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1 UNIPA Springer Series Editor-in-chief Carlo Amenta, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy Series editors Sebastiano Bavetta, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy Calogero Caruso, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy Gioacchino Lavanco, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy Bruno Maresca, Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy Andreas Öchsner, Griffith School of Engineering, Southport Queensland, Australia Mariacristina Piva, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy Roberto Pozzi Mucelli, Policlinico G.B.Rossi, Verona, Italy Antonio Restivo, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy Norbert M. Seel, University of Freiburg, Germany, Germany Gaspare Viviani, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

2 More information about this series at

3 Filippo Schilleci Vincenzo Todaro Francesca Lotta Connected Lands New Perspectives on Ecological Networks Planning 123

4 Filippo Schilleci University of Palermo Palermo Italy Francesca Lotta University of Palermo Palermo Italy Vincenzo Todaro University of Palermo Palermo Italy ISSN ISSN (electronic) UNIPA Springer Series ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

5 Contents 1 New Perspectives on Ecological Networks The Impact of Urbanization Processes on the Consumption of the Soil and on the Fragmentation From Protected Natural Areas to Reticular System The Paradigm of the Ecological Networks European Policies About Ecological Networks References Ecological Networks and Planning The Issue of Regulation The Re-processing of Values: New Types of Planning? Ecological Networks in Planning Instruments The Case of Italy The Italian Census of Local Scale Planning Instruments According to the Ecological Network Model References Ecological Network, Application of a Model in Sicily Soil Consumption and Fragmentation of the Regional Natural System Urban-Planning Versus Environment-Planning A Reticular System for the Protected Areas The Application of the Ecological Network in Wide-Area Planning in Sicily: The Case of the Metropolitan City of Palermo and of the Libero Consorzio Di Siracusa References Conclusions References v

6 Abbreviations APAT ARS ASCIs ASI BfN BUND CAP CDO CNPPA CUT DA DD DDG Ddl DGP DGR Dlgs Dm DOT DPGR DPR DRU EEconet Agenzia per la protezione dell ambiente e per i servizi tecnici (Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services) Assemblea Regionale Siciliana (Sicilian Regional Assembly) Areas of Special Conservation Interest Area di Sviluppo Industriale (Industrial Development Areas) Bundesamt für Naturschutz (German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation) Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland (Friends of the Earth Germany) Common Agricultural Policy Controlled Designation of Origin Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas Carta Unica del Territorio (Territory Single Charter) Decreto Assessoriale (Regional Ministry Decree) Determinazione Dirigenziale (Regional Decision) Decreto Direttore Generale (Director General Decree) Disegno di Legge (Draft law) Delibera Giunta Provinciale (Decision of the Provincial Council) Decreto Giunta Regionale (Decision of the Regional Council) Decreto legislativo (Legislative Decree) Decreto ministeriale (Ministerial Decree) Directrices de Ordenación del Territorio (Regional Planning Guidelines) Decreto del Presidente della Giunta Regionale (President of the Regional Council Habitat Directive) Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica (Presidential Decree) Dipartimento Regionale dell'urbanistica (Regional Department of Urban Planning) European Ecological Network vii

7 viii FESR FSE IENE ISPRA ISTAT IUCN Lipu NGOs Nl NTA PEBLDS PEEN PGOU PIR PLANECO PO POC PRG PSC PTCP PTP PTPR PUR PUT QCS QPS RES Rl SACs SCIs SPAs TEN Abbreviations Fondo Europeo di Sviluppo Regionale (European Regional Development Fund) Fondo Sociale Europeo (European Social Fund) Infra Eco Network Europe Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale Nationale (Institute for Environmental Research) Istituto nazionale di statistica (National Institute of Statistics) International Union for the Conservation of Nature Lega Italiana Protezione Uccelli (Italian League for Bird Protection) Non-Governmental Organizations National law Norme tecniche d attuazione Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy Pan-European Ecological Network Plan general de ordenaccion urbana (Plan of the city) Progetto integrato regionale (Regional Integrated Project) Planning in Ecological Network Piano Operativo (Operational Plan) Piano Operativo Comunale (Urban Operational Plan) Piano Regolatore Generale (Master Plan) Piano Strutturale Comunale (Urban Structural Plan) Piano Territoriale di Coordinamento Provinciale (Sub-regional Plan) Piano Territoriale Provinciale (Sub-regional Plan) Piano Territoriale Paesistico Regionale (Landscape Regional Planning) Piano Urbanistico Regionale (Regional Planning) Piano Urbanistico Territoriale (Regional Plan) Quadro Conoscitivo con valenza Strutturale (Region Framework with Structural Value) Quadro Propositivo con Valenza Strategica (Proactive Framework with Strategic Value) Rete Ecologica Siciliana (Sicilian Ecological Network) Regional law Special Areas of Conservation Sites of Community Importance Special Protection Areas Transnational Ecological Network

8 Introduction The last 20 years have seen scientific research in the field of city planning underlining the importance of networks and ecological connections for the overall protection of the territory. More in detail, the importance of such environmental protection model has been confirmed within the planning process carried out at different territorial levels by governmental and nongovernmental institutions and their national and international operational instruments, be them regulatory (laws, directives, regulations) or indicative (guidelines, strategic documents, etc.). The delicate regulation phase involving ecological networks (Natura 2000) within national jurisdictions is almost over in Europe, while the best way to carry out the even more difficult local and regional operational phase involving both laws and planning instruments is still being looked for. Such process is taking place in a locally heterogeneous way, given the differences characterizing the different territorial contexts. The current challenge involves the search for internal consistency within the reticular model, which is to be combined with a well-oiled operational methodology aimed at increasing the efficiency of such environmental protection model, both from a regulation and planning perspective. Such is the core topic of this text, which is subdivided into three parts. The first part, after exploring and outlining the reference theoretical bases of ecological network within the International academic debate, focuses on how protected areas should no longer be considered as the sum of different components, but rather as a network. Starting from how environmental protection should be approached, the different European, transnational, and national models of ecological networks/connections are analyzed. Such analysis is carried out through a detailed, updated study of relevant documents. Regulatory experiences are deeply different than strategic ones, since the former took place under specific national and International (and therefore governmental) regulations, while the latter were promoted through informal (and therefore nongovernmental) initiatives. The emerging complex picture shows a wide range of reticular-ecological models within the plans and programs launched in Europe, but also many nonintegrated experiences. ix

9 x Introduction The second part focuses on the matter of ecological networks/connections regulation within planning instruments. As far as this aspect is concerned, the work immediately explains the critical points, also referring to different ecological network models and specific local realities. Moreover, the work also focuses on the Italian situation, also referring to the different normative and planning frameworks, both at a national and regional level. More specifically, great importance is attached to how ecological networks/connections can be structured within plans, and the possible local differences compared to the initial theoretical model. Such considerations are explained through the results of the Census of quality/quantity updates of ordinary planning instruments at a local level according to the Ecological Network Model carried out by the Authors for the City and Territory Department (now included in the Architecture Department) of the University of Palermo for the Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA, National Institute for Environmental Research and Protection) of the Italian Environment Ministry. Such results show the great variety of ecological network models, especially within provincial planning instruments, which are therefore considered as the most appropriate to regulate environmental protection in accordance with ecological-reticular models. Finally, the third part analyses the case of Sicily, which is particularly interesting due to its physical-geographical conditions, specific regulation, and planning instruments. More in detail, the work first focuses on the analysis of the regional territorial features, referring to human pressure on areas of natural interest and environmental fragmentation phenomena which can be observed along the coastline. Second, the often complicated system of environmental and urban regulation is analyzed, also referring to the topic of ecological networks/connections. Finally, the work ends with a specific analysis of two ongoing planning experiences: the Metropolitan city of Palermo and the Libero Consorzio di Siracusa. Both cases, though differently, see the topic of ecological networks/connections as the core element of territory development/preservation dynamics and the structuring of plans. The analyzed cases, tough provinces were abolished (together with their planning instruments, which were very useful for the research carried out in the second part of the work), show how the intermediate territorial scale that of the metropolitan city or the Libero Consorzio di Comuni is still the most appropriate so as to efficiently approach the complex relations between the settlement system and networks of areas of natural interest.

Basics, Methods and Case Studies

Geobotany Studies Basics, Methods and Case Studies Editor Franco Pedrotti University of Camerino Camerino Italy Editorial Board S. Bartha, Vacratot, Hungary F. Bioret, University of Brest, France E.O.