Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling

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1 Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling Mostafa Elfouly, Andreas Donaubauer, Thomas H. Kolbe Chair of Geoinformatics Source: Simon P at Wikimedia Commons 13th of October 2015

Urban Expansion Describes the expansion of human population away from central urban areas into low-denisty and usually cardependent communities Pros: - Easier route - Affordability - Low crime rates

2 Urban Expansion Describes the expansion of human population away from central urban areas into low-denisty and usually cardependent communities Pros: - Easier route - Affordability - Low crime rates - Growing economy - Sense of community - Cons: - Destruction of farm land - Longer travel times - Higher taxes - The urban sprawl of Melbourne. Source: Lincolnwong, English Wikipedia Sprawl in Milton, Ontario Source: SimonP, Wikipedia Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 2

Urban Expansion might lead to unfettered sprawl Astrid Rössler, the vice-governor of Salzburg, presented the following cons of urban expansion in the

by engaging the community Setting up small focus groups discussing how would the citizens would like to expand their city in 10-20 years Smart Growth?

3 Urban Expansion might lead to unfettered sprawl Astrid Rössler, the vice-governor of Salzburg, presented the following cons of urban expansion in the Geodesign Summit in Salzburg 2015: Infrastructure is pretty expensive Transportation for low dense areas can not be provided How to develop land use plan by engaging the community Setting up small focus groups discussing how would the citizens would like to expand their city in years Smart Growth?! Urban sprawl, looking west from Tokyo Tower. Source: Chris 73 on Wikipedia Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 3

4 Smart Growth is becoming an increasingly popular approach to community development seeks to discourage development on open space and farmland and encourage growth in developed areas with existing infrastructure is planned growth that integrates economic development and job creation with community quality-oflife by preserving the built and natural environments Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 4

5 Smart Growth (Cont.) In an American national survey conducted in 2000, 78% of respondents favoured smart growth when it was defined as "giving priority to improving services, such as schools, roads, affordable housing and public transportation in existing communities, rather than encouraging new housing and commercial development in the countryside" (Smart Growth America 2000) Source: New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 5

6 Smart Growth requirements Comprehensive planning in order not to lead to unfettered sprawl Evaluation of alternative scenarios It often includes indicators (e.g. heat energy consumption) from heteregenous domains (e.g. energy domain, noise simulation domain, traffic domain, etc ) What are the characteristics of these indicators? Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 6

7 Characteristics of required Indicators Different types of indicators need to be distinguished (i.e. numerical, textual, categorical indicators) Complex indicators can be composed & computed from attribute values from associated city model objects constants mathematical expressions (unary / binary arithmetic operations) on other indicators Indicator value aggregation (e.g. summation, average, maximum, etc.) of other indicators Augment indicator values with meta information like accuracy, lineage / source etc. allowing for automatic sensitivity analysis Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 7

8 Research Questions Which systems do we need to study? What is going on now on those systems? What data do we need to study? What impacts do they need? Immediate feedback is needed! What kind of changes are we thinking about? Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 8

9 Geodesign provides immediate or rapid feedback allows tighter integration of planning and impact analysis Evaluation and assessment of urban-areas is an asset during the decision-driven geodesign process, which in turn, allows us to determine, monitor, and detect the impact of specific change on a given model as explained (Steinitz, A Framework for Geodesign) Dashboards or feedback displays shall be integrated to the geodesign process (Steve M. Ervin) Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 9

10 Domain-independent General Indicator Model (GIM) shall be established for supporting the impact analysis assesment If we want to have a comprehensive view of these indicators or interrelation, then a common indicator model would be an idea Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 10

11 Motivation Indicators are not formally described or they are formally described but in different ways It is not clear what the formula behind an indicator is, when just the indicator value is displayed In this regard, we introduce a framework which allows stakeholders to formally describe these formulae and relates them to the corresponding geospatial objects Besides the common understanding between stakeholders from different domains, formally described indicators can be easily reused Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 11

12 Motivation (Cont.) Since our approach is based on Model Driven Engineering, they can be described platformindependently and can then be automatically deployed on platform-specific tools such as ArcGIS Modelbuilder Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 12

13 Observations 1. Geobase data are available for entire countries and can be used for computing indicator values (however, typically additional domain specific data are required) 2. All these geospatial information are based on standardised semantic data models / ontologies 3. So far, indicators are typically not formally modelled using a standardised framework 4. Furthermore, no systematic model exists yet for linking indicators and geobase data Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 13

14 Indicator Modelling General Feature Model ISO General Indicator Model M2: Metamodel Domain specific indicators follow a General Ind. Model CityGML Application Schema X Y Z Energy Related KPIs Application Schema Climate Related KPIs Application Schema KPI A Building Y KPI B Building Z M1: Model M0: Instance These are the indicator models from different application domains Concrete indicators for concrete city objects Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 14

15 Domain Specific Indicator Modelling Domain Indicators General Indicator Model HeatDemand Numeric Indicator + value Domain of the stakeholder/application specialist Where do I get the data from? Energy Planner Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 15

Domain Specific Indicator Modelling Reference Objects Object Related Domain Indicators Domain Indicators General Indicator Model District DistrictHeat EnergyDemand * Building -volume «Aggregation»

16 Domain Specific Indicator Modelling Reference Objects Object Related Domain Indicators Domain Indicators General Indicator Model District DistrictHeat EnergyDemand * Building -volume «Aggregation» num * BuildingHeat EnergyDemand + compute() HeatDemand Numeric Indicator + value Many of the reference objects in the context of urban indicators are spatial objects OCL Rule 2 Domain of the stakeholder/application specialist Where do I get the data from? Energy Planner Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 16

CityGML) Weaving Model Reference Objects Object Related Domain Indicators Domain Indicators General Indicator Model

Connector * Building -volume «Aggregation» num * BuildingHeat EnergyDemand + compute() HeatDemand Numeric Indicator +

17 Linking Geospatial and Indicator Models Geospatial Application Model (e.g. CityGML) Weaving Model Reference Objects Object Related Domain Indicators Domain Indicators General Indicator Model CityObject * District Connector District DistrictHeat EnergyDemand Solid geometry Building CityObject Group Building Connector * Building -volume «Aggregation» num * BuildingHeat EnergyDemand + compute() HeatDemand Numeric Indicator + value OCL Rule 1 OCL Rule 2 Domain of the geodata provider Domain of the stakeholder/application specialist What can we do with our data? Where do I get the data from? City Modeler Energy Planner Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 17

18 Rules in Object Constraint Language (OCL) - 1 Reference Objects Object Related Domain Indicators Domain Indicators General Indicator Model District * Building + volume Type ageclass refdistrict refbuilding refbuildingheat DistrictHeat EnergyDemand * BuildingHeat EnergyDemand + compute() HeatDemand Numeric Indicator + value context BuildingHeatEnergyDemand inv: self.value = refbuilding.volume * 0.97 context DistrictHeatEnergyDemand inv: self.value = Sum(refDistrict.refBuilding.refBuil dingheatenergydemand.value) Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 18

19 Rules in Object Constraint Language (OCL) - 2 Geospatial Application Model CityObject * Weaving Classes District Connector Reference Objects District Object Related Domain Indicators DistrictHeat EnergyDemand Solid Building refcitygmlbuilding CityObject Group Building Connector refbuilding * Building + volume * BuildingHeat EnergyDemand + compute() context BuildingConnector inv: refbuilding.volume = refcitygmlbuilding.volume Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 19

20 General Indicator Model (GIM) in UML GI_WeavingClassType GI_Object + typename[0...1]: LocalName + definition: CharacterString + isabstract: Boolean = false GI_InheritanceRelation + name[0...1]: CharacterSt ringlocalname + description: CharacterString + uniqueinstance: Boolean 0 * Specialisation +subtype 1 +subtype GI_FeatureType 1 GI_ObjectRelated DomainIndicator GI_AggregationType <<DataType>> GI_Constraint + description: CharacterString 0 * +supertype Generalisation 1 +constrainedby 0 * +constrainedby 0 * 1 GI_PropertyType + membername[0...1]: LocalName + definition: CharacterString 1 * +includes +carrierofcharacteristics 0 * +linkbetween 0 * GI_AssociationType GI_Spatial AssociationType GI_Operation + signature: CharacterString +affectsvalueof +observesvaluesof 0 * +triggeredbyvalueof 0 * GI_AttributeType + valuetype[0...1]: LocalName + domainofvalues: CharacterString + cardinality: CharacterString 0 * 0 * 0 1 +ch aracterise +ch aracterisedby attributeofattribute Role +rolename GI_AssociationRole + cardinality: Multiplicity GI_Temporal AssociationType GI_SpatialAttributeType GI_LocationAttributeType GI_ThematicAttributeType GI_TemporalAttributeType GI_MetadataAttributeType Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 20

21 GIM for Heat Energy Demand Estimation Object Related Indicators Domain Specific Indicators VDISpace EnergyDemand <<aggregation sum>> BuildingVDI SpaceEnergyDemand DistrictVDI SpaceEnergyDemand +buildingvdispace EnergyDemand BuildingZone ThermalResponse Thermal Temperature Resistance HeatCapacity HeatFlux +buildingthermalresponse BuildingZone RCModel +zoneheatflux 0 * BuildingZone HeatFlux InternalSources AndSinks HeatingAnd CoolingLoads +buildingzone RC Mo del BuildingZone ComponentThermal Resistance +buildingzonecomponent ThermalResistance +buildingzonecomponent HeatCapacity BuildingZone ComponentHeat Capacitiy BuildingZoneHeating AndCoolingLoads BuildingZoneInternalSinks AndSources +thermalresistanceof InteriorComp onents +buildingzonecomponent HeatCapacity HeatCapacityOf InteriorComponent HeatCapacityOf InteriorComponents ThermalResistance ForConvectionAnd Radiation ThermalResistanceOf InteriorComponents ThermalResistanceOf ExteriorComponents Context HeatCapacityOfInteriorComponents inv: heatcapacityofinteriorcomponent- >"combinedrule12"forall (l l.heatcapacityofinteriorcomponent.value & buildingzonecomponentheatcapacity. buildingzonecomponentthermalresistance. thermalresistanceofinteriorcomponents.value) Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 21

22 Conclusions General Indicator Model: new framework for model based representation and automated computation of indicators Indicators for different domains are specified in a standardised and interoperable way using UML class diagrams and OCL rules Indicator models are linked to geobase data models using model weaving The framework facilitates systematic analysis of (also very complex) indicators and their relationships to geodesign and city models representing and explaining key performance indicators for evaluation of smart growth (aspects) represented by 3D models Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 22

23 Conclusions (Cont.) The framework facilitates automatic derivation of programs to compute indicator values collaboration of domain specialists (those who define the indicators) and geospatial data specialists in setting up automated processes for calculating indicator values Geodesign for Smart Growth Evaluation using General Indicator Modelling 23

Geodesign. Presenter: Shannon McElvaney

Geodesign. Presenter: Shannon McElvaney Geodesign Presenter: Shannon McElvaney Overview Drivers of change What is geodesign? Why is geodesign important? Who is doing it? How can you get started? Population Growth and Urbanization Population