FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS: TECHNOLOGIES AND GLOBAL MARKETS

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FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS: TECHNOLOGIES AND GLOBAL MARKETS CHM014N March 2017 Andrew McWilliams Project Analyst ISBN: 1-62296-461-6 BCC Research 49

1 FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS: TECHNOLOGIES AND GLOBAL MARKETS CHM014N March 2017 Andrew McWilliams Project Analyst ISBN: BCC Research 49 Walnut Park, Building 2 Wellesley, MA USA (toll-free within the USA), or (+1) info@bccresearch.com

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 2 STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 2 REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 2 INTENDED AUDIENCE 3 SCOPE OF REPORT 3 DATA SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY 3 ANALYSTS' CREDENTIALS 3 RELATED BCC RESEARCH REPORTS 4 BCC RESEARCH WEBSITE 4 DISCLAIMER 5 CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY 7 SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS, SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS, (MILLION POUNDS) 7 7 CHAPTER 3 INDUSTRY OVERVIEW 10 IMPORTANCE OF THE INDUSTRY 10 FLAME RETARDANCY BASICS 10 TERMINOLOGY 11 MECHANISMS OF BURNING 11 TABLE 1 ADDITIVES/MODIFIERS FOR CONTROLLING BURNING 12 FLAME RETARDANT CONCEPTS 12 PHYSICAL DILUTION 13 CHEMICAL INTERFERENCES 13 INERT GAS DILUTION 14 THERMAL QUENCHING 14 PROTECTIVE COATINGS 14 GENERALLY ACCEPTED MECHANISMS OF FLAME RETARDANT CONTROL 14 TABLE 2 FLAME RETARDANTS AND GENERALLY ACCEPTED MECHANISMS OF CONTROL TYPES OF FLAME RETARDANTS 15 ADDITIVE FLAME RETARDANTS 15 TABLE 3 ADDITIVES/MODIFIERS FOR CONTROL OF BURNING 16 REACTIVE FLAME RETARDANTS 16 SYNERGISTIC FLAME RETARDANTS 16 TABLE 4 REPRESENTATIVE SYNERGISTIC FLAME RETARDANT COMBINATIONS (%) 17 DIVERSITY OF FLAME-RETARDED PRODUCTS 17 TABLE 5 FLAME RETARDANTS AND PRODUCTS WHERE THEY ARE COMMONLY USED COMBINED CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 19 TABLE 6 COMMON CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 19 TABLE 7 LEADING CAUSES OF U.S. RESIDENTIAL FIRES (%) 20 TESTING 20 TESTING GOALS

3 TABLE 8 GOALS OF SIMULATED FIRE CONDITIONS TESTS 21 TYPES OF TESTING 21 Small-Scale Testing 21 Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) 21 TABLE 9 OXYGEN INDICES OF SOME COMMON MATERIALS 21 Cone Calorimeter 22 TABLE 10 CONE CALORIMETRY PARAMETERS AND VALUES 23 Medium-Scale Testing 23 Large-Scale Testing 24 UL TABLE 11 UL-94 BURN TEST RATINGS 25 Additional Tests 25 INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENT 26 THE NEGATIVE VIEW OF FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 27 U.S. REGULATIONS RESTRICTING USE OF CERTAIN FLAME RETARDANTS 27 EPA REGULATIONS 27 TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT (TSCA) 28 U.S. LAWS 29 STATE LAWS 29 California 29 New York 31 District of Columbia 31 Maryland 32 Minnesota 32 Vermont 32 EUROPEAN RESTRICTIONS ON FLAME RETARDANTS 32 WEEE AND ROHS 32 REACH 33 SIGNIFICANT ORGANIZATIONS REGULATING FIRE CONTROL 33 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY (NIST) 33 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL (ICC) AND THE INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE (IBC) U.S. FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS 35 UPHOLSTERY REGULATION 35 NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (NIOSH) AND OSHA OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA) 36 OSHA Standards 36 OSHA 29 CFR OSHA CFR Protection from Flames and Electric Arcs 37 ROLE OF NON-FEDERAL AGENCIES 37 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 38 TABLE 12 NFPA GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS 38 TABLE 13 AGENCIES INVOLVED IN ESTABLISHING FLAME RETARDANT AND PROTECTIVE STANDARDS ASTM International 40 ASTM Standards 40 TABLE 14 ASTM STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO THE FLAME RETARDANT INDUSTRY

4 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 43 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. 43 OTHER ORGANIZATIONS OF INTEREST 43 American Chemistry Council 43 European Flame Retardants Association (EFRA) 43 Fire Safety Platform Secretariat 44 Groupement Technique Français Contre l'incendie 44 National Association of State Fire Marshals 44 INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS ON USE OF FLAME RETARDANTS 44 ASIAN REGULATIONS 44 The Japanese Chemical Substances Control Law (CSCL) 44 Chinese Flame Retardant Society 45 SPECIFIC EUROPEAN REGULATIONS 45 European Committee for Standardization 45 ISO TC61 Committee Standards 45 The Department for Business, Innovation & Skills (BIS) 46 The British Standards Institution (BSI) 46 Voluntary Emissions Control Action Programme (VECAP) 46 MAJOR CONSUMER INDUSTRIES 47 TABLE 15 MARKET SHARE BY INDUSTRY, 2016 (%, BASED ON $) 47 FIGURE 1 MARKET SHARE BY INDUSTRY, 2016 (%, BASED ON $) 47 MAJOR PRODUCERS OF FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 48 CHAPTER 4 FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 50 CHEMICALS THAT ARE FLAME RETARDANT 50 TABLE 16 CHEMICALS COMMONLY USED AS FLAME RETARDANTS 51 TABLE 17 SIGNIFICANT FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 51 TABLE 18 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY CHEMICAL TYPE, FIGURE 2 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS, ($ ALUMINUM TRIHYDRATE 53 BAUXITE/ALUMINUM TRIHYDRATE SOURCES 54 ALUMINUM TRIHYDRATE GRADES 54 MARKET FOR ALUMINUM TRIHYDRATE FLAME RETARDANTS 54 TABLE 19 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF ALUMINUM TRIHYDRATE FLAME RETARDANTS, TABLE 20 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ALUMINUM TRIHYDRATE FLAME RETARDANTS, TABLE 21 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ALUMINUM TRIHYDRATE FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, ANTIMONY OXIDE 56 FIGURE 3 REACTIONS OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE WITH HALOGENS 56 SOURCES OF ANTIMONY OXIDE 57 MARKET FOR ANTIMONY OXIDE FLAME RETARDANTS 57 TABLE 22 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF ANTIMONY OXIDE FIRE RETARDANTS, TABLE 23 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ANTIMONY OXIDE FLAME RETARDANTS, THROUGH 2022 ($

5 TABLE 24 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ANTIMONY OXIDE FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, BROMINE-BASED COMPOUNDS 58 TABLE 25 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF BROMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS IN ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, 2016 (%) TYPES OF BROMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS 60 TABLE 26 TYPES OF AROMATIC BROMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANT COMPOUNDS 60 TABLE 27 SIGNIFICANT AROMATIC BROMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANT COMPOUNDS TABLE 28 SIGNIFICANT TYPES OF ALIPHATIC BROMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANT COMPOUNDS TABLE 29 TYPICAL LOADING OF BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS IN PLASTICS (%) MARKET FOR BROMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS 62 TABLE 30 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF BROMINE FIRE RETARDANTS, THROUGH 2022 (MILLION POUNDS) TABLE 31 GLOBAL MARKET FOR BROMINE FLAME RETARDANTS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 32 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT BROMINE-BASED CHEMICALS BY END USE, FIGURE 4 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT BROMINE-BASED CHEMICALS BY END USE, ($ CHLORINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANT COMPOUNDS 64 CHLORINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANT PROPERTIES 65 SOURCES OF CHLORINE 65 CHLORINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANT TYPES 66 DECHLORANE PLUS 66 MARKET FOR CHLORINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS 67 TABLE 33 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF CHLORINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS, TABLE 34 GLOBAL MARKET FOR CHLORINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 35 GLOBAL MARKET FOR CHLORINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE 68 MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE PROPERTIES 68 SOURCES OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE 68 MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE GRADES 69 MARKET FOR MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE AS A FLAME RETARDANT 69 TABLE 36 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE FIRE RETARDANTS, TABLE 37 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE FLAME RETARDANTS, TABLE 38 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, MELAMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS 70 MELAMINE HOMOLOGUES 72 TABLE 39 COMMON MELAMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 72 MARKET FOR MELAMINE FIRE RETARDANTS

6 TABLE 40 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF MELAMINE FIRE RETARDANTS, THROUGH 2022 (MILLION POUNDS) TABLE 41 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MELAMINE FLAME RETARDANTS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 42 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MELAMINE FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, FIGURE 5 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MELAMINE FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, ($ PHOSPHORUS-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS 74 PHOSPHATES 75 PHOSPHONATES AND PHOSPHINATES 75 RED PHOSPHORUS 75 AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE 76 MARKET FOR PHOSPHORUS-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS 76 TABLE 43 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF PHOSPHORUS-BASED FIRE RETARDANTS, TABLE 44 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PHOSPHORUS-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS, TABLE 45 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PHOSPHORUS-BASED FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, OTHER FLAME RETARDANTS 78 BORON-BASED FIRE RETARDANTS 79 Boron Sources 79 MOLYBDENUM-BASED FIRE RETARDANTS 79 Molybdenum Properties 80 Molybdate Smoke Suppression 80 Molybdenum Sources 80 NANOCOMPOSITE FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 80 Nanocomposites in Packaging 81 Nanocomposites in Foams 81 IN SITU POLYMERIZATION 82 GRAPHITE-BASED FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 82 DUST-FREE SUSTAINABLE POLYMERIC FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEMS 83 MARKET FOR OTHER FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 83 TABLE 46 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF OTHER FLAME RETARDANTS, THROUGH 2022 (MILLION POUNDS) TABLE 47 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER FLAME RETARDANTS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 48 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, FIGURE 6 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, ($ PRODUCTS THAT ARE SMOKE AND FLAME RETARDED 85 TABLE 49 MAJOR MARKETS USING FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 85 TABLE 50 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY APPLICATION, FIGURE 7 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY APPLICATION, ($ PLASTICS 87 FLAME RETARDANT METHODS USED FOR PLASTICS

7 TABLE 51 METHODS OF FLAME-RETARDING POLYMERS 88 TABLE 52 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 89 TABLE 53 TYPES OF PLASTICS THAT USE FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 90 FLAME RETARDANTS USED IN PLASTICS 90 TABLE 54 FLAME RETARDANTS IN PLASTICS, 2016 (% OF TOTAL MILLION POUNDS) 91 Acrylics 91 Epoxy Resins 92 Nylons 93 Phenolics 93 Polycarbonates 94 Polyesters 95 Polyethylenes/Polypropylenes 95 Polyvinyl Chloride 96 Styrenes 96 FORECAST FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS IN PLASTICS 97 TABLE 55 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS USED IN PLASTICS BY CHEMICAL TYPE, TEXTILES 98 TEXTILE CLASSIFICATIONS 98 Non-Durable 98 Semi-Durable 98 Durable 98 TYPES OF TEXTILES 99 Natural Fibers 99 Synthetic Fabrics 100 Blended Fabrics 101 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS USED IN TEXTILES 101 TABLE 56 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS USED IN TEXTILES BY CHEMICAL TYPE, WOOD/PAPER 102 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS IN WOOD/PAPER 102 TABLE 57 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS USED IN WOOD/PAPER BY CHEMICAL TYPE, COATINGS/PAINTS 103 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS IN COATINGS/PAINTS TABLE 58 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS USED IN PAINTS/COATINGS BY CHEMICAL, COATINGS/CONSTRUCTION 104 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS IN COATINGS/CONSTRUCTION TABLE 59 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS USED IN COATINGS/CONSTRUCTION BY CHEMICAL TYPE, COATINGS/DECORATIONS 105 VALUE OF FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS IN COATINGS/DECORATIONS 105 TABLE 60 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS USED IN COATINGS/DECORATIONS BY CHEMICAL TYPE, TECHNOLOGIES 106 DOW POLYFR

8 CHEMTURA 107 ALBEMARLE 108 ICL 108 BASF 108 FIRE-RETARDANT GELS 108 CARBON NANOTUBES (CNTS) 109 NANOCOATING COMPRISED OF POSITIVELY CHARGED CHITOSAN (CH) AND ANIONIC POLY (VINYL SULFONIC ACID SODIUM SALT) CLAY, CRAB SHELLS AND DNA BASED "GREEN" FIRE RETARDANTS 110 BIO-INSPIRED COATINGS ON FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANE FOAM 110 OCEAN BACTERIA PRODUCE FLAME RETARDANTS 110 BASF ULTRAMID A3U42G6 HALOGEN FREE FLAME RETARDANT 111 SONY LAUNCHES EXTERNAL SALES OF SORPLAS FLAME-RETARDANT RECYCLED PLASTIC MATERIAL RESEARCHERS CREATE DAIRY-BASED FLAME RETARDANT 112 U.S. NAVY INTRODUCING FLAME RETARDANT UNIFORMS 112 NON-TOXIC SYNTHETIC POLYDOPAMINE FIRE RETARDANT 112 PATENT ACTIVITY 113 TABLE 61 LIST OF APPLICABLE U.S. PATENTS CHAPTER 5 LEADING COMPANIES IN FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 120 TOP THREE TIER-ONE COMPANIES 120 ALBEMARLE CORP. 120 TABLE 62 ALBEMARLE'S MAJOR FLAME RETARDANT PRODUCT LINES 120 CHEMTURA CORP. 121 Great Lakes Solutions (Part of Chemtura) 121 TABLE 63 SELECT FLAME RETARDANT PRODUCT LINES FROM GREAT LAKES SOLUTIONS (A CHEMTURA COMPANY) ISRAEL CHEMICALS LTD. 122 Israel Chemicals Ltd. Performance Products LP 122 TIER TWO COMPANIES 123 AKZO NOBEL N.V. 123 International Protective Coatings Corp. 123 ALMATIS GMBH (PART OF ALMATIS HOLDINGS GMBH) 123 AMPACET CORP. 123 AMSPEC CHEMICAL CORP. 124 ARKEMA SA 124 Arkema USA (Part of Arkema SA) 124 BARRICADE INTERNATIONAL INC. 124 BASF SE 124 BAYER AG 124 CLARIANT AG 125 Clariant Specialty Chemicals 125 DAIHACHI CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO. LTD. 125 DOVER CHEMICAL CORP. 125 FREEPORT-MCMORAN COPPER AND GOLD INC. 125 Climax Molybdenum Co. (A subsidiary of Freeport McMoRan Copper and Gold)

9 ICC INDUSTRIES INC. 126 INTERPLASTIC CORP. 126 J.M. HUBER CORP. 126 Huber Engineered Materials (Part of J.M. Huber Corp.) 126 KYOWA CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO. LTD. 126 LANXESS AG 126 LHOIST SA 127 Franklin Industrial Minerals (Part of Lhoist SA) 127 MARTIN MARIETTA MATERIALS INC. 127 Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties LLC (Part of Martin Marietta Materials Inc.) MINERALS TECHNOLOGIES (FORMERLY AMCOL INTERNATIONAL CORP.) 127 NYACOL NANO TECHNOLOGIES INC. 127 OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORP. 128 RIO TINTO ALCAN CANADA LTD. 128 RIO TINTO BORATES 128 R.J. MARSHALL CO. 128 ROCKWOOD CLAY ADDITIVES LTD./SOUTHERN CLAY PRODUCTS (PART OF BYK ADDITIVES & INSTRUMENTS, A SUBSIDIARY OF ALTANA) SHERWIN-WILLIAMS CO. 128 SOLVAY RHODIA 129 TOR MINERALS INTERNATIONAL INC. 129 TOSOH CORP. 129 Tosoh USA Inc. (Part of Tosoh Corp.) 129 U.S. ANTIMONY SALES CORP. 129 VELSICOL CHEMICAL LLC 130 MISCELLANEOUS FLAME RETARDANT COMPANIES 130 APEXICAL INC. (PART OF KANHU PANDA INFOTECH PVT. LTD.) 130 DAIHACHI CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 130 DOW CHEMICAL CO. 130 DUPONT 130 ITALMATCH CHEMICALS SPA 131 NABALTEC 131 NIHON SEIKO LTD. 131 SAKAMOTO YAKUHIN KOGYO CO. LTD. 131 SPARTAN FLAME RETARDANTS 131 TATEHO CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES CO. LTD (A SUBSIDIARY OF AIR WATER WORKS) OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 132 AZONETWORK UK LTD. 132 BUREAU OF ELECTRONIC AND APPLIANCE REPAIR, HOME FURNISHINGS AND THERMAL INSULATION CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION 132 FLAME RETARDANTS-ONLINE 132 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF FIRE AND RESCUE SERVICES 133 JAPAN FIRE RETARDANT ASSOCIATION (JFRA)

