LAND SOUTH OF MONMOUTH ROAD, RAGLAN, MONMOUTHSHIRE HERITAGE STATEMENT. Pegasus Group PREPARED BY PEGASUS GROUP ON BEHALF OF RICHBOROUGH ESTATES LTD

Transcription

1 LAND SOUTH OF MONMOUTH ROAD, RAGLAN, MONMOUTHSHIRE HERITAGE STATEMENT PREPARED BY PEGASUS GROUP ON BEHALF OF RICHBOROUGH ESTATES LTD Pegasus Group P MARCH 2018

2 Land South of Monmouth Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire Heritage Statement Pegasus Group Project Number P Version Date Author Checked/Approved By Reason for revision Rebecca Gilbey Rosey Meara Heritage Consultant Principal Heritage Consultant Rosey Meara Principal Heritage Consultant - Client comments. Site name updated to Land South of Monmouth Road (previously Land at Station Road) Desk-Based Assessment updated to Heritage Statement with inclusion of the results of Geophysical Survey P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

3 CONTENTS: APPENDICES: NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 3 SITE DESCRIPTION AND DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS 4 METHODOLOGY 5 PLANNING POLICY FRAMEWORK 9 THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT 12 SETTING ASSESSMENT 22 CONCLUSIONS 33 APPENDIX 1: HERITAGE DATA 35 APPENDIX 2: SOURCES 42 APPENDIX 3: DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION 43 APPENDIX 4: FIGURES 55 APPENDIX 5: GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY (MAGNETOMETRY AND RESISTIVITY) 56 P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

4 PLATES: PLATE 1: SITE LOCATION PLAN (NOT TO SCALE)... 3 PLATE 2: DRAFT ILLUSTRATIVE MASTERPLAN PLATE 3: THE UPPER AND LOWER DEER PARKS AS RECORDED BY THE HER PLATE 4: EXTRACT FROM THE JOHN SPEED MAP OF MONMOUTHSHIRE PLATE 5: EXTRACT FROM THE LAURENCE SMYTHE MAP OF RAGLAN CASTLE PLATE 6: EXTRACT FROM THE PLAN FROM JOHN ARAM'S SURVEY OF RAGLAN MANOR PLATE 7: EXTRACT FROM THE RAGLAN TITHE MAP OF PLATE 8: EXTRACT FROM THE FIRST EDITION ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP OF PLATE 9: EXTRACT FROM THE ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP OF PLATE 10: VIEW NORTH-WEST FROM THE EASTERN CORNER OF THE SITE TOWARDS THE TWO TREES WHICH FOLLOW THE CURVED BOUNDARY OF THE FORMER DEER PARK PLATE 11: EXTRACT FROM THE LIDAR DATA PLATE 12: VIEW NORTH TOWARDS THE GRADE I LISTED AND SCHEDULED MONUMENT RAGLAN CASTLE PLATE 13: GLIMPSED VIEW NORTH FROM WITHIN THE SITE TOWARDS RAGLAN CASTLE PLATE 14: VIEW SOUTH FROM THE TOWERS OF RAGLAN CASTLE TOWARDS THE SITE PLATE 15: VIEW SOUTH FROM MONMOUTH ROAD TOWARDS THE GRADE II* CHURCH OF ST CADOC PLATE 16: VIEW EAST TOWARDS THE SITE FROM THE CHURCHYARD ASSOCIATED WITH THE CHURCH OF ST CADOC PLATE 17: VIEW WEST FROM WITHIN THE SITE TOWARDS THE CHURCH TOWER PLATE 18: VIEW SOUTH FROM MONMOUTH ROAD ALONG THE SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF THE CONSERVATION AREA TOWARDS THE SITE PLATE 19: VIEW WEST ALONG MONMOUTH ROAD ON THE APPROACH TO THE CONSERVATION AREA, SITE TO THE SOUTH PLATE 20: VIEW NORTH-WEST FROM THE NORTHERN AREA OF THE SITE TOWARDS THE BUILT FORM ALONG THE NORTHERN SIDE OF MONMOUTH ROAD (PREDOMINANTLY MODERN RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT) FIGURES: FIGURE 1: DESIGNATED HISTORIC ASSETS FIGURE 2: GLAMORGAN GWENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST HER EVENT DATA FIGURE 3: GLAMORGAN GWENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST HER MONUMENT DATA (WIDER AREA) FIGURE 4: GLAMORGAN GWENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST HER MONUMENT DATA RAGLAN SETTLEMENT FIGURE 5: GLAMORGAN GWENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST HER MONUMENT DATA RAGLAN CASTLE P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

5 Non-Technical Summary Pegasus Planning Group have been commissioned by Richborough Estates to prepare a Heritage Statement of the proposed development of land South of Monmouth Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire. This Heritage Statement is informed by desk-based assessment and geophysical survey. Archaeology No prehistoric or Roman period finds or features are recorded within the site and there is limited evidence for activity of this date within the study area. Raglan is thought to have been on the line of the Roman road between Monmouth and Usk, although the precise route of this road is not known. The findspot of a medieval gold signet ring is recorded within the site. The origin of this find is not known, it may have been a chance loss. The eastern area of the site extended into the lower deer park associated with Raglan Castle. The deer park is known to have been extant in the 17 th -century, and may have been established in the medieval period. By the mid-18 th century the area of the site was situated across a number of agricultural fields. The former extent of the deerpark was fossilized in the southern site boundary, and within a curvilinear boundary which ran across its eastern extent. Two trees survive on the line of the latter. LiDAR data indicates a very low earth bank is extant, not readily discernible at ground level. Given their association with the former deer park of Raglan Castle remains associated with this boundary may be considered to be a historic asset. The trees along the former park boundary will be retained within the proposals. Built form will be located to the west of the former area of park. The line of the former park boundary, and land to its east will be public open space. Following discussions with the archaeological advisor to the LPA (GGAT), a geophysical survey was commissioned to further evaluate the archaeological potential of the site. Gradiometer (magnetometry) survey identified anomalies potentially associated with the below-ground remains of pits and ditches, although a non-archaeological origin (e.g. associated with palaeochannels or geological variations) was not ruled out. Targeted resistivity survey did not identify any anomalies likely of archaeological origin, although did identify anomalies potentially associated with palaeochannels. Neither the deskbased assessment or the geophysical survey suggest significant archaeological remains are present. As such the current information is considered sufficient to determine the application for residential development. Setting assessment P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 1

