Environmental Security Assessment and Management of Obsolete Pesticides in Southeast Europe

Transcription

1 Environmental Security Assessment and Management of Obsolete Pesticides in Southeast Europe

2 NATO Science for Peace and Security Series This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Programme: Science for Peace and Security (SPS). The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas: (1) Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3) NATO, Partner and Mediterranean Dialogue Country Priorities. The types of meeting supported are generally "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops". The NATO SPS Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO s "Partner" or "Mediterranean Dialogue" countries. The observations and recommendations made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of participants and contributors only; they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATO views or policy. Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses to convey the latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action Following a transformation of the programme in 2006 the Series has been re-named and re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction with the NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division. Sub-Series A. Chemistry and Biology Springer B. Physics and Biophysics Springer C. Environmental Security Springer D. Information and Communication Security IOS Press E. Human and Societal Dynamics IOS Press Series C: Environmental Security

3 Environmental Security Assessment and Management of Obsolete Pesticides in Southeast Europe edited by Lubomir I. Simeonov Space Research and Technology Institute Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia, Bulgaria Fliur Z. Macaev Institute of Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Moldova Chisinau, Moldova and Biana G. Simeonova Institute of Electronics Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia, Bulgaria Published in Cooperation with NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division

4 Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Environmental Security Assessment and Management of Obsolete Pesticides in Southeast Europe Varna, Bulgaria September 2012 Library of Congress Control Number: ISBN (PB) ISBN (HB) ISBN (e-book) DOI / Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

5 Preface The book is developed on the basis of the contributions at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Environmental Security Assessment and Management of Obsolete Pesticides in Southeast Europe, which took place in Golden Sands Resort near Varna, Bulgaria, between 11 and 17 of September The main goal of the NATO Advanced Study Institute was to evaluate the current extent of improper disposal of obsolete pesticides in the region of Southeast Europe, to estimate the associated impact on environmental health and to develop recommendations to mitigate or eliminate threats posed to the environment, biodiversity and human life. The industrial production and use of pesticides has a relatively short but controversial history. Pesticides are chemicals specifically manufactured to be toxic to target organisms and pests and are deliberately introduced in the environment in large amounts. Yet without pesticides, the modern development of agriculture would be impossible and public health could, in some cases, be compromised. The extensive use and/or improper use of pesticides can entail risks for human health, for non-target organisms and for the environment on a whole. Risk assessment and management of pesticide exposure should be a key activity in any country, particularly in countries with economies in transition. In such cases, special attention must be given to the issue of obsolete pesticides. Examples of obsolete pesticides are those that are unwanted because the manufacturer s expiration date has passed, the material is left over after the pest problem has been resolved, the material was purchased in excess quantities, the material is banned because of environmental or public health reasons or the material has undergone degradation and alteration to create new hazardous chemical by-products as a result of improper storage. Because of the enormous chemical complexity, at present the only accepted management option for obsolete pesticides is their immediate environmentally safe removal and destruction. The objectives of the NATO Advanced Study Institute included the following issues in more detail: to consider the transport and fate of pesticides and associated contaminated materials in different environmental media and to identify the principal sources, emission routes and patterns of environmental pollution with pesticides; to identify the most suitable methods for environmental sampling analysis v

6 vi Preface and sample preparation; to evaluate current methods and techniques for chemical analysis of environmental and biological samples and discuss the metrological and quality aspects of trace analysis and issues such as method validation, data processing and uncertainty evaluation for pesticide pollutant determination; to characterize the environmental and human health impacts of pesticide pollution, the health effects associated with acute and chronic exposure, and associations between pesticide pollution and human diseases; to present advanced research technologies and specialized computer models relating to exposure assessment, chemical fate and transport, and risk assessment; to discuss of issues such as model sensitivity, availability, uncertainty and predictive value; to present the advantages and drawbacks of conventional vs. emerging technologies for elimination and destruction of obsolete pesticides and by-products; to survey the international conventions, directives and standards concerning pesticide use. The NATO Advanced Study Institute contributed for the exchange of knowledge between experienced scientists and young researchers from NATO and partnering countries; for the identification of data gaps and opportunities for international collaboration on research priorities; for the priority and response action setting for contaminated environmental media; for the risk-based management efforts to reduce the impact of obsolete pesticides on the environment; for the prioritization and recommendation for urgent, short-term and long-term policies intended to prevent, or limit, the impacts of obsolete pesticides on the environment and public health; for the stimulation of national policies and strategies for chemical safety and pollution prevention based on risk analyses; and for the harmonization of regulatory policies, personnel training and education and increasing general public awareness of the problems of obsolete pesticide use. Lubomir I. Simeonov Space Research and Technology Institute Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia, Bulgaria Fliur Z. Macaev Institute of Chemistry Academy of Sciences of Moldova Chisinau, Moldova Biana G. Simeonova Institute of Electronics Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia, Bulgaria

