Urban Spaces in Between Public and Private Activities in Germany. Findings of the STARS-Project and Insights into STARSmulti.

Transcription

1 Urban Spaces in Between Public and Private Activities in Germany. Findings of the STARS-Project and Insights into STARSmulti. Dr. Ulrich Berding, RWTH Aachen University

2 Structure 1. Publicly Accessible Urban Spaces in Between Public and Private Activities Dimensions of Consideration 2. STARS Findings and Analysis 3. STARSmulti The Private Perspective 2

3 Polarities Black-and-White? private public 3

4 Transitions collective shared private semi-public public 4

5 Overlapping Spheres of Influence in Space Who has legal rights? (law) private municipal Who influences use and usability? (regulation) private municipal Who is responsible for the structural and architectural development? (building + maintenance of spaces) private municipal 5

6 Diversity of Actors private market players marked-oriented actors intermediate actors public, nonmunicipal actors municipal individuals enterprises/ companies banking institutions mutual savings bank Aachen BIC Leipzig GmbH Bau- und Liegenschaftsbetrieb NRW HRG Hannover Region Grundstücksgesellsch. Botanic Garden Leipziger Wohnungsbaugesellschaft (LWB) Leipzig University RWTH Aachen University Theatre Hannover Domkapitel Aachen non-profit association Federal State of North Rhine- Westphalia Federal State of Lower Saxony Federal State of Saxony student union Aachen Federal Assets Management Office City of Aachen City of Hannover City of Leipzig 6

7 Dimensions of Consideration Conclusion and Further Questions The either-or -thinking of public and private is a simplification far of reality. Publicly usable urban spaces are developed in the intersection of many actors who are interacting in different ways. What determines the activities of stakeholders in public usable spaces? How are the different actors related to each other? How is the relationship to municipal actors designed? What options have individual actors to assert their interests? What factors determine the actual power of the stakeholders? 7

8 Structure 1. Publicly Accessible Urban Spaces in Between Public and Private Activities Dimensions of Consideration 2. STARS Findings and Analysis 3. STARSmulti The Private Perspective 8

9 STARS Plazas, Parks, and Promenades in Between Public and Private Activities Describing the development and production of hybrid spaces 30 Case Studies Analyzing the cause-and-effects in the public-private co-production 40 Interviews in 20 Cities Consequences for designing the public-private relation and for public planning Dialogue 9

10 Findings from STARS Stakeholders and Interests There are numerous examples for every day urban spaces which are influenced or dominated by nonmunicipal actors = hybrid spaces. A large variety of stakeholders with different interests is involved in planning, building, and maintaining hybrid spaces. The bunch of private stakeholders is confronted with a bunch of public stakeholders. Inner City of Aachen Numerous hybrid spaces 10

11 Findings from STARS Spaces Hybrid urban spaces can be found in all parts of our cities and in all (land use) contexts. They belong to any category: plaza, park, and promenade. They have different functions: circulations, entrance, or destination space. Hybrid spaces are not unusual, they are rather normal parts of our cities. Leipzig: Schlüsselloch (top) and Leipziger Volkszeitung (bottom) 11

12 Findings from STARS Development and Dynamics Hybrid spaces come into place for different reasons and opportunities. Both historic and new urban spaces can be hybrid spaces. Especially commercially used places are characterized by rapid changes. Milchstraße Aachen

13 Findings from STARS Regulation In several examples, public authorities participate in surveillance. Systematic marginalizing forms of surveillance are exeptional cases. Video control and surveillance by security services appear but are not specific for hybrid spaces. Ernst-August-Platz Hannover 13

14 Findings from STARS Responsibilities and Legal Arrangements The responsibilities in planning and building, maintaining, and managing are often complex. In each space different stakeholders have different roles and responsibilities. Rules and coordination is necessary. Whereas coordination is common during planning and development, it is often unsufficient for maintenance and upgrading. Ernst-August-Platz Hannover 14

15 Findings from STARS Interests of Stakeholders When planning and building hybrid spaces it becomes clear: the dynamics and interests of the market and of the (municipal) administration differ tremendously. The city needs to know what it wants in order to use its planning instruments to secure public interests. The city has to check early legal rights and private interests. Elisengarten Aachen: Competition for redesigning a park area in the inner city. The municipality didn t involve the private owner of the neighbouring Bücherplatz (blue square) who has no interest to invest in expensive development measures. 15

16 Findings from STARS Conclusion Numerous plazas, parks und promenades are»hybrid spaces«unnoticed and unseen by users. Private actors create public usable spaces. Private influence does not (necessarily) result in limiting public accessibility. Surveillance or exclusion are not specific to private activities. Municipal interests may be linked to commercial use and exclusion. 16

17 Structure 1. Publicly Accessible Urban Spaces in Between Public and Private Activities Dimensions of Consideration 2. STARS Findings and Analysis 3. STARSmulti The Private Perspective 17

18 STARSmulti Deeper Consideration of the Private Perception Consolidation of selected cases studies Interviews with 15 non-municipal actors (developers, housing associations, churches ) 18

19 STARSmulti Private Perspective Commercial developers want to produce areas with urban qualities. Municipal and private objectives often do not differ very much but particularly private developers are interested in commercial viability. High-class public space is an important locational advantage. Some private actors complain of municipal stubbornness and ignorance concerning every-day-problems (in particular: maintenance) 19

20 STARSmulti Private Perspective Private actors see themselves as the real doers in public space but tend to leave the maintenance to the municipality. Perceptible appearance of public is described as a quality feature for private spaces but not each user group is accepted. Private developers claim the attention for the genius loci, see themselves as the advocates for the public space. Private actors complain about a patronizing attitude of the public authorities the municipalities do not realize their decreasing courses of action. Private actors complain about inefficient, bureaucratic, stubborn, inflexible, feckless, ungrateful municipalities. 20

21 Thank you!