6 Raglan Castle Grade I Listed Building, Grade I Registered Park and Scheduled Monument are located to the north of the site. The Castle is c. 480m north of the site and the closest point of the Registered Park is c. 270m north of the site, beyond the A40. Agricultural land within the site forms part of the historic castle estate and lower park historically extended into the eastern area of the site. While views to the castle from within the site/monmouth Road are identified in the Conservation Area Appraisal, these views are glimpsed views and do not make any substantial contribution to the value of Raglan Castle designated/registered historic assets. Likewise views from Station Road (established in the later 19 th century) towards the Castle are not considered to make any key contribution to its significance. The historic relationship between Raglan Castle and lower park is not readily legible in views due to enclosure of agricultural land and other developments in the postmedieval/modern period. Development of the site will result in a small increase in the extent of built form visible in non-key views looking south from castle towers. Overall, this reduction of views to the castle/alteration of views south from the castle will result in a very small level of harm to the significance of the Grade I Listed Building and Grade I Registered Park. The views would remain as currently, a combination of built form and agricultural land and those elements key to the significance of historic assets at Raglan Castle would not be altered. settlement of Raglan, and can be appreciated from numerous locations within the settlement. Glimpsed views towards the church tower from within the site, including from the public right of way, are not considered to be key views of the Listed Building. The proposed development would not interrupt key views to the church tower from within Raglan and any harm resulting from the loss or reduction of non-key views from within the site would be negligible, i.e. there would be no material harm. The proposed development will not physically impact Raglan Conservation Area, and will not be visible from the historic core of the settlement. Agricultural land within the site, adjacent to the Conservation Area, would be altered to built form and open space. This built form would be visible in views south from the southern edge of the Conservation Area and would interrupt views from Monmouth Road identified in the Conservation Area Appraisal. The alteration of such views, and reduction of agricultural land immediately adjacent to the Conservation Area would result in a small level of harm to the Conservation Area as a whole. The proposed layout and Green Infrastructure has been designed to offset built form from the Conservation Area Boundary, retaining the open nature of the immediately adjacent area. The Grade II* Listed Church of St Cadoc is recorded c. 175m west of the site. The church is a prominent landmark in the P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 2

7 Introduction Pegasus Planning Group have been commissioned by Richborough Estates to prepare a Heritage Desk-Based Assessment of the proposed development of land South of Monmouth Road, Raglan in Monmouthshire as shown on the Site Location Plan provided in Plate 1. The site is approximately 7.71 ha in area and is located to the east of the main settlement at Raglan. The site comprises a single field, under grass at the time of the site visit, which includes a public right of way along the eastern boundary. This Heritage Desk-Based Assessment provides information with regards to the significance of the historic environment, and potential impacts on historic assets, as required by Planning Policy Wales (2016). Plate 1: Site Location Plan (not to scale) P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 3

8 Site Description and Development Proposals Site description The site is approximately 7.71 ha in area and is located to the east of the main settlement at Raglan. The site comprises a single field, under grass at the time of the site visits. A public right of way runs along the eastern boundary of the site. The site is bounded to the north by Monmouth Road, with residential development beyond; a community cemetery to the north-west; station road with residential development and a school beyond to the south west; and agricultural land to the east and south. Development proposals Current proposals are for residential development set back from the boundaries of the site by public open space (Plate 2). Plate 2: Proposed illustrative masterplan ref Rev A, P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 4

9 Methodology The aims of this Heritage Statement are to assess the significance of elements of the historic environment (historic assets), and any harm to them that will result from the proposed development. The assessment considers the archaeological resource, built heritage and the historic landscape, including potential impacts resulting from alteration to setting. Counsultation, sources of information and study area This assessment is informed by desk-based assessment, including setting assessment, and geophysical survey. Consultation The archaeological advisor to the LPA (GGAT) was contacted at the commencement of the assessment and was subsequently provided with a draft of the desk-based assessment. Geophysical survey was requested comprising gradiometer (magnetometry) survey in the first instance, followed by targeted resistivity survey. These surveys have been undertaken and the results are discussed in the assessment below. A copy of the draft heritage desk-based assessment has been provided to the Conservation Officer and Cadw for their comment. Desk-Based Assessment and settings assessment The assessment has been informed by the appropriate sources of information, including: Cadw for information on designated historic assets; Glamorgon-Gwent Archaeological Trust s Historic Environment Record (HER) for information on non-designated historic assets and previous archaeological works; Monmouthshire City Council for information on Conservation Areas; The National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth for historic maps, documents and documentary sources; Gwent Archives for additional historic maps, documents and documentary sources (remote search); and A site visit undertaken in July For HER digital data sets information was reviewed for a 1km study area (Figure 1). Tables summarising this data are included in Appendix 1, and records are discussed in the text, where relevant. Designated historic assets were reviewed in the wider area, as P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 5

10 deemed appropriate (see Section 7). Historic cartographic sources were reviewed for the site, and beyond this where professional judgement deemed necessary. The site visit focused on the site itself. Selected designated historic assets in the vicinity were visited, as closely as possible from publicly accessible areas. This included a visit to Raglan Castle. Geophysical survey Geophysical survey comprising gradiometer (magnetometry) survey was undertaken across the site, followed by targeted resistivity survey. These surveys were undertaken by GSB Prospection Ltd. Written Schemes of Investigations for these surveys were agreed in advance with the archaeological advisor to the LPA (GGAT). Assessment of significance In TAN: 24, heritage significance is defined as: the sum of the cultural and natural heritage values of a place, often set out in a statement of significance. Principles) advocates considering four component values a historic asset may hold. These comprise: Evidential Value Value deriving from the potential of a place to yield evidence about past human activity; Historic Value Value deriving from the ways in which past people, events and aspects of life can be connected through a place to the present; Aesthetic Value value deriving from the ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from a place; Communal Value value deriving from the meaning of a place for the people who relate to it, or from whom it figures in their collective experience or memory. Significance results from a combination of any, some or all of the values described above. Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas are designated for their special architectural and historic interest. Scheduling is predominantly, although not exclusively, associated with archaeological interest. Conservation Principles for the sustainable management of the historic environment in Wales 1 (henceforth Conservation 1 CADW, Conservation Principles for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment in Wales. P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 6

11 Setting and significance Setting is defined in the TAN24 as: the surroundings in which it is understood, experienced, and appreciated embracing past and present relationships to the surrounding landscape. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surrounding evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect its ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral. 2 Therefore, setting can contribute to, affect an appreciation of significance or be neutral with regards to heritage values. However, it should be noted that TAN24 states that: setting is not a historic asset in its own right but has value derived from how different elements may contribute to the significance of a historic asset. understand how they contribute to the significance of the historic assets and, in particular, the ways in which the assets are understood, appreciated and experienced. The guidance includes a (non-exhaustive) check-list of elements that may contribute to a historic asset through setting including: functional and physical relationships, topographic features, physical surroundings, original layout, buried or archaeological elements, views to/from/across, formal or planned vistas, prominence, views associated with aesthetic / functional / ceremonial purposes, historical / artistic / literary / place name / cultural / scenic associations, noise, smell, tranquility / remoteness / wildness. Step 3 is to assess the effect of the proposed development on the significance of the asset(s). Step 4 is consider options to mitigate or improve the potential impact of a proposed change or development on that significance.. Assessing change through alteration to setting How setting might contribute to these values has been assessed within this report with reference to Setting of Historic Asset in Wales guidance note. 3 particularly the four stages of assessment given in section 4 of the document. Step 1 is to identify the historic assets affected and their settings. Step 2 is to define and analyse the settings to Levels of significance (importance) Under Planning Policy Wales Technical Advice Note 24 4 (henceforth TAN 24) a historic asset is defined as: An identifiable component of the historic environment. It may consist of or be a combination of an archaeological site, a historic building or area, historic park and garden or a 2 CADW 2017, TAN24. Paragraph CADW, Setting of Historic Assets in Wales. 4 Planning Policy Wales Technical Advice Note 24: The Historic Environment (May 2017) P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 7

12 parcel of historic landscape. Nationally important historic assets will normally be designated Designated historic assets include World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites and Conservation Areas 5. Registered historic assets include Registered Historic Parks and Gardens and Registered Historic Landscapes. Archaeological remains which are not designated may still be nationally important, i.e. of a significance commensurate to a Scheduled Monument, these are referred to as unscheduled nationally important archaeological remains. Listed Buildings are designated in three grades, reflecting their relative importance, as defined in TAN24: Grade I buildings of exceptional, usually national interest. depending on their level of importance. Other historic assets include historic assets of special local interest and undesignated historic assets. Assessment of harm and benefits Planning Policy Wales requires that the potential impacts of a development on the significance of any historic asset/assets are assessed. Hence any impacts are described in terms of how they affect the significance of a historic asset, and heritage values that contribute to this significance, including any impacts resulting through changes to setting. Proposed development may also result in benefits to historic assets, and these are articulated in terms of how they enhance the heritage values and hence the significance of the assets concerned. Grade II* - particularly important buildings of more than special interest. Grade II buildings of special interest which warrant every effort being made to preserve them. Registered Parks and Gardens are also registered Grade I, II* or II, depending on their level of importance. Historic landscapes are registered as outstanding or special, 5 TAN 24 appendix P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 8

13 Planning Policy Framework Planning Framework The following legislation and planning policies are considered relevant to this proposal. Legislation Legislation relating to the Built Historic Environment is set out within the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 which provides statutory protection for Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas. Section 66(1) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 states that: In considering whether to grant planning permission [or permission in principle] for development which affects a listed building or its setting, the local planning authority or, as the case may be, the Secretary of State, shall have special regard to the desirability of preserving the building or its setting or any features of special architectural or historic interest which it possesses. With regards to development within Conservation Areas, Section 72 (1) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 states: In the exercise, with respect to any buildings or other land in a conservation area, of any powers under any of the provisions mentioned in subsection (2), special attention shall be paid to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of that area. Scheduled Monuments are protected by the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 which relates to nationally important archaeological sites. Whilst works to Scheduled Monuments are subject to a high level of protection, it is important to note that there is no duty within the 1979 Act to have regard to the desirability of preservation of the setting of a Scheduled Monument. The Historic Environment (Wales) Act 2016 makes amendments to the Planning (LBCA) Act 1990 and the Ancient and Archaeological Areas Act It also creates new stand-alone provisions relating to the Welsh Historic Environment including historic place names. National Policy and Guidance Planning Policy Wales 2016 National policy is set out in Planning Policy Wales Chapter 6 of the PPW is concerned with the Historic Environment. This recognises that the historic environment is: P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 9

14 central to Wales cultural and its character, and contributes to our sense of place and cultural identity. It is vital that the historic environment is appreciated, protected, actively maintained and made accessible for the general well-being of present and future generations. The PPW identifies historic assets as a non-renewable resource. The primary function of Chapter 6 of PPW is: To enable the historic environment to deliver rich benefits to the people of Wales, what is of significance needs to be identified and change that has an impact on historic assets must be managed in a sensitive and sustainable way. It also recognises that the conservation of the historic environment also contributes to the Welsh Government s seven well-being goals for a sustainable Wales a Wales of vibrant culture and Welsh language. The PPW sets out the framework for making informed decisions regarding proposed change which could have an impact on the historic environment: This is based in a full consideration of the significance of an historic asset and the impact of the proposal on that significance. The greater the significance and/or impact then the greater the benefit needed to justify any harm. For World Heritage Sites, paragraph states: The impacts of proposed development on a World Heritage Site and its setting and where is exists, the World Heritage Site buffer zone, is a material consideration in the determination of any planning application. For Archaeological Remains, the PPW recognises that not all historic assets are of equal value. Paragraph states: The conservation of archaeological remains in a material consideration in determining a planning application, whether these remains are a scheduled monument or not. Where nationally important archaeological remains, whether scheduled or not, and their settings are likely to be affected by proposed development, there should be a presumption in favour of their physical protection in situ. It will only be in exception al circumstances that planning permission will be granted if development would result in an adverse impact on a scheduled monument (or an archaeological site which can be shown to be of national importance) or has a significantly damaging effect upon its setting. In cases involving less significant archaeological remains, local planning authorities will need to weigh the relative importance of the archaeological remains and their settings against other factors, including the need for the proposed development. For Listed Buildings paragraph states that: There should be a general presumption in favour of the preservation of a listed building and its setting, which might extend beyond its curtilage. For Conservation Areas paragraph states that: P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 10

15 TAN 24 There will be a strong presumption against the granting of planning permission for developments, including advertisements, which damage the character or appearance of a conservation area or its setting to an unacceptable level. Technical Advice Note 24: The Historic Environment was launched by the Welsh Government in The purpose of the TAN is to provide guidance on how the planning system considers the historic environment during development plan preparation and decision making on planning applications. The TAN provides specific guidance on how the following aspects of the historic environment should be considered: World Heritage Sites Scheduled monuments Archaeological remains Listed buildings Conservation areas Historic Parks and gardens Historic landscapes Historic assets of special local interest. TAN24 also sets out the requirement to consider the potential impact of proposed developments upon the setting of historic assets. This states that CADW should be consulted on developments which have the potential to affect scheduled monuments, registered historic parks, gardens and landscapes and the Outstanding Universal Value of World Heritage Sites and their settings. It then states it is for the local planning authority to consider the effect of proposed developments within the settings of listed buildings, conservation areas, unscheduled monuments of national importance and other undesignated historic assets. CADW have also produced a number of best practice guidance documents to provide information on the assessment of the historic environment within the context of the planning and legislative framework. The Development Plan Planning policy is contained within the Monmouthshire County Council s Adopted Local Development Plan (adopted February 2014). This includes Policy HE1 which relates to development in Conservation Areas and as such is not applicable to this site.. 6 Monmouthshire County Council, Adopted Local Development Plan Development-Plan-with-PDF-tags.pdf P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 11

16 The Historic Environment Designated Historic Assets No designated historic assets are located within the site. The site is bounded to the north by the south-eastern extent of Raglan Conservation Area. The historic core of Raglan, located to the west of the site, includes one Grade I Listed Building and twelve Grade II Listed buildings. The northern extent of the Conservation Area includes Raglan Castle. Raglan Castle Scheduled Monument and Grade I Listed Building are located c.480m to the north of the site. These historic assets are located within a Grade I Registered Historic Park and Garden associated with Raglan Castle, the closest point of which is located c. 270m north of the site. Designated historic assets are discussed further in the period summaries below, and the setting assessments presented in Section 7, where relevant. No Registered Battlefields or World Heritage Sites are located within the vicinity of the site. Previous Archaeological Works A landscape survey 7 reviewing Raglan Castle and associated features in the wider landscape was completed in 2005 (HER ref. E005163). This eastern area of the site was identified as part of the southern deer park, one of three parks associated with Raglan Castle (discussed further below). Previous archaeological works in the study area are depicted on Figure 2 and include: A watching brief at the Beaufort Arms Hotel c. 265m west of the site in 2002 (HER ref. E004740). No archaeological finds or features were recorded. Archaeological evaluation at the Paper Shop c. 275m west of the site in 2002 (HER ref. E004759). The footings of a 19 th -century cottage were recorded. A watching brief at Trostrey House c. 365m west of the site in 2005 (HER ref. E005344). Pottery dating from the medieval to postmedieval and modern periods was recorded. A desk-based assessment and photographic survey in 1995, followed by a watching brief in 2000 at land off Prince Charles Road c. 450m south-west of the site (HER ref. E002347, E002348, E002349). No finds of archaeological significance were recorded. A post-medieval 7 Clark, A., Raglan Castle, County of Monmouthshire: A Landscape Survey. Museum of London Archaeology Services. P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 12

17 pond leat or terrace was recorded. Numerous archaeological works have been undertaken at Raglan Castle c m north of the site, including evaluation in 2003, 2005 and 2009, geophysical survey in 2005, and a building survey in 2008 (HER ref. E005151, E005152, E5154, E05159, E003598, E000941). A 17 th -centruy brick flooring and fireplace were recorded. A desk-based assessment and building survey at Lodge Farm c. 550m south of the site in 1990 (HER ref. E003824). The buildings were considered to be of historic interest. A field visit to sites in the Vale and Monmouthshire c. 615m east of the site in 2016 (HER ref. E004967). The field visit was conducted for the Husbandry in Glamorgan and Gwent project. A watching brief at Little Castle Farm c. 800m north-west of the site in 2011 (HER ref. E003960). No archaeological finds or features were recorded. A field visit to a possible mill site c. 920m north of the site in 2012 (HER ref. E004249). The field visit was conducted for a project assessing Mills and Water Power. Geology and topography The solid geology 8 of the site is mapped as Raglan Mudstone Formation comprising interbedded siltstone and mudstone formed approximately 419 to 424 million years ago in the Silurian Period. The superficial geology of the majority of the site is not mapped. The southern area of the site is mapped as alluvium comprising clay, silt, sand and gravel formed up to 2 million years ago in the Quaternary Period. The site is located on a slight south-facing slope. The northern area of the site is situated at approximately 45m aod. Prehistoric and Romano-British No prehistoric or Roman finds or features are currently recorded within the site. The findspot of a Bronze Age palstave is recorded c. 830m south-west of the site (HER ref. GGAT00835g, approximate location). The bronze axe was decorated with ribs below the ridge. Raglan is on the line of the Roman Road from Monmouth to Usk (Margary Road 612b 9 ). Thought the precise route is not certain, Monmouth Road, which bounds the site to the north, was established in the 18 th century (see below) so would not seem to be a candidate. The HER suggests Raglan was a crossing point for a second road between Chepstow and Abergavenny (HER ref. GGAT04522g). However, no physical evidence of Roman activity is recorded within the study area Margary, I. D Roman Roads in Britain, 3 rd Edition, London P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 13

18 Early Medieval, medieval, post-medieval and modern The site and surrounding area were historically located within the parish of Raglan. The historic core of Raglan is located to the west of the site, and potentially developed at the crossing point of two Roman roads (see above) (HER ref. GGAT04522g). Medieval activity was also focused at Raglan Castle, to the north of the site. Raglan Castle is recorded c. 570m north of the site (HER ref. GGAT00814g). The Castle is a Grade I Listed building, Scheduled Monument and is located within a Grade I Registered Park and Garden, and is assessed further in the Setting Assessment below. Although potentially first established as a motte and associated hornwork in the 11 th century HER ref. GGAT00816), the extant castle is essentially a 15 th -century construction, with 16 th - century alterations. The 15 th century was a fortress palace which replaced an earlier manor house. The 15 th century castle was designed to impress and included the Great Tower, the Gatehouse and the kitchens. In 1549, when the Castle was inherited by the 3 rd Earl of Gloucester, the east side of the hall was rebuilt in an Elizabethan manner. The gardens were laid out between the mid-16 th and mid-17 th century and include terraced gardens and a lake (HER ref. GGAT06131g, GGAT00818g, GGAT11224g). Other features include a bowling green (HER ref. GGAT00817g), gazebo (HER ref. GGAT00819g) and a bridge (HER ref. GGAT00820g). Siegeworks associated with the Civil War at Raglan Castle are recorded c. 520m north and c. 605m north of the site (HER ref. GGAT00821g, GGAT00809g). Three deer parks are associated with Raglan Castle. These are the upper park, the lower park and Red Deer Park. The upper park surrounded Raglan Castle. The lower park was located to the south, and included the eastern extent of the site. Red Deer Park is thought to have been located c. 3 miles north of Raglan Castle, towards Llantilio Crossenny. The HER maps the lower deer park as extending across the southern area of the site (Plate 3). However, consultation of the historic maps, and the 2005 landscape survey, indicate that in fact the park extended into the farm eastern area of the site only, as discussed further below. P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 14

