual Impact Assessment for the proposed SATO holdings Photovoltaic Project, near Aggeneys, Northern Cape. Young, G., (2000). First Draft Gamsberg Zinc Project: Specialist Study Report: Visual Environment. Newtown Landscape Architects, 10 March Golder Associates, (2008). Environmental Management Programme for Namakwa Sands. Report No E. Lynch, K. (1992). Good City Form, The MIT Press, London. Night Jar Travel (Pty) Ltd, (2012). Night Jar Travel South Africa. Website: Accessed: August Oberholzer, B., (2005). Guideline for involving visual & aesthetic specialists in EIA processes: Edition 1. CSIR Report No ENV-S- C F. Republic of South Africa, Provincial Government of the Western Cape, Department of Environmental Affairs & Development Planning, Cape Town.

56 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 46 Prepared by Scott Masson Environmental Consultant (Pr.L.Arch) Reviewed by Chris Dalgliesh Partner

57 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 47 Appendices

58 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 48 Appendix A: Viewpoint Photographs

59 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 49 HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Views from Viewpoints 1 A & B Project No /42A

60 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 50 HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Views from Viewpoints 2 & 3 Project No /42A

61 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 51 HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Views from Viewpoints 4 & 5 Project No /42A

62 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 52 HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Views from Viewpoints 6 A & B Project No /42A

63 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 53 HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Views from Viewpoints 7 A & B Project No /42A

64 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 54 HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Views from Viewpoints 8 A & B Project No /42A

65 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 55 HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Views from Viewpoints 8 C & D Project No /42A

66 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 56 HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Views from Viewpoints 9 A & B Project No /42A

67 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 57 HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Views from Viewpoints 10 A & B Project No /42A

68 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 58 HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Views from Viewpoints 11 A & B Project No /42A

69 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 59 HERMANUS CBD BYPASS VIA Views from Viewpoints 12 & 13 Project No /42A

70 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 60 Appendix B: Impact Rating Methodology

71 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 61 IMPACT RATING METHODOLOGY The assessment of impacts will be based on specialists expertise, SRK s professional judgement, field observations and desk-top analysis. The significance of potential impacts that may result from the proposed mine expansion will be determined in order to assist decision-makers (typically by a designated authority or state agency, but in some instances, the proponent). The significance of an impact is defined as a combination of the consequence of the impact occurring and the probability that the impact will occur. The criteria used to determine impact consequence are presented in the table below. Table 1: Criteria Used to Determine the Consequence of the Impact Rating Definition of Rating Score A. Extent the area over which the impact will be experienced Local Confined to project or study area or part thereof (e.g. expansion areas) 1 Regional The region, which may be defined in various ways, e.g. cadastral, catchment, topographic 2 (Inter) national Nationally or beyond 3 B. Intensity the magnitude of the impact in relation to the sensitivity of the receiving environment, taking into account the degree to which the impact may cause irreplaceable loss of resources Low Site-specific and wider natural and/or social functions and processes are negligibly altered 1 Medium Site-specific and wider natural and/or social functions and processes continue albeit in a modified way High Site-specific and wider natural and/or social functions or processes are severely altered 3 C. Duration the timeframe over which the impact will be experienced and its reversibility Short-term Up to 2 years 1 Medium-term 2 to 15 years 2 Long-term More than 15 years 3 The combined score of these three criteria corresponds to a Consequence Rating, as follows: 2 Table 2: Method Used to Determine the Consequence Score Combined Score (A+B+C) Consequence Rating Very low Low Medium High Very high Once the consequence will be derived, the probability of the impact occurring will be considered, using the probability classifications presented in the table below.

72 Consequence SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 62 Table 3: Probability Classification Probability the likelihood of the impact occurring Improbable < 40% chance of occurring Possible 40% - 70% chance of occurring Probable > 70% - 90% chance of occurring Definite > 90% chance of occurring The overall significance of impacts will be determined by considering consequence and probability using the rating system prescribed in the table below. Table 4: Impact Significance Ratings Probability Improbable Possible Probable Definite Very Low INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT VERY LOW VERY LOW Low VERY LOW VERY LOW LOW LOW Medium LOW LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM High MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH HIGH Very High HIGH HIGH VERY HIGH VERY HIGH Finally the impacts will be also considered in terms of their status (positive or negative impact) and the confidence in the ascribed impact significance rating. The prescribed system for considering impacts status and confidence (in assessment) is laid out in the table below. Table 5: Impact Status and Confidence Classification Status of impact Indication whether the impact is adverse (negative) or beneficial (positive). Confidence of assessment The degree of confidence in predictions based on available information, SRK s judgment and/or specialist knowledge. + ve (positive a benefit ) ve (negative a cost ) Low Medium High The impact significance rating should be considered by authorities in their decision-making process based on the implications of ratings ascribed below: INSIGNIFICANT: the potential impact is negligible and will not have an influence on the decision regarding the proposed activity/development.

73 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 63 VERY LOW: the potential impact is very small and should not have any meaningful influence on the decision regarding the proposed activity/development. LOW: the potential impact may not have any meaningful influence on the decision regarding the proposed activity/development. MEDIUM: the potential impact should influence the decision regarding the proposed activity/development. HIGH: the potential impact will affect the decision regarding the proposed activity/development. VERY HIGH: The proposed activity should only be approved under special circumstances. In the VIA, practicable mitigation and optimisation measures will be recommended and impacts will be rated in the prescribed way both without and with the assumed effective implementation of mitigation and optimisation measures. Mitigation and optimisation measures will either be: Essential: best practice measures which must be implemented and are non-negotiable; and Best Practice: recommended to comply with best practice, with adoption dependent on the proponent s risk profile and commitment to adhere to best practice, and which must be shown to have been considered and sound reasons provided by the proponent if not implemented. Negative impacts (with mitigation) rated high or very high will be shaded in red, while positive impacts (with optimisation) rated high or very high will be shaded green.

74 SRK Consulting: /42A: Hermanus CBD Bypass VIA Page 64 SRK Report Distribution Record Report No /42A Copy No. Name/Title Company Copy Date Authorised by This report is being distributed as an appendix to the Impact Assessment Report (448281), and as such to the same stakeholders as that report. MASS Approval Signature: This report is protected by copyright vested in SRK (SA) (Pty) Ltd. It may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means whatsoever to any person without the written permission of the copyright holder, SRK.