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1 Kansas State University Stormwater Management Project Manhattan, Kansas: Integrating Education, Research, and Practice Kansas Hydrology Seminar 2007 Lee R. Skabelund, Kansas State University The Kansas Department of Health and Environment provided financial assistance to the KSU-ISC Rain- Garden Project through EPA Section 319 Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Grant # C Three WaterLINK (Water Quality Restoration and Protection Service Learning Mini-Grants awarded to KSU by KDHE utilizing EPA funds) provided financial assistance for the Fall 2006 KSU Campus Creek Planning/Design Charrette, Spring & Summer 2007 KSU-ISC Rain-Garden Construction, and several Fall 2007 stormwater management projects by Landscape Architecture faculty and students. this? or this! Konza Prairie near Manhattan, KS Flint Hills Ecoregion The Big Picture Understanding Site Context Eastern Shore of Virginia Ecological / BioPhysical SocioCultural Economic Transportation / Energy Political / Regulatory Landscape Ecology Accounting for Ecological Interrelationships Making Connections between a Landscape s Structure, and how it Functions & Changes over time Large-scale Farming & Development Pressure Just as every land use decision influences water quantity & quality the way we use and develop land also impacts livability, biodiversity & habitat integrity Links between land-use, water quality, and ecosystem health Algae blooms Help People Make the Connections To combat too much runoff streams and rivers have been straightened, dredged and lined with rock or concrete typically passing flooding and water quality problems downstream Levees prevent sediment input into marshes two (of many) concerns: Pfiesteria and Fish Health 160 million tons of sediment per year delivered to the continental shelf 1

2 Urban Stormwater Concerns Throughout Manhattan, urbanizing parts of Riley County, Kansas, and other urban areas, stormwater is typically sent quickly away from developed areas and straightpiped into drainageways, streams, rivers, and ponds. As a result of these and other land-use practices, riparian ecosystems in the Upper Kansas River Watershed continue to be severely degraded. Large amounts of groundwater are also pumped to the surface, and sprayed on lawns, gardens, and other landscapes. Very little water replenishes underground water reserves. Ecological Planning & Design use studies, maps, GIS, etc., to carefully think through issues and help community members visualize possible changes What can we do to correct these bad habits? Possible Secondary Impacts Proposed Bridge Crossing Water & Context Sensitive Development explore the alternatives Existing Conditions Conventional Form More Compact Form Reduce Amount & Impact of Impervious Surfaces For a significant portion of rooftops and paved surfaces an integrated system of bio-swales and rain-gardens can help slow stormwater runoff, allowing pollutants to settle out, be treated by vegetation or stored in the soil, thus retaining & infiltrating stormwater. Manassas, Virginia Research Project showed how most stormwater runoff can be treated in vegetated swales & existing vegetation disconnecting first-flush and high velocity runoff from the stream corridor. USDA CSREES PROJECTS 95-EWQI & 99-EWQI Chesapeake Bay Residential Watershed Water Quality Management; A Growth Alternatives Education Program for the Virginia Portion of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. W. Kerns, L. Skabelund, et.al Project Summary This collaborative design-build project engaged students, faculty, staff, and professionals in the task of considering ecologically sound ways to treat stormwater that falls on the Kansas State University (KSU) campus. In the process, two specific goals were achieved: 1) Designed and created a rain-garden along a selected area of Campus Creek to reduce stormwater run-off and improve water quality. 2) Demonstrated specific ways to address urban stormwater runoff to KSU administrators, staff, faculty, students, and visitors. Educational Intent Engaging KSU administrators, staff, faculty, students, and local planning/design professionals is deemed essential if substantive changes in stormwater management are to occur on campus and in the larger community. This collaborative design/build demonstration project involved key stakeholders at KSU and other communities, raising their awareness of best practices, testing design ideas on the ground, and engaging those who influence stormwater management at KSU and beyond. 2

3 Primary educational goals: 1) Help students deepen their knowledge of both natural and human systems (building on DOE-Robb Williamson photo DOE-Robb Williamson photo lessons learned in Natural Systems & Site Analysis, Fluvial Systems, Construction I, II & III, Environmental Issues & Ethics, and Landscape Architecture Design courses); 2) Necessitate collaborative, interdisciplinary teamwork, and; 3) Require critical thinking about how conceptual design ideas are translated into construction drawings and functioning systems with a limited budget of time and money. Sources: NASA (unlabled photos); Oberlin College (text & David Orr photo) Learning from Precedents: water-sensitive site planning/design project Excerpted remarks by David W. Orr, Director of Oberlin's Environmental Studies Program, in Three years ago we began the effort to design a building for the Environmental Studies Program. We intended to create not just a place for classes but rather a building that would help to redefine the relationship between humankind and the environment one that would expand our sense of ecological possibilities. We began by asking: Is it possible even in Ohio to power buildings by current sunlight? Is it possible to create buildings that purify their own wastewater? Is it possible to build without compromising human and environmental heath somewhere else or at some later time? Water-sensitive site planning/design project ASLA 2004 award winner Roof water is collected in carved stone basins, then drains into a grated channel before cascading over a five-foot stone-faced retaining wall. The learning lab and auditorium buildings expand onto the courtyard, which is paved with stone, subtly-colored sandblasted concrete, and tile artifacts (historically manufactured in the watershed). Surrounding forest and meadows are pulled into the courtyard and onto building roofs. Design by Jones & Jones Planners, Architects & Landscape Architects Cedar River Watershed Education Center - Seattle, WA Source: Water-sensitive site planning/design project Andropogon Associates, Ltd. Morris Arboretum Source: A new road reveals previously hidden landscapes. A new parking lot integrates multiple functions: parking, water collection, and horticultural display. The lot includes an impervious asphalt roadway, with permeable asphalt parking bays off to the sides. A stormwater recharge bed lies under the entire lot. When it rains, water rapidly disappears through the permeable paving and into the underground basin where it infiltrates into the ground. Water-sensitive site planning/design project Coffee Creek, Chesterton, Indiana Sources: (photos) (text) Stream Employing Environmental Engineering Restoration of the Coffee Creek corridor is being implemented with guidance from biologists who understand the local & regional landscape. Level spreaders and vegetation infiltrate water into the soil. The project employs civil engineering without traditional expensive and destructive stormwater drainage systems and provides a wide range of shared community open space within a 167-acre preserve. Water-sensitive site planning/design project Coffee Creek, Chesterton, Indiana Source: Level Spreader slows runoff Wetland Cell Prairie treats sewage Greenroof Restoring Native Ecosystems and Habitats Unbuilt areas are being restored to a pre-settlement landscape to minimize soil erosion and rebuild soil integrity, re-establish native plant & animal communities and encourage increased bio-diversity. Watershed Preserve Trails Map Managing & Monitoring Site Systems Monitoring reports are prepared for water quality, fish, birds and vegetation. Fire is used to maintain the prairie. 3

4 Conference Center for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Salt Lake City, UT The Assembly Building is deferential to the Temple, and its overall mass is reduced by submerging the building into the rising landscape, so that it doesn't overwhelm the whole of Temple Square. In doing so, the extensive building becomes a landscape unto itself, reflecting the mountainous terrain of the Wasatch Range beyond. The roof, balcony, terrace and orchestra levels of the auditorium are integrated with an extensive system of fountains, exterior stairs, gardens, and a five-acre rooftop alpine meadow. The northern and eastern sides of the building are enveloped by long horizontal terrace planters stepping from street level to the roof, filled with native varieties of coniferous and deciduous vegetation. A continuous series of basins and cascading wall fountains break at the main axis of the Temple, where a central garden of immense rectangular planters of aspen and conifers, monumentally wide stairs and long runnels and basins of water step up the sloping roof to a source pool, the meadow and ultimately the broadest view to the landscape of the Wasatch Range beyond. This project combines expertise in rooftop construction technologies and native landscapes, representing Olin Patrnership s team approach to architectural, structural and landscape design. Source: Ekert & Ekert photo / Source: Source: Olin Partnership Q: How do we restore hydrological processes in urban settings? Fall 2004 KSU-LAR Stormwater Management Charrette Instructive Stormwater Management BMPs in the Region Bioregion/Landscape Site Jackson Street Bioretention Areas, Topeka, KS Discovery Center, Living Machine & Created Wetland Kansas City, MO Community Context Mize Lake Bioretention Cell and Created Wetland, Lenexa, KS Three Guest Speakers/Reviewers and Links to KSU Classes Stormwater Management Charrette at Kansas State University Oct , 2006 Integrated Teams and Many Design Ideas Potential Stormwater Management Retrofits near KSU s Derby Dining Complex ISC/Residence Hall Raingardens, Amphitheater & Pathways (Fall 2009 charrette; Summer 2010 implementation?) International Student Center Raingarden (Spring 2007) Moore Hall/Claflin Rd. Bioretention Area (Spring 09?) Derby Green Roof * Haymaker & Ford Hall Bioretention Gardens (Spring 09?) Ten Teams; Multiple Sites; Reviews & Open House * Collaborative Project with BNIM and other firms (Fall 2007 Studio Project; includes designing Green Roofs for Seaton Hall and other buildings at KSU; location and construction of a demonstration green roof date TBD) West & Ford Hall Parking Retrofit (Summer 09 construction?) Boyd Hall/Old Claflin Rd. Raingarden (Fall 08 / Spring 09 implementation?) 4

5 Restoring Hydrologic Processes along Campus Creek The KSU International Student Center Design/Build Rain-Garden Demonstration Project Restoring Hydrologic Processes along Campus Creek The KSU International Student Center Design/Build Rain-Garden Demonstration Project Project inspired by KSU-LAR Stormwater Management Charrette ISC Staff: Photo taken April 23, 2007 Integrating Education, Research, and Practice project poster prepared in late May 2007 Restoring Hydrologic Processes along Campus Creek The KSU International Student Center Design/Build Rain-Garden Demonstration Project Taiwan Wing Korean Room Planting Plan (Cary Thomsen, KSU-MLA) Planting & Setting Level-Spreader (4/28/07) In-process rain-garden photos taken on 5/16/07, 6/2/07, 6/22/07, and 7/16/07. Campus Creek 5/1/07 5/1/07 5/8/07 Campus Creek 5/2/07 Rain-Garden & Campus Creek - 5/5/07 5/16/07 5/8/07 5/2/07 May 1-2, 2007 photos - taken during and after a 0.72-inch storm event (approximate). May 2007 photos - taken before and after an approximately 5 to 6-inch storm event during May 5-7, Repairs to flagstone path completed on May 16, Another 4 to 5 inches of rain fell in Manhattan on May 23-24,

6 7/16/07 8/12/07 June 2, photos taken during rain-garden tour by Master Gardeners. Garbage cans and pails used during spring and summer to help with watering. 7/16/07 8/12/07 July and August 2007 photos Campus Creek 10/2/07 Sep. 7, 2007 photo Rain-Garden Sign Sep. 26, 2007 photos October 2, photos taken after a 1.2-inch storm event (approximate). The KSU International Student Center Rain-Garden Plant List Proposed plants for basins (Feb 2007) Proposed plants for fringe areas (Feb 2007) ISC Rain- Garden Plants (Aug-Sep 07) 10/29/07 Lessons Learned Results: This project has helped participants recognize the value of water and its role in sustaining developed landscapes and natural ecosystems by considering ways to harness rainwater for irrigation and ecological renewal. Assessment: Administrators and staff evaluated proposed design work by offering comments about the design ideas presented. Faculty assessed student learning by assessing creativity, functionality, ecological fitness, aesthetics, maintenance demands, and construction feasibility. Students learned from one another, faculty, and professionals as they collaborated in vertical design teams; as they presented their ideas to administrators, professionals, faculty and peers; and as they helped implement design ideas at KSU s International Student Center. 9/17/07 6

7 Green roof designs were proposed for a handful of buildings on the K-State Campus in Manhattan, Kansas. Landscape Architecture students visited four constructed green roofs in Kansas City, Missouri; reviewed and discussed the literature related to green roof design, construction and management; and then selected one or more rooftops on which to design a green roof. They spent three weeks asking: What if? What might be? If here, how? Project Sites Derby Dining Complex Chalmers & Ackert Halls Seaton Hall (3) K-State Union The Derby green roof would serve as parklike space for walking, reading and studying, conversing and eating, and resting, relaxing and sunbathing. Three-Week Green Roof Design Project, KSU-LARCP Specialization Studio Prof. Lee R. Skabelund; Designers 12 LAR Students. Three-Week Green Roof Design Project, KSU-LARCP Specialization Studio Prof. Lee R. Skabelund; Designers Cole Giesler & Katie Sobcynski. These green roofs would serve primarily as a research laboratories to study the value of living roofs for energy savings and stormwater management. Three-Week Green Roof Design Project, KSU-LARCP Specialization Studio Prof. Lee R. Skabelund; Designers Kris Coen & Daniel Robben. This green roof would serve as a research laboratory, outdoor reading room, and social gathering space. Three-Week Green Roof Design Project, KSU-LARCP Specialization Studio Prof. Lee R. Skabelund; Designers - Anthony Fox & Chris Morton. The Union green roof would serve as a space for small social and educational gatherings and for catching a breath of fresh air. These green roofs would offer research laboratories and a room with a view. Three-Week Green Roof Design Project, KSU-LARCP Specialization Studio Prof. Lee R. Skabelund; Designers - Anthony Fox & Chris Morton. Three-Week Green Roof Design Project, KSU-LARCP Specialization Studio Prof. Lee R. Skabelund; Designer Lindsey Scheuneman. 7