7 Acknowledgements The organizers wish to express their gratitude to the staff of the NATO Science for Peace and Security Programme, Emerging Security Challenges Division, for the approval of the Advanced Study Institute and the Financial Award provided, which made the event possible. Our special thanks go to Dr. Deniz Beten, Senior SPS & Partnership Cooperation Adviser, and to Ms. Lynne Campbell-Nolan, SPS Programme and ESCD. The editors are especially grateful to the Publishing Editor of the book, Mrs. Annelies Kersbergen, from the Springer/NATO Publishing Unit for the collaboration and assistance in the preparation of this publication following the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Environmental Security Assessment and Management of Obsolete Pesticides in Southeast Europe, Golden Sands Resort, Varna, Bulgaria, between 11 and 17 of September vii

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9 Contents 1 Obsolete Pesticides A Threat to Environment, Biodiversity and Human Health... 1 Ezra J. Mrema, Federico M. Rubino, and Claudio Colosio 2 Designing Good Sampling Plans for Characterizing Pesticide Pollution Thomas A. Lewandowski 3 Analytical Approaches for Sampling and Sample Preparation for Pesticides Analysis in Environmental, Food and Biological Samples Elisabeta Chirila and Camelia Drăghici 4 The Problem of Seeking Environmentally Sound Development: The Case of Obsolete Pesticides Assessment Models Ganna Kharlamova 5 Exposure Assessment to Hazardous Pesticides Strategies to Reduce Human and Environmental Risks Maria de Lurdes Dinis and António Fiúza 6 Psychosomatic and Psychosocial Aspects of Risk Perception Vladimir Bencko 7 Enantioselectivity of Chiral Pesticides in the Environment Camelia Drăghici, Elisabeta Chirila, and Mihaela Sica 8 Health Effects Associated with Acute and Chronic Exposure to Pesticides Alina Farcas, Andreea Valceanu Matei, Cristina Florian, Mihaela Badea, and Gheorghe Coman ix

10 x Contents 9 Pollutants Biotransformation Andreea Valceanu Matei, Alina Farcas, Cristina Florian, Monica Florescu, and Gheorghe Coman 10 The History, Toxicity and Adverse Human Health and Environmental Effects Related to the Use of Agent Orange Vladimir Bencko and Florence Yan Li Foong 11 The History of Organic Arsenical Pesticides and Health Risks Related to the Use of Agent Blue Vladimir Bencko and Florence Yan Li Foong 12 Neurodevelopmental and Neurobehavioral Effects of Organophosphate Pesticides Exposure in Newborns and Children Cristina Florian, Alina Farcas, Andreea Valceanu Matei, and Gheorghe Coman 13 Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure in Humans Is Prevention Possible? Alina Farcas, Cristina Florian, Andreea Valceanu Matei, and Gheorghe Coman 14 Degradation of Pesticides by TiO 2 Photocatalysis Alina Dârjan, Camelia Drăghici, Dana Perniu, and Anca Duţă 15 Safe Management and Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides (DDT) from the Institute of Public Health Mihail Kochubovski 16 Pesticides Mechanisms of Action in Living Organisms Gheorghe Coman, Alina Farcas, Andreea Valceanu Matei, and Cristina Florian 17 Factors Influencing Pesticide Risks for Children Thomas A. Lewandowski 18 Chromatographic Methods for Determination of Chlorophenols as Biomarkers of Exposure to Pesticides and Organochlorine Substances Paulo de Morais, Teodor Stoichev, Maria Clara Basto, and Maria Teresa Vasconcelos 19 Environmental and Health Situation with Obsolete Pesticides in Egypt Amir El-Shahawy and Lubomir I. Simeonov 20 Analytical Method for Determination of Some Priority Substances in Surface and Ground Water Samples by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Borislav Lazarov, Youlia Manova, and Anna Dimitrova

11 Contents xi 21 Structural Changes of Biological Compartments in Danube Delta Systems Due to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Toxic Metals Elena Stanescu, Catalina Stoica, Gabriela Vasile, Jana Petre, Stefania Gheorghe, Iuliana Paun, Irina Lucaciu, Margareta Nicolau, Fokion Vosniakos, Konstantinos Vosniakos, and Mariana Golumbeanu 22 Quantitative Fire Risk Assessment Procedure at Pesticide Storage Facilities in Romania Lucrina Ştefănescu, Török Zoltan, Francisc Senzaconi, and Alexandru Ozunu 23 Distribution and Quantification of Pesticides in Processed Wheat Grain Fractions Simona Dobrinas, Elisabeta Chirila, and Alina Serban (Olgos) 24 Organochlorine and Organophosphate Pesticides Determination in Plants Used for Cosmetic Purposes Ioana Adina Oancea, Elisabeta Chirila, and Simona Dobrinas 25 Green Chemistry Protocols: Specific Ionic Liquids as Recyclable Reagents, Catalysts, Solvents and Extractors Fliur Z. Macaev 26 Relative Liver Weight in Rats Subacutely Exposed to Polychlorinated Biphenyls Aleksandra Buha, Vesna Milovanović, Biljana Antonijević, Zorica Bulat, and Vesna Matović 27 Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides in Black Sea Sediments Simona Dobrinas and Adriana Culea 28 Pesticides and Residues in Different Media with Especial Regard to Waters in Hungary Zsuzsanna Dávidovits, Ágnes Sebestyén, and Gyula Dura 29 Possible Use of Certain Mineral Raw Materials of Moldova for DDTs and HCHs Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions Oleg Cadocinicov and Oleg Petuhov 30 Inventory and Status of Persistent Organic Pollutants Pesticides in Croatia Marko Vinceković, Darko Vončina, Tomislav Kos, Iva Pavlinić-Prokurica, and Darka Hamel 31 Some Institutional Aspects and Technological Approaches to Cleaning of Polluted Territories from Obsolete Pesticides in the Russian Federation Under the Framework of Synergism Between the Basel, Stockholm and Rotterdam Conventions Victor Burovtsov, Viktor Rezepov, and Sergey Tikhonov

12 xii Contents 32 Environmental Security Assessment Based on the Cytogenetic Estimation of Mutagenicity and Human Health in Ukraine Iryna Klimkina 33 Method Validation for Pesticides Identification Camelia Drăghici, Elena Galan, and Maria Georgeta Stoian 34 Analytical Study of Obsolete Pesticides Stockpiles in the Republic of Moldova into Nato Science for Peace Project Clean-Up Chemicals Moldova Mariana Grama, Freddy Adams, Ludmila Siretanu, Angela Cincilei, and Petru Bulmaga 35 Definition of the Tasks for the Eu-Phare Danube Regional Pesticide Study Project Biana G. Simeonova, Gyula Dura, and Lubomir I. Simeonov 36 The Danube Regional Pesticide Study Project : A Brief Synthesis of the Results Biana G. Simeonova, Gyula Dura, and Lubomir I. Simeonov 37 Principles and Application of the Integrated Pest Management Approach. Biological Pesticides Federico M. Rubino, Stefan Mandic-Rajcevic, Ezra J. Mrema, and Claudio Colosio 38 Initiatives and Actions on the Elimination of Obsolete Pesticides Risks/Hazards in the Republic of Moldova Mariana Grama, Iurie Pinzaru, Corneliu Mirza, and Veronica Tertea 39 General Approaches and Procedures for Pesticide Legislation Stefan Mandic-Rajcevic, Federico M. Rubino, and Claudio Colosio Index

13 Contributors Freddy Adams Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerpen (UIA), Wilrijk, Belgium Biljana Antonijević Department of Toxicology Akademik Danilo Soldatović, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Mihaela Badea Department of Fundamental and Prophylactic Disciplines, Medicine Faculty, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania Maria Clara Basto CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Vladimir Bencko Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic Aleksandra Buha Department of Toxicology Akademik Danilo Soldatović, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Zorica Bulat Department of Toxicology Akademik Danilo Soldatović, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Petru Bulmaga Moldovan State University, Chisinau, Moldova Victor Burovtsov ANO Centre for International Projects (ANO CIP ), Moscow, Russian Federation Oleg Cadocinicov Laboratory of Geochemistry, Institute of Geology and Seismology, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Chisinau, Moldova Elisabeta Chirila Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ovidius University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania Angela Cincilei Phytosanitation Products Test State Center, Chisinau, Moldova xiii

14 xiv Contributors Claudio Colosio International Centre for Rural Health of the Occupational Health Unit, University Hospital San Paolo World Health Organization Collaborating Centre, Milan, Italy Gheorghe Coman Department of Fundamental and Prophylactic Disciplines, Medicine Faculty, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania Adriana Culea Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ovidius University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania Alina Dârjan Department of Product Design, Mechatronics and Environment, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania Maria de Lurdes Dinis Geo-Environment and Resources Research Center (CIGAR), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Paulo de Morais CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Anna Dimitrova Department of Materials Science and Technology, Technical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria Simona Dobrinas Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ovidius University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania Camelia Drăghici Department of Product Design, Mechatronics and Environment, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania Gyula Dura National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary Anca Duţă Department of Product Design, Mechatronics and Environment, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania Zsuzsanna Dávidovits National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary Amir El-Shahawy Occupational and Environmental Medicine Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt Alina Farcas Department of Fundamental and Prophylactic Disciplines, Medicine Faculty, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania António Fiúza Geo-Environment and Resources Research Center (CIGAR), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Monica Florescu Department of Fundamental and Prophylactic Disciplines, Medicine Faculty, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania Cristina Florian Department of Fundamental and Prophylactic Disciplines, Medicine Faculty, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania Florence Yan Li Foong Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic

15 Contributors xv Elena Galan General Inspectorate of the Romanian Police, Forensic Institute Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania Stefania Gheorghe National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology, Bucharest, Romania Mariana Golumbeanu National Institute of Marine Research and Development Grigore Antipa (NIMRD), Constanta, Romania Mariana Grama Ecology and Environmental Protection Section, Logistic Command, Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Moldova, Chisinau, Moldova Darka Hamel Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Zagreb, Croatia Ganna Kharlamova Economic Cybernetics Department, Faculty of Economics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine Iryna Klimkina Ecology Department, National Mining University, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine Mihail Kochubovski Department of Water Safety and Environmental Sanitation, Institute of Public Health of the Republic Macedonia, Skopje, FYRepublic of Macedonia Tomislav Kos Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Borislav Lazarov Laboratory of Water Quality and Water Analisys, National Center of Public Health Protection, Sofia, Bulgaria Thomas A. Lewandowski Department Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College CUNY, Brooklyn, NY USA Gradient, Seattle, WA, USA Irina Lucaciu National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology, Bucharest, Romania Fliur Z. Macaev Institute of Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Moldova, Chisinau, Moldova Stefan Mandic-Rajcevic International Centre for Rural Health of the Occupational Health Unit WHO Collaborating Centre, University Hospital San Paolo, Milan, Italy Youlia Manova Laboratory of Water Quality and Water Analisys, National Center of Public Health Protection, Sofia, Bulgaria Andreea Valceanu Matei Clinic Laboratory Department, Emergency County Hospital of Brasov, Brasov, Romania Vesna Matović Department of Toxicology Akademik Danilo Soldatović, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Vesna Milovanović Serbian Chemical Agency, Belgrade, Serbia

16 xvi Contributors Corneliu Mirza Ministry of Environment, Chisinau, Moldova Ezra J. Mrema International Centre for Rural Health of the Occupational Health Unit, University Hospital San Paolo World Health Organization Collaborating Centre, Milan, Italy Margareta Nicolau National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology, Bucharest, Romania Ioana Adina Oancea Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ovidius University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania Careless Organic Cosmetics, Constanta, Romania Alexandru Ozunu Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Centre for Disaster Management, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Iuliana Paun National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology, Bucharest, Romania Iva Pavlinić-Prokurica Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Zagreb, Croatia Dana Perniu Department of Product Design, Mechatronics and Environment, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania Jana Petre National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology, Bucharest, Romania Oleg Petuhov Laboratory of Ecological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Chisinau, Moldova Iurie Pinzaru National Centre for Public Health, Chisinau, Moldova Viktor Rezepov ANO Centre for International Projects (ANO CIP ), Moscow, Russian Federation ANO Centre for International Projects (ANO CIP ), Basel Convention Regional Centre for CIS countries (BCRC) and the Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Central and Eastern Europe (SCRC), Moscow, Russian Federation Federico M. Rubino LaTMA Laboratory for Analytical Toxicology and Metabolomics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy Ágnes Sebestyén National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary Francisc Senzaconi Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Centre for Disaster Management, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania General Inspectorate for Emergency Situations, Ministry of Administration and Interior, Bucharest, Romania Alina Serban (Olgos) Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ovidius University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania

17 Contributors xvii Mihaela Sica Department of Product Design, Mechatronics and Environment, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania Lubomir I. Simeonov Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria Biana G. Simeonova Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria Ludmila Siretanu Phytosanitation Products Test State Center, Chisinau, Moldova Elena Stanescu National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology, Bucharest, Romania Lucrina Ştefănescu Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Research Centre for Disaster Management, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Maria Georgeta Stoian General Inspectorate of the Romanian Police, Forensic Institute Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania Catalina Stoica National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology, Bucharest, Romania Teodor Stoichev CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Porto, Portugal Veronica Tertea Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry, Chisinau, Moldova Sergey Tikhonov ANO Centre for International Projects (ANO CIP ), Moscow, Russian Federation ANO Centre for International Projects (ANO CIP ), Basel Convention Regional Centre for CIS countries (BCRC) and the Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Central and Eastern Europe (SCRC), Moscow, Russian Federation Maria Teresa Vasconcelos CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Porto, Portugal Gabriela Vasile National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology, Bucharest, Romania Marko Vinceković Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Darko Vončina Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Fokion Vosniakos Department of Sciences, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Sindos, Thessaloniki, Greece Konstantinos Vosniakos Department of Sciences, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Sindos, Thessaloniki, Greece Török Zoltan Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Centre for Disaster Management, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania