Labor Forces and Landscape Management

Transcription

1 Labor Forces and Landscape Management

2 Hiroyuki Shimizu Chika Takatori Nobuko Kawaguchi Editors Labor Forces and Landscape Management Japanese Case Studies 123

3 Editors Hiroyuki Shimizu Nagoya University Nagoya, Aichi Japan Nobuko Kawaguchi Nagoya University Nagoya, Aichi Japan Chika Takatori Nagoya University Nagoya, Aichi Japan ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #22-06/08 Gateway East, Singapore , Singapore

4 The original version of the book was revised: For detailed information please see erratum. The erratum to this book is available at / _26

5 Preface The concept of landscape management labor accounts was developed through the on-site research experiences reported in Basic and Clinical Environmental Approaches in Landscape Planning (Shimizu et al. 2014). Basic and Clinical Environmental Approaches in Landscape Planning was published as a result of the Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program From Earth System Science to Basic and Clinical Environmental Studies, funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology starting in 2009 (Nagoya University Global Center for Excellence Program 2013). In the process of publishing, we were keenly aware of the importance of clinical environmental approaches in landscape planning, which is diagnostic by analyzing how the earth life system interacts with human society and treatment-based by providing technological or regulatory solutions to environmental problems. Moreover, it became clear that local landscapes are faced with serious management challenges in the future, with a rapidly aging and shrinking population. Thus, gaining a holistic understanding of how much and what kind of management is needed across various landscapes today and into the future is critical. Landscape management labor accounts is one methodology for grasping them. Contents of This Book This book is divided into four parts. Part I In this part, the current state of landscape management in Japan is discussed and the basic concept of landscape management labor accounts is proposed. In Chap. 1, the background, concept, and perspective of this research are described. Recently, landscape management has been recognized as important to keeping landscapes sustainable. This is particularly true in mature countries such as Japan, which is vii

6 viii Preface grappling with a population that is both rapidly aging and shrinking, where it is becoming more and more difficult to manage landscapes. Some landscapes must be returned to nature while other landscapes must be maintained appropriately by human labor. Landscape management labor accounts are a new tool to evaluate the amount and density of labor forces needed to maintain different landscape types in an integrated manner, including urban gardens, farmlands, and forests. Chapter 2 shows typical landscape types extracted by principal component and cluster analysis, as well as their distribution patterns and characteristics. Seven basic landscape types are described, namely, the paddy field type, urban paddy field mixed type, paddy field Satoyama type, urban type, other field Satoyama type, nature type, and other field type. These landscape types have a strong relationship with Japanese geography. The basic landscape types are compared with land use and population changes from the past to the present. Finally, decreasing landscape management sustainability is described by comparing current population with projected population levels in Part II In this part, changing policies, research, and contemporary issues in landscape management are discussed, covering various landscapes including urban, urban periphery, agricultural, plantation forest, water, and coastal areas. In urban areas, the increase of sealed parking lots and unmanaged residential properties degrades the urban ecological environment, and inadequate landscape management budgets threaten the quality of parks and street trees. Unplanned urban sprawl in farmlands on the urban periphery causes chaotic landscapes that degrade land, as well as unmanaged secondary forests that lead to ecosystem disservices, such as loss of aesthetic value and damage from insects and animals. Land improvement projects in agricultural areas led by the national government bring production and efficiency but harm plant and animal habitat and reduce biodiversity. Additionally, many farmers are elderly and are expected to soon stop farming, leading to the rapid abandonment of farmland. In water landscapes, well-developed artificial structures, such as high levees and straightened rivers, can mitigate high-probability disasters but bring about habitat loss and reduced biodiversity. However, naturalized rivers, vegetated channels, and temporary ponds, as in alluvial riverscapes, need much labor management. In coastal landscapes, most parts of banks are covered by concrete, tidal flats are converted to artificial lands, and natural landscapes are mostly lost. Additionally, natural environments in the oceans, such as seaweed beds, are degrading rapidly. To recover from the degraded condition discussed above, a sufficient labor force is needed. Part III In this part, landscape labor accounts are calculated specifically for several case studies in the Chubu metropolitan area of Japan, the central part of the island of Honshu. Landscape elements, landscape units, and neighborhood landscape complex units comprise the calculation base for labor accounts and densities. Labor

7 Preface ix accounts and labor densities in various scales are also defined. As a case study in an urban landscape, labor accounts and densities in Nagoya City are considered, including public parks, roadside trees, private gardens, and kitchen gardens. Next, the labor accounts and densities of the secondary urban forest in Fujimaki Town in Nagoya City, where local residents are engaged in secondary forest management, are examined as an urban forest neighborhood landscape complex unit. Asami District in Mie Prefecture is examined as an example of a flatland farmland neighborhood landscape complex unit. Nyu District, which is managed by a farming cooperative, is studied as a paddy field Satoyama neighborhood landscape complex unit. Kayumi District, where tea plantations are developed, is examined as an example of another field Satoyama neighborhood landscape complex unit. Shima District, which is famous for its traditional women divers, is examined as an example of a coastal neighborhood landscape complex unit. Finally, the integration of landscape labor accounts, from the small scale of neighborhood landscape complexes to the large regional scale of the Chubu metropolitan area, is also considered. Part IV In Part IV, planning perspectives related to each landscape type are considered and discussed. Using the concept of landscape labor accounts and densities, problems related to the management of each landscape type may be seen more clearly and appropriate consideration with respect to sustainable management can be described. In planning for existing urban areas, considering the fact that further development of new parks through land acquisition is financially difficult, it is important to maintain and increase green spaces within private properties and streets. This may be accomplished through the new integrated urban planning system, with a high priority on the ecological benefits of green spaces in existing urban areas. In urban periphery planning, urban rural mixed land use and depopulation are serious challenges. Land-use realignment under the idea of living in the garden may be key in the future. In forest planning, improvements in the ecological, economic, and social aspects of unmanaged plantation forests are the most important issues, and the development of the system of foresters as forest managers is discussed. Landscape management labor accounts can contribute to recognizing unmanaged areas, estimating needed manpower, and anticipating costs. Regarding inland water systems, the process of ecosystem degeneration is reviewed and visions and policies to rehabilitate them are discussed. The most important issue in rural planning with an aging and shrinking society is the possibility of continued farming and survival of the local community. The development of corporate or cooperative farming and the maintenance of collaborative works of individual farmers or residents are discussed. In coastal planning, the planning connectivity from forest areas to coastal areas and the development of planning methodologies based on river basins will be more important moving forward. Landscape management labor accounts may contribute to the establishment of such kinds of thinking. The relationship between landscape

8 x Preface management and ecosystem services is also discussed, with a case study in Nagoya City. Finally, perspectives related to sustainable labor force management of landscapes are considered. Nagoya, Japan Hiroyuki Shimizu Chika Takatori Nobuko Kawaguchi

9 Acknowledgments The Scientific Research of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science supported this study. In addition, without scholarship donations by Sansei Technologies, Inc., KYB Corporation, Urban Formative Architect & Associates, and IIJIMA Structural Design Office, this research could not have been completed. For academic support, firstly we would like to thank the Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development in Dresden (IOER), Germany. The idea for landscape management labor accounts first came up during a stay at the IOER during a discussion on landscape planning. We would also like to thank Vivek Shandas of Portland State University and Claudia Cassatella of Polytechnic University of Turin, who provided us with important comments on our study. We would like to again thank all of our kind supporters xi

10 Contents Part I Introduction 1 Introduction... 3 Hiroyuki Shimizu 2 Japanese Basic Landscape Types, and Change in Population and Urban Land Use Hiroyuki Shimizu Part II What is Happening in Typical Landscapes in Japan? 3 Urban Landscape: Urban Planning Policies and Institutional Framework Akito Murayama 4 Urban Periphery Landscape: Dichotomization of Urban and Rural Dimensions Toru Terada 5 Agricultural Landscape: Farmland Abandonment and Direct Payments Kazuaki Tsuchiya and Kazu Hagihara 6 Plantation Forest Landscape: The Paradigm Shift in Forestry, a Belowground Ecosystem for Sustainability Land Use Kazukiyo Yamamoto and Yasuhiro Hirano 7 Inland Water Landscape: Structural and Functional Changes in the Ecosystem Shigeya Nagayama, Takashi Tashiro and Jyun-ichi Kitamura 8 Coastal Area Landscape: Environmental Changes and the Characteristics of Labor Activities Hiromi Yamashita and Taito Yasufuku xiii

11 xiv Contents Part III Case Studies 9 Methodology Hiroyuki Shimizu, Chika Takatori and Nobuko Kawaguchi 10 Case Studies in a Variety of Urban Greenspaces: Nagoya City Nobuko Kawaguchi 11 Urban Landscape Case Study in a Middle City: Matsusaka Chuo District Nobuko Kawaguchi 12 Case Studies in Urban Forest Neighborhood Landscape Complex Units: Fujimaki Town Nozomi Fujiwara and Chika Takatori 13 Case Studies in Flatland Farmland Neighborhood Landscape Complex Units: Asami District Yuki Murase, Jyun-Ichi Kitamura, Nobuko Kawaguchi, Hiroyuki Shimizu and Chika Takatori 14 Case Studies in Paddy Field Satoyama Neighborhood Landscape Complex Units: Nyu District Chika Takatori, Chiaki Nakatsuji and Hiroyuki Shimizu 15 Case Study of Other Field Satoyama Neighborhood Landscape Complex Units: Kayumi District Nobuko Kawaguchi and Hiroyuki Shimizu 16 Case Studies in Coastal Neighborhood Landscape Complex Units: Saki-Shima Peninsula Taito Yasufuku and Hiroyuki Shimizu 17 Integration of Landscape Management Labor Accounts Hiroyuki Shimizu, Chika Takatori, Nobuko Kawaguchi and Keidai Minamoto Part IV Perspectives 18 Urban Planning: Is a Networked Compact City Vision Realistic? Nobuko Kawaguchi and Akito Murayama 19 Urban Periphery Planning: Concept to Link Urban and Rural Communities in the 21st Century Toru Terada 20 Rural Planning: Sustainable Management in Collaborative Activities Kazu Hagihara, Nobuko Kawaguchi and Noriyuki Kawamura

12 Contents xv 21 Forest Planning: Human Resource Development for Sustainable Forest Planning Kazukiyo Yamamoto and Yasuhiro Hirano 22 Inland Water System Planning: Management for Ecosystem Rehabilitation Jyun-ichi Kitamura, Takashi Tashiro and Shigeya Nagayama 23 Coastal Planning: Biodiversity Restoration and Ownership Hiromi Yamashita and Taito Yasufuku 24 Connection to the Ecosystem Service Studies Makoto Ooba and Kiichiro Hayashi 25 Conclusion: Towards Sustainable Labor Force Management of Landscapes Hiroyuki Shimizu, Chika Takatori and Nobuko Kawaguchi Erratum to: Labor Forces and Landscape Management... E1 Hiroyuki Shimizu, Chika Takatori and Nobuko Kawaguchi