Cooperative Extension Service

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1 Donn Johnson, Fruit and Nut Entomologist, Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas High Tunnel Production Workshop SWREC at Hope, AR on 17 June 2011 Cooperative Extension Service

2 Define insect pest management (IPM) Resources on IPM Management Strategies Monitoring Decision-making to use tactic: Cultural or Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control (synthetic & biopesticide) Pollinators bumble bees Cooperative Extension Service

3 Goal of IPM is to reduce risk from pests by using science-based information to: identify pests, know how temperature and rain affect the seasonal pest biology, monitor for pests and damage, decide if and when to use control tactic(s), using the most economical means, and try to minimize risk from tactic to people, property, resources, the environment and delay development of pesticide resistance in pest. Cooperative Extension Service

Thomas et al.(2004) http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/ horticulture/components/m1218-10.

4 Thomas et al.(2004) horticulture/components/m pdf IPM needs in tunnels are greatly reduced compared to field production Cultural controls tend to be preventative Monitor daily for expected and unexpected insects and mites to aid decision-making to: Release biological control agents for aphids, mites or whiteflies Apply insecticides Keep record of pest counts by crop and plant part Contact extension personnel to identify pests

Increase in aphids and whiteflies as canopy thickens which reduces air movement, increases temperature and % RH Polyphagous pests increase like corn earworm (tomato fruitworm), thrips, stink bugs,

6 Increase in aphids and whiteflies as canopy thickens which reduces air movement, increases temperature and % RH Polyphagous pests increase like corn earworm (tomato fruitworm), thrips, stink bugs, mites under increased planting density and diversity Crop diversity limits use of insecticides Lack of rainfall reduces effectiveness of insect pathogens Source: Cooperative Extension Service

7 Spider mites Aphids Whiteflies Stink bug Japanese beetles Raspberry crown borer Rednecked cane borer

8 Sticky traps - 3 traps per HT: 1 near the entrance 2 traps above canopy Plant inspection weekly: Record number of pests found, growth stage of pest, crop observations (height, leaf color, bud development, symptoms and signs, etc.) Make management decision

Yellow traps detect presence of whitefly adults and winged aphids; blue traps catch thrips 1 sticky trap per 250 sq ft Check plants if pest found on trap Cost: 100 yellow sticky for

9 Yellow traps detect presence of whitefly adults and winged aphids; blue traps catch thrips 1 sticky trap per 250 sq ft Check plants if pest found on trap Cost: 100 yellow sticky for $ blue sticky cards $52 lish/crops/facts/ htm Source: Great Lakes IPM Inc. rketing_files/pest.pdf

10 Mites suck chlorophyll from leaves Weekly check 100 leaves for: Whitened or stippled leaves Presence of spider mites Predatory mite or Minute pirate bug Heidenreich et al. (2007) Stippling (left) Minute pirate bug Predatory mite Southern red mite Twospotted spider mite Lewis Jett: Growing_Strawberries_in_High_Tunnels.pdf

12 Check to make sure transplants are pest-free Screen tunnel sides/ends to exclude pests with venting Maintain broadleaf weed control inside the tunnel and 20 feet around the outside: Reduce reservoir of mites, aphids, whiteflies

Tropical HT Temperate HT Insect netting on walls Need

floor area) and no weeds around perimeter Sources:

edu/timelyinfo/horticulture/2010/july/july_2_2010.

13 Tropical HT Temperate HT Insect netting on walls Need passively vented polyethylene roof (vent area is 20% of floor area) and no weeds around perimeter Sources: Cooperative Extension Service

14 Protects against sun damage, and cools plants by F

15 Make tunnel host free for 2 weeks Shop vac up adult whiteflies U of CA

Identify whiteflies causing off-color of leaves or stunted

crops Silverleaf whitefly Hosts: Alfalfa, beans, broccoli,

sweet potato, and poinsettia Banded-wing whitefly Hosts:

16 Identify whiteflies causing off-color of leaves or stunted plants Greenhouse whitefly Hosts: ornamental and vegetable crops Silverleaf whitefly Hosts: Alfalfa, beans, broccoli, citrus, Ficus, Lantana, lettuce, melons, cotton, grape, sweet potato, and poinsettia Banded-wing whitefly Hosts: poinsettia, geranium, hibiscus, and petunia U of CA Thomas et al.(2004) horticulture/components/m pdf Forestry images U of FL

5 whitefly per sticky card early in the season 2 whiteflies per card per day as

17 Check sticky traps for whiteflies Identify species (next slide) Weekly inspect 100 plants throughout tunnel for whiteflies Action thresholds: 0.5 whitefly per sticky card early in the season 2 whiteflies per card per day as the crop reaches maturity U of CA rketing_files/pest.pdf

19 Action threshold: 1 to 2 mites per leaf w/o mite predators present Release 1000 predatory mites (Amblyseius fallacis) per 350 sq ft per week for 3 weeks ($75 + shipping; Rincon-Vitova Insectaries) Lewis Jett: Growing_Strawberries_in_High_Tunnels.pdf

If aphids appear release 250 aphid midges (Aphidoletes aphidimyza) per acre = $20 (Bioconet or

21 Damage: sucks sap from the plant, leaves curl, appear water stressed, reduces growth Monitor: Check yellow sticky cards for aphids Weekly, randomly inspect 100 plants throughout tunnel for aphids Action threshold: If aphids appear release 250 aphid midges (Aphidoletes aphidimyza) per acre = $20 (Bioconet or Rincon-Vitova Insectaries) Or apply insecticide U of CA rketing_files/pest.pdf

Bioconet or Rincon-Vitova Insectaries) Fly when temperatures > 62 F Encarsia formosa best

22 More expensive than insecticides Remove yellow sticky cards before release Release 1 to 3 female parasitoids per plant per week until you see 80% parasitization ($20 per 1000 from Bioconet or Rincon-Vitova Insectaries) Fly when temperatures > 62 F Encarsia formosa best parasitoid for greenhouse whitefly Eretmocerus eremicus best parasitoid for Silverleaf whitefly

23 Save money, labor, and time Spray only pest hot spots in early morning or late evening Conserve pollinators and natural enemies by keeping unsprayed, safe spots for natural enemy to "retreat

25 Small fruit guide: Documents/ID pdf

Small fruit guide: http://www.ag.purdue.

26 Small fruit guide: Documents/ID pdf

27 Small fruit guide: hla/hort/ Documents/ID pdf

Advantages: low acute toxicity to humans Tunnels prolong residual activity of pesticides Uninterrupted work - short re-entry interval = 12 to 24 hrs Insecticidal soap are potassium salts of fatty

28 Advantages: low acute toxicity to humans Tunnels prolong residual activity of pesticides Uninterrupted work - short re-entry interval = 12 to 24 hrs Insecticidal soap are potassium salts of fatty acids) and Horticultural oils do not use w/in 30 days of sulfur - do test spray to check for phytotoxicity - apply between 40º and 90ºF suffocate/dry-out soft-bodied insects - aphids, mealybugs, spider mites, thrips, whiteflies PyGanic (Pyrethrum, Chrysanthemum extract) - Neem or Aza-Direct (neem tree extract, azadirachtin) Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) fungus for caterpillars Beauveria bassiana - fungus mponents/m pdf By Thomas et al.(2004)

Apply miticide if > 3 mites/leaf, w/o mite predators and significant leaf stippling Recommended miticides in spray guides: Acramite - effective Agra-mek - effective Savey - effective

29 Apply miticide if > 3 mites/leaf, w/o mite predators and significant leaf stippling Recommended miticides in spray guides: Acramite - effective Agra-mek - effective Savey - effective Zeal effective Oberon moderately effective Brigade slightly effective Aza-Direct slightly effective Efficacy table for strawberries:

30 Biopesticides M-Pede, JMS Stylet Oil Aza-Direct Pyganic (3A) Insecticides Asana (3) Actara (4A) Malathion (1B) Sevin (1A)

31 Release natural predatory mites against Spider mites Screen high tunnel sides and ends to prevent entry: Raspberry crown borer Rednecked cane borer Stink bugs Japanese beetles

32 Larvae feed in root crown and pith of lower cane - kills canes Over several years the tunneling weakens plant: Reduces yield Fewer primocanes produced

33 Cultural control Remove and burn infested plants Chemicals applied to soil drench in late October or late March: Synthetic insecticides: Brigade (bifenthrin) Altacor (Rynaxypyr) Biopesticides (OMRI): Entrust Aza-Direct

34 Adult feeds on primocane leaves & lays eggs only on primocanes (late April to early June) Larva girdles cane causing a gall (late summer) Larva overwinters in cane pith Gall predisposes canes to winter injury Johnson J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.

35 If RNCB present last year, apply synthetic insecticide to soil by 1 April: Admire Pro or Nuprid (10.5 to 14 fl oz/acre) ($40/pt) If adults present, apply to foliage weekly (OMRI): Botanigard (0.5-2 qts/100 gal) ($90/qt) JMS Stylet oil (3-6 qts/100 gal) ($22/gal) Pyganic (4.5 to 18 fl oz/acre) ($149/qt) Pyrellin (rotenone) no longer registered by EPA

37 In May to harvest, check plants for presence of stink bugs Immature (wingless) stink bugs easiest to kill with insecticide: Actara 25WB 12 hr REI, IRAC = 4A Assail 30SG 12 hr REI, IRAC = 4A Pyganic 12 hr REI, IRAC = 4A Sevin XLR 12 hr REI, IRAC = 1A

39 Cooperative Extension Service

drench of Bayer Advanced for fruits ofoliar spray of: Actara, Assail, Aza-

40 Monitoring: check for adults on top leaves from mid-june to early-august Control orow cover owhite-wash with Surround kaolin clay opre-bloom soil drench of Bayer Advanced for fruits ofoliar spray of: Actara, Assail, Aza- Direct, Danitol, Malathion, Neemix, Pyganic, Sevin Cooperative Extension Service

Slugs thrive under high moisture conditions = heavier type soil and poor ventilation

mulches where slugs hide (straw, grass clippings) Moistened newspaper placed on the

drown slugs Chemical control: Moisten soil then apply iron phosphate around plants

41 Slugs thrive under high moisture conditions = heavier type soil and poor ventilation of tunnel Cultural Management: Ventilate to reduce humidity in tunnel Avoid organic mulches where slugs hide (straw, grass clippings) Moistened newspaper placed on the soil surface concentrates slugs Pans of beer or sugar-water + yeast attract, trap and drown slugs Chemical control: Moisten soil then apply iron phosphate around plants (Sluggo, Slug Magic and Escar- Go!) Kills for 4 wks Cranshaw (2008) Colorado Slug Fact Sheet

Cross pollination for melons, some cucumbers, squash and

from tunnel, so add Bumble bee hive (Jett 2007: http://www.

org) Bumble bee ($80) hive - queen, 200 workers, and food bag

bumblebee, Bombus impatiens Screened sidewalls prevents

42 Cross pollination for melons, some cucumbers, squash and berries Off-season production excludes natural pollinators from tunnel, so add Bumble bee hive (Jett 2007: Bumble bee ($80) hive - queen, 200 workers, and food bag = lasts 5 wks For USA, Canada and Mexico: use native bumblebee, Bombus impatiens Screened sidewalls prevents bumblebee escape Bumblebee hives Bumblebees Heidenreich et al. 2007: ForGrowers/Small%20Fruits/hightunnelsrasp.pdf

43 In late afternoon, close tunnel ventilation sides, open hive door and allow 1 st orientation flight in tunnel prevents workers going out of tunnel Cooperative Extension Service

44 Protect hives from ants with barrier of grease or insect glue on pedestal for hive Set hive on pedestal 20 to 30 inches above ground Pollinate best between 59 and 77 F Feed bees a sugar water solution (3 parts sugar to 2 parts water) in bee feeder (may come with hive) No pesticide use when pollinating with bees Beware of bumblebee venom allergy - warning sign Bad sting allergy reaction have Epipen (epinephrine)

Majumdar & Akotsen-Mensah (2010): PM in high-tunnel crop production http://www.aces.edu/timelyinfo/horticulture/2010/july/july_2_2010.pdf Heidenreich et al.

45 Majumdar & Akotsen-Mensah (2010): PM in high-tunnel crop production Heidenreich et al. (2007): High tunnel raspberries and blackberries (includes bumblebees) Iowa State University (2007): High tunnel pest scouting model Thomas et al.(2004): High tunnel IPM - insects and mites Cranshaw (2008): Slug fact sheet

Funding: USDA/NRI Organic Program USDA/Southern Region IPM Grants Program UG/USDA/SARE/PDP Project: 0104-23573-31-7700 Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium and IR-4 Program No: 2009-08 University

46 Funding: USDA/NRI Organic Program USDA/Southern Region IPM Grants Program UG/USDA/SARE/PDP Project: Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium and IR-4 Program No: University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Incentive Grant USDA NIFA Small Business Initiative Research No: Assistants: Curt Rom, Elena Garcia, Heather Friedrich, Jason McAfee, Chris Vincent, Barbara Lewis, David Dickey, Sam Kim, and Erin Walters

47 Spider mites Aphids Whiteflies Stink bug Japanese beetles Raspberry crown borer Rednecked cane borer

Jerry Brust IPM Vegetable Specialist

Organic Vegetable Pest Management Jerry Brust IPM Vegetable Specialist Insects Numbers of species Bacteria and Fungi Animals Plants Other Arthropods Insects Metamorphosis: Complete Metamorphosis: Incomplete