10 LIST OF TABLES TABLE HEADING SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS, TABLE 1 ADDITIVES/MODIFIERS FOR CONTROLLING BURNING 12 TABLE 2 FLAME RETARDANTS AND GENERALLY ACCEPTED MECHANISMS OF CONTROL TABLE 3 ADDITIVES/MODIFIERS FOR CONTROL OF BURNING 16 TABLE 4 REPRESENTATIVE SYNERGISTIC FLAME RETARDANT COMBINATIONS (%) 17 TABLE 5 FLAME RETARDANTS AND PRODUCTS WHERE THEY ARE COMMONLY USED 18 TABLE 6 COMMON CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 19 TABLE 7 LEADING CAUSES OF U.S. RESIDENTIAL FIRES (%) 20 TABLE 8 GOALS OF SIMULATED FIRE CONDITIONS TESTS 21 TABLE 9 OXYGEN INDICES OF SOME COMMON MATERIALS 21 TABLE 10 CONE CALORIMETRY PARAMETERS AND VALUES 23 TABLE 11 UL-94 BURN TEST RATINGS 25 TABLE 12 NFPA GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS 38 TABLE 13 AGENCIES INVOLVED IN ESTABLISHING FLAME RETARDANT AND PROTECTIVE STANDARDS TABLE 14 ASTM STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO THE FLAME RETARDANT INDUSTRY 40 TABLE 15 MARKET SHARE BY INDUSTRY, 2016 (%, BASED ON $) 47 TABLE 16 CHEMICALS COMMONLY USED AS FLAME RETARDANTS 51 TABLE 17 SIGNIFICANT FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 51 TABLE 18 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY CHEMICAL TYPE, TABLE 19 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF ALUMINUM TRIHYDRATE FLAME RETARDANTS, TABLE 20 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ALUMINUM TRIHYDRATE FLAME RETARDANTS, TABLE 21 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ALUMINUM TRIHYDRATE FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, TABLE 22 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF ANTIMONY OXIDE FIRE RETARDANTS, TABLE 23 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ANTIMONY OXIDE FLAME RETARDANTS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 24 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ANTIMONY OXIDE FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, TABLE 25 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF BROMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS IN ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, 2016 (%) TABLE 26 TYPES OF AROMATIC BROMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANT COMPOUNDS 60 TABLE 27 SIGNIFICANT AROMATIC BROMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANT COMPOUNDS TABLE 28 SIGNIFICANT TYPES OF ALIPHATIC BROMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANT COMPOUNDS TABLE 29 TYPICAL LOADING OF BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS IN PLASTICS (%) TABLE 30 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF BROMINE FIRE RETARDANTS, THROUGH 2022 (MILLION POUNDS) TABLE 31 GLOBAL MARKET FOR BROMINE FLAME RETARDANTS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 32 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT BROMINE-BASED CHEMICALS BY END USE,

11 TABLE HEADING TABLE 33 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF CHLORINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS, TABLE 34 GLOBAL MARKET FOR CHLORINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 35 GLOBAL MARKET FOR CHLORINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, TABLE 36 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE FIRE RETARDANTS, TABLE 37 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE FLAME RETARDANTS, TABLE 38 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, TABLE 39 COMMON MELAMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 72 TABLE 40 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF MELAMINE FIRE RETARDANTS, THROUGH 2022 (MILLION POUNDS) TABLE 41 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MELAMINE FLAME RETARDANTS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 42 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MELAMINE FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, TABLE 43 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF PHOSPHORUS-BASED FIRE RETARDANTS, TABLE 44 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PHOSPHORUS-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS, TABLE 45 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PHOSPHORUS-BASED FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, TABLE 46 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF OTHER FLAME RETARDANTS, THROUGH 2022 (MILLION POUNDS) TABLE 47 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER FLAME RETARDANTS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 48 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, TABLE 49 MAJOR MARKETS USING FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 85 TABLE 50 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY APPLICATION, TABLE 51 METHODS OF FLAME-RETARDING POLYMERS 88 TABLE 52 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 89 TABLE 53 TYPES OF PLASTICS THAT USE FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS 90 TABLE 54 FLAME RETARDANTS IN PLASTICS, 2016 (% OF TOTAL MILLION POUNDS) 91 TABLE 55 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS USED IN PLASTICS BY CHEMICAL TYPE, TABLE 56 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS USED IN TEXTILES BY CHEMICAL TYPE, TABLE 57 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS USED IN WOOD/PAPER BY CHEMICAL TYPE, TABLE 58 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS USED IN PAINTS/COATINGS BY CHEMICAL, TABLE 59 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS USED IN COATINGS/CONSTRUCTION BY CHEMICAL TYPE, TABLE 60 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS USED IN COATINGS/DECORATIONS BY CHEMICAL TYPE, TABLE 61 LIST OF APPLICABLE U.S. PATENTS 113 TABLE 62 ALBEMARLE'S MAJOR FLAME RETARDANT PRODUCT LINES

12 TABLE HEADING TABLE 63 SELECT FLAME RETARDANT PRODUCT LINES FROM GREAT LAKES SOLUTIONS (A CHEMTURA COMPANY) 121

13 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS, (MILLION POUNDS) FIGURE 1 MARKET SHARE BY INDUSTRY, 2016 (%, BASED ON $) 47 FIGURE 2 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS, ($ FIGURE 3 REACTIONS OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE WITH HALOGENS 56 FIGURE 4 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT BROMINE-BASED CHEMICALS BY END USE, ($ FIGURE 5 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MELAMINE FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, ($ FIGURE 6 GLOBAL MARKET FOR OTHER FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY END USE, ($ FIGURE 7 GLOBAL MARKET FOR FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY APPLICATION, ($

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