19 The approximate locations of the upper and lower deer parks are recorded on Speed s map of 1610 (Plate 4). These deer parks may have been established in the medieval period. Plate 4: Extract from the John Speed Map of Monmouthshire 1610 Plate 3: The upper and lower deer parks as recorded by the HER. The site and surrounding area is depicted on the Laurence Smyth Map of Raglan Castle 1652 (Plate 5). The eastern area of the site is depicted within the lower deer park associated with P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 15

20 the castle, while the majority of the site is located in an area labelled as Powell Land & Novis Meadow, a part of the castle estate. Plate 6: Extract from the Plan from John Aram's Survey of Raglan Manor 1765 Plate 5: Extract from the Laurence Smythe Map of Raglan Castle 1652 The site is next depicted on the Plan from John Aram s Survey of Raglan Manor 1765 (Plate 6). At this time the site was situated across agricultural fields. A building immediately west of the site is labelled as a Tithe Barn. Monmouth Road is sketched in, suggesting it was proposed or under construction. A similar situation is shown on the Tithe Map of 1843 (Plate 7). The site was situated across agricultural fields which, at the time of the Tithe Apportionment Register, were under the ownership of His Grace, The Duke of Beaufort, and under the occupancy of George Hallen. The Duke of Beaufort owned a large amount of land within the parish of Raglan, including Raglan Castle. The site contained a small building, most probably a field barn, within the central area. P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 16

21 Plate 7: Extract from the Raglan Tithe Map of 1843 The site is depicted on the First Edition Ordnance Survey Map of 1882 (Plate 8). There had been some removal of field boundaries and at this time the site comprised two agricultural fields. The former park boundary was marked by a line of trees. Station Road to the west of the site had been established by this time. The small barn within the central area of the site had been demolished. Plate 8: Extract from the First Edition Ordnance Survey Map of 1882 No major changes are depicted on the Ordnance Survey Map of 1920 (Plate 9). A trackway which formerly ran from the northern boundary to the western boundary of the site is not marked. P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 17

22 Plate 9: Extract from the Ordnance Survey Map of 1920 Plate 10: View north-west from the eastern corner of the site towards the two trees which follow the curved boundary of the former deer park Two trees within the eastern area of the site are along the line of the curved boundary associated with the lower deer park to Raglan Castle (Plate 10). No associated earthwork was discernable at the time of the site visit. However, LiDAR data indicates a very slight variation in ground level, corresponding with the line of the former park boundary (Plate 11). P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 18

23 Wider area Medieval fishponds, associated with Raglan Castle, are recorded c. 410m east of the site (HER ref. GGAT00798g) and c. 440m north of the site (HER ref. GGAT00815g). St Cadoc Church is recorded c. 175m west of the site (HER ref. GGAT00833g). The church originated in the 12 th -century and was heavily restored in the 19 th -century. The church is located in an associated churchyard (HER ref. GGAT08245g, GGAT08387g) which includes the remains of the medieval churchyard cross (HER ref. GGAT00900g). The medieval market cross is recorded c. 240m west of the site (HER ref. GGAT00834g). A hoard of medieval coins was recorded from the Crown Inn c. 435m west of the site (HER ref. GGAT00899g). A single coin was later recovered from the same site which depicted King Edward III. Plate 11: Extract from the LiDAR data The findspot of a medieval ring is recorded within the northern boundary of the site (HER ref. GGAT06284g). The ring dates to the mid to late 15 th century, is made of gold and has a motif of a lion passant on a bed of flowers. The origin of the find is not known, it may be the result of a chance loss. The site of the former Civil War Camp, known as Fairfax s Camp is recorded c. 385m north-east of the site, to the east of Raglan Castle (HER ref. GGAT00799g). The camp was located on a ridge of land in the former park associated with Raglan Castle, known as The Leagues Field. A pound is recorded c. 275m north-west of the site (HER ref. GGAT00846g). The pound is depicted on the First Edition Ordnance Survey Map of 1882, and was demolished just before P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 19

24 A rabbit warren is recorded c. 340m north of the site (HER ref. GGAT04773g). The field was recorded as Warren in 1652, and was divided into two fields on the Tithe Map of 184, known as Great Warren and Little Warren. The warren was potentially utilised as a source of food for Raglan Castle. A fulling mill is recorded c. 830m south-west of the site (HER ref. GGAT03802g). Park Mill, a corn mill, is recorded c. 845m south of the site (HER ref. GGAT00790g). A water mill is recorded in this location during the 14 th -century, and was demolished in Four bridges are recorded at Raglan. Pont-y-Bonehouse, a small stone and mortar bridge, is recorded c. 135m west of the site (HER ref. GGAT00840g). Another bridge is recorded c. 165m west of the site (HER ref. GGAT00839g). Pontleecke bridge c. 390m south-west of the site (HER ref. GGAT00837g). the Pontleecke bridge was extant in 1680, and the current bridge may have incorporated remains of the earlier structure. Wilcae Bridge is recorded c. 825m south-west of the site (HER ref. GGAT00836g). This bridge was first mentioned in The Brooks is recorded c. 300m south-west of the site (HER ref. GGAT00824g). The farm was recorded as part of the Raglan Castle Estate from the 15 th to 17 th -century. The Monmouth to Pontypool Railway was located c. 335m southeast of the site (HER ref. GGAT3625.0g). The railway was part of the Great Western Railway, opened in 1856 and became disused in The route of the railway now comprises the modern A449. The former Raglan Station was located c. 320m south-east of the site (HER ref. GGAT04771g). The Crown Inn is located c. 440m west of the site (HER ref. GGAT00812g). The extant building is ostensibly modern but may be on the site of an earlier structure. Willsbrook is recorded c. 450m west of the site (HER ref. GGAT00832g). The dwelling was first recorded as Wilcaebrook in a will of 1690 and now comprises a large two storey building with a slate roof. Lodge Farm is recorded c. 505m south of the site (HER ref. GGAT00813g). The farmhouse originated in the 16 th to 17 th - century, constructed out of stone taken from Raglan Castle, and has later 18 th and 20 th -century additions. The barn is considered to date to the 17 th -century. The remainder of the farm buildings date to the mid-19 th -century. Castle Farm is recorded c. 510m north of the site (HER ref. GGAT00823g). The farmhouse was built in the 1640s by the 5 th Earl of Worcester in order to serve Raglan Castle. It may have previously been utilised as a lodgers range. The meadow Gworlod-y-Beddau is recorded c. 785m northwest of the site (HER ref. GGAT00810g). This translates to the meadow of the graves, reported to have been the burial place of those who were killed at the siege of Raglan Castle. A potential mill site is recorded c. 920m north of the site (HER ref. GGAT03603g). P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 20

25 Geophysical survey Gradiometer (magnetometry) geophysical survey identified a number of intermittent linear and discrete anomalies concentrated in the north-eastern area of the site. These were interpreted as potentially be associated with the below-ground remains of pits and ditches, although might equally have a natural origin (e.g. associated with palaeochannels or near surface geological and/or pedological inconsistencies). Their layout is not convincing as indicative of below-ground archaeological remains. Subsequent targeted resistivity survey did not identity any anomalies considered likely of archaeological origin, but did identify anomalies which may be associated with palaeochannels. Neither geophysical survey or the desk-based assessment suggest significant below-ground remains are likely to be present within the site. P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 21

26 Setting Assessment Step 1 of the methodology recommended by the Cadw guidance The Setting of Historic Assets in Wales (see Methodology above) is to identify which historic assets might be affected by a proposed development and their setting. Development proposals may adversely impact historic assets where they remove a feature which contributes to the significance of a designated historic asset or where they interfere with an element of a historic asset s setting which contributes to its significance, such as interrupting a key relationship or a designed view. Consideration was made as to whether any of the historic assets present within the vicinity include the site as part of their setting, and may potentially be affected by the proposed development. The following historic assets were identified for further assessment: Raglan Conservation Area located immediately to the north of the site; 2101, MM005, Gt42). Designated historic assets in the wider vicinity have been excluded on the basis of distance, and/or absence of intervisibility, absence of historical functional relationships and the nature of the development which will form an extension of existing built form at Raglan. Raglan Castle Listed Building, Scheduled Monument and Historic Park and Garden Raglan Castle is a Grade I Listed Building (Plate 12) and is located within an associated Grade I Registered Park. The Castle, and the majority of the Registered Park are also designated as a Scheduled Monument. The closest point of the Scheduled Monument and Historic Park and Garden lies c. 270m north of the site, while the Grade I Listed building of Raglan Castle itself lies c. 560m north of the site. Grade II* Listed Church of St Cadoc located c. 175m west of the site (Cadw ref. 2100); and Raglan Castle (Grade I Listed Building and Scheduled Monument) and Grade I Listed Historic Park and Garden, the closest point located c. 270m north of the site (Cadw ref. P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 22

27 Elizabethan style. The Earl used a redder sandstone for construction and therefore this is discernible from the 15 th century components. The castle was abandoned in 1646 following the siege of Raglan Castle by 1500 parliamentarian forces. Plate 12: View north towards the Grade I Listed and Scheduled Monument Raglan Castle As discussed in the Historic Environment section above, although potentially established in the Norman period, the extant Raglan Castle is essentially a 15 th /16 th century construction. Despite its name it was not principally a defensive structure, but was designed to show the wealth of Sir William ap Thomas, and to awe visitors. After the death of Sir William ap Thomas, the building of Raglan Castle was continued by his son, Sir William Herbert until These 15 th -century buildings are characterised by yellow sandstone from Redbrook in the Wye Valley. In 1549 the castle was inherited by William the 3 rd Earl of Worcester who rebuilt the east side of the hall in an The Raglan Castle gardens lie mainly to the north-west, south and west of the Listed Building. The gardens were laid out in the 16 th and 17 th centuries by the 3 rd and 4 th Earls of Worcester. A large amount of landscaping was needed for the creation of the series of terraces which lie to the north-west and south-west of the castle and to create sloping ground, with a large pool, known as the Great Poole, located adjacent to the north-west terraces. A curved and raised bowling green was laid out to the south of the castle, converted from the previous hornwork in the 16 th - century. The Moat Walk around the moat was created in the late 16 th to early 17 th -century, and the formal water garden was also created. The main entrance to Raglan Castle and the associated Historic Park and Garden is through the modern Cadw Visitor Centre located to the south of the Listed Building. The line of Monmouth Road where it bounds the site to the north was established in the mid-19 th century. Station Road, which bounds the site to the west is of later 19 th -century date (see Historic Environment section above). Therefore these are not historic approaches to the castle. P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 23

28 The Raglan Conservation Area Appraisal 10 identifies views looking across Monmouth Road towards the Castle (see also the Conservation Area section below). The site visit did not identify any clear, open views from within the site towards Raglan Castle. Glimpsed views to Raglan Castle, beyond intervening vegetation, were possible (Plate 13). While these may be slightly more pronounced in winter months, in the context of views to the castle from other parts of the wider landsape, including from the main approaches to Raglan, it is argued that these are not key views in terms of appreciation of the castle from the wider landscape. Significant views from the castle and the associated Park and Garden are to the north-west of the castle s garden terraces and former lake, with open countryside beyond, and to the southwest of the castle s garden plot comprising a square level area with raised terraces on two sides and the grass bowling green, with the settlement of Raglan beyond. Plate 13: Glimpsed view north from within the site towards Raglan Castle 10 Monmouthshire County Council, Raglan Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Proposals. P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 24

29 As discussed in the Historic Environment section above, lower park was one of three parks associated with Raglan Castle. Home Park, also known as the upper park, encircled the castle, the lower park was situated to the south of the upper park, and the third park, known as Red Deer Park was located c. 3 miles north of Raglan Castle. By the 18 th -century lower park comprised agricultural fields. It was further subdivided in the 19 th -century by the line of the Great Western Railway, and is now crossed by the A40 and the A449. In its current form the area covered by lower park is not legible in views from Raglan Castle as a historic park. Along with the site, the area formerly covered by lower park appears as the wider, enclosed agricultural landscape, crossed by modern infrastructure. Plate 14: View south from the towers of Raglan Castle towards the site Views south towards the site from ground level surrounding Raglan Castle are screened by intervening built form. There are wider views from the tops of accessible towers. Views south from the towers already comprise modern development beyond the associated grounds and the A40 (Plate 14). The site is not the focus of key views, but forms part of the wider landscape setting. The site is depicted on the Laurence Smythe Map of Raglan Castle 1652 (see Plate 5), and the eastern area of the site extends into the lower deer park associated with Raglan Castle. The site is depicted on the Plan associated with John Aram s Survey of Raglan Manor which depicts the castle s wider estate (see Plate 6). According to the Tithe Apportionment Register, the land within the site was under the same ownership, that of His Grace the Duke of Beaufort, as Raglan Castle and the associated parkland (see Plate 7). Therefore, the land within the site was part of the wider estate lands of the Castle at this time. The Grade I Registered Raglan Castle principally derives its significance from its illustrative and aesthetic value as a late medieval castle and subsequent ruin. Its associated Grade I Registered Park also principally derives its significance from its illustrative and aesthetic value as an example of designed landscape which originated in the 16 th to 17 th centuries, and has remained very well preserved. Its designation as a Scheduled P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 25

30 Monument reflects the evidential value also present, including that associated with early phases of the castle. The association between these different elements also enhance their significance. Aspects of the wider setting also contribute to the significance of Raglan Castle Grade I Listed Building, Registered Park and Scheduled Monument. The land within the site, in particular the far eastern area, has a historic relationship with Raglan Castle, along with much of the land in the surrounding area. This includes the historic relationship between the castle and lower park, which extended into the site area. However, the contribution which intervisibilty makes to this historic relationship is limited by the subsequent alterations to lower park, and the fact that it is not a readily legible part of the landscape. As agricultural land with some historic association with the castle, land within the site makes some limited contribution to its significance. This said, views to the site from the castle, limited to the castle towers, are not key views, which principally look south-west/north-west from the castle. In nonkey views south from the castle towers, the site forms a small part of the wider agricultural setting, set in the context of existing residential development. Glimpsed views towards Raglan Castle from within the site, or its immediately adjacent road, are arguably not key views and are not considered to make any substantial contribution to the significance of the Raglan Castle designated/registered historic assets. Glimpsed views to Raglan Castle from Station Road, not a historic approach, are likewise not considered key views or to make any key contribution to the significance of the Castle. Development proposals will not physically impact designated/registered historic assets associated with Raglan Castle and it will not impede or interrupt key views looking south-west/north-west from the castle. Proposals will alter agricultural land within the wider setting of the Castle, although overall this setting will remain as currently, i.e. a combination of agricultural land and built form. This agricultural land, along with much of the land in the vicinity, has a historic association with the castle. Development proposals respect the line of the historic park boundary; built form will be located to the west of this boundary. Trees along the line of the historic boundary will be retained, and the area historically within upper park will be open space. While views to the castle from within the site/monmouth Road are identified in the Conservation Area Appraisal (discussed further below), these views are glimpsed views and do not make any substantial contribution to the value of Raglan Castle designated/registered historic assets. The reduction of views to the castle from within the site would at most result in a very small amount of harm to the significance of the Grade I Listed Castle and Grade I Registered Park. As the historic relationship between Raglan Castle and lower park, where its historic extent falls within the site, is not readily legible, and the historic extent of the park will be preserved as open space, it is considered that P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 26

31 the contribution this makes to the significance of designated/registered historic assets at Raglan will be preserved. The alteration of non-key views looking south from Raglan Castle as a result of the proposed development will result in, at most, negligible harm to the significance of the designated/registered historic assets. Overall, the reduction of views to the castle/alteration of views south from the castle will result in a very small level of harm to the significance of the Grade I Listed Building and Grade I Registered Park. The views would remain as currently, a combination of built form and agricultural land and those elements key to the significance of historic assets at Raglan Castle would not be altered. Church of St Cadoc The Grade II* Listed Church of St Cadoc is located c. 175m west of the site, in the historic settlement core of Raglan. The rubble stone Church of St Cadoc was constructed in the 15 th century, on the site of an earlier church. The church was renovated during the 19 th century and included the rebuilding of the top of the tower, new vestry, roof and windows (Plate 15). Plate 15: View south from Monmouth Road towards the Grade II* Church of St Cadoc The church is located within an associated churchyard within the historic core of Raglan, and forms a focal point within this settlement. The setting of the Church of St Cadoc comprises residential development beyond High Street to the north; residential development to the east beyond woodland; a carpark and Raglan Primary School to the south; and residential development to the west. The site was not visible in views from the ground level adjacent to the church at the time of the site visit (Plate 16). The renovated church tower is visible from numerous areas within the site (Plate 17), including glimpsed views from the public P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 27

32 right of way along the eastern boundary of the site. The intervening vegetation provides some screening to the tower, although these glimpsed views have the potential to become clearer during the winter months. In this context, the church tower marks the location of the historic settlement of Raglan. Plate 17: View west from within the site towards the church tower Plate 16: View east towards the site from the churchyard associated with the Church of St Cadoc The Church of St Cadoc principally derives its significance from the evidential value of its historic fabric, and its illustrative value as an example of a 15 th -century, although it was restored in the 19 th century. The presence of the church as a local landmark contributes to its aesthetic and illustrative value. As well as this, the church also derives some significance from its setting. The church was intentionally sited within the historic settlement of Raglan. Land within the proposed development site does not make any direct contribution to the significance of the Church of St Cadoc. The site is separated from the church by intervening residential P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 28

33 development and vegetation, and there is no key historical functional relationship between the church and the site. The Grade II* Listed Church of St Cadoc is a prominent landmark in the settlement of Raglan, and can be appreciated from numerous locations within the settlement. Glimpsed views towards the tower from within the site, including from the public right of way, are not considered to be key views towards the Listed Building. The proposed development would not interrupt key views to the church tower from within Raglan any harm resulting from the loss or reduction of non-key views from within the site would be negligible, i.e. there would be no material harm. Raglan Conservation Area The south-eastern extent of Raglan Conservation Area abuts the northern site boundary. The Conservation Area includes the historic core of Raglan to the west of the site, later historic development at Raglan to the north of the site, and Raglan Castle beyond this to the north. The area covered by the Conservation Area includes historic assets at Raglan Castle (Grade I Listed Building, Registered Park and Garden and Scheduled Monument), and historic assets within the historic core of Raglan (Grade II* Listed Church of St Cadock, Raglan Churchyard Cross Scheduled Monument and Grade II Listed Buildings). Monmouthshire County Council has adopted a Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Proposal for Raglan 11. This identifies five character areas comprising: 1) Castle & Landscape Setting, encompassing Raglan Castle and much of its associated Registered Park; 2) Monmouth Road / Castle Road, comprising the area immediately north of the site; 3) The Church, Castle Hill & Chepstow Road, comprising the historic core of Raglan focused on the church; 4) High Street; and 5) Entrance (Usk Road). The character area in closest proximity to the site comprises Monmouth Road/Castle Road. This comprises some historic properties at its eastern end, an undeveloped grass paddock and 20 th -century development. As recognised in the Conservation Area appraisal Good historic groups of traditional buildings are limited to Ty-Hir [and] Hill House. The Conservation Area Appraisal map for this character area identified Continuous Views of Countryside looking from Monmouth Road across the site. These are described in the Conservation Area Appraisal as open views across the countryside to distant hills south and east from the Monmouth Road. There are also views south-west to Raglan Parc Golf course and club house. These views look across the site (Plate 18) although were limited at the time of 11 Monmouthshire County Council, Raglan Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Proposals. P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 29

34 the site visit due to tall hedgerow. These tall hedgerows impede views across the site from Monmouth Road. However, the site would be visible from upper stories of the properties along the south-eastern boundary of the Conservation Area. Plate 19: View west along Monmouth Road on the approach to the Conservation Area, site to the south Plate 18: View south from Monmouth Road along the southern boundary of the Conservation Area towards the site P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 30

35 and residential development within the Conservation Area (including the historic core) to the west. The approach into the Conservation Area along Monmouth Road, adjacent to the northern boundary of the site, includes 20 th -century development along the northern side of Monmouth Road, which overlooks the site (Plate 19, Plate 20). Plate 20: View north-west from the northern area of the site towards the built form along the northern side of Monmouth Road (predominantly modern residential development) The Conservation Area Appraisal also identified views looking towards Raglan Castle from within the site/monmouth Road. As discussed above (see setting assessment for Raglan Castle) these are glimpsed views and do not make any substantial contribution to the castle s significance. Views from the Castle towards the site are part of general views of the wider area. The surrounds of the Monmouth Road/Castle Road character area consist of the Raglan Castle Historic Park and Garden to the north; residential development outside of the Conservation Area to the east; agricultural land (within the site) to the south; Raglan Conservation Area principally derives its significance from the architectural and historic interest of its associated Listed Buildings as well as from other (non-designated) buildings. As well as this, the Conservation Area also derives some significance from its setting. Immediately adjacent agricultural land, including land within the site, may be considered to make some contribution to the significance of the Conservation Area, forming part of its historic rural setting. Development proposals include for a band of open space along the northern edge of the site, adjacent to Monmouth Road, offsetting built form from the Conservation Area. It is anticipated that open space at the north-eastern extent of the development would allow the retention of views looking east from Monmouth Road towards agricultural land. Built development will alter the adjacent setting of the Conservation Area from agricultural land to built form, and will interrupt identified views looking south from Monmouth Road, identified in the Conservation Area Appraisal. The proposed development will not physically impact the Conservation Area, and will not be visible from the historic core P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 31

36 of the settlement. Proposals will alter agricultural land within the site to built form, which would be visible in views south from the southern edge of the Conservation Area, including in views from Monmouth Road identified in the Conservation Area Appraisal, and in wide-reaching non-key views from Raglan Castle tower. The alteration of such views, and reduction of agricultural land immediately adjacent to the Conservation Area would result in a small level of harm to the Conservation Area as a whole. The proposed layout and Green Infrastructure has been designed to offset built form from the Conservation Area Boundary, retaining the open nature of the immediately adjacent area. P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 32

37 Conclusions Archaeology No prehistoric or Roman period finds or features are recorded within the site and there is limited evidence for activity of this date within the study area. Raglan is thought to have been on the line of the Roman road between Monmouth and Usk, although the precise route of this road is not known. The findspot of a medieval gold signet ring is recorded within the site. The origin of this find is not known, it may have been a chance loss. The eastern area of the site extended into the lower deer park associated with Raglan Castle. The deer park is known to have been extant in the 17 th -century, and may have been established in the medieval period. By the mid-18 th century the area of the site was situated across a number of agricultural fields. The former extent of the deerpark was fossilized in the southern site boundary, and within a curvilinear boundary which ran across its eastern extent. Two trees survive on the line of the latter. LiDAR data indicates a very low earth bank is extant, not readily discernible at ground level. Given their association with the former deer park of Raglan Castle remains associated with this boundary may be considered to be a historic asset. The trees along the former park boundary will be retained within the proposals. Built form will be located to the west of the former area of park. The line of the former park boundary, and land to its east will be public open space. Following discussions with the archaeological advisor to the LPA (GGAT), a geophysical survey was commissioned to further evaluate the archaeological potential of the site. Gradiometer (magnetometry) survey identified anomalies potentially associated with the below-ground remains of pits and ditches, although a non-archaeological origin (e.g. associated with palaeochannels or geological variations) was not ruled out. Targeted resistivity survey did not identify any anomalies likely of archaeological origin, although did identify anomalies potentially associated with palaeochannels. Neither the deskbased assessment or the geophysical survey suggest significant archaeological remains are present. As such the current information is considered sufficient to determine the application for residential development. Setting assessment Raglan Castle Grade I Listed Building, Grade I Registered Park and Scheduled Monument are located to the north of the site. The Castle is c. 560m north of the site and the closest point of the Registered Park is c. 270m north of the site, beyond the A40. Agricultural land within the site forms part of the historic castle estate and lower park historically extended into the eastern P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire 33

38 area of the site. While views to the castle from within the site/monmouth Road are identified in the Conservation Area Appraisal, these views are glimpsed views and do not make any substantial contribution to the value of Raglan Castle designated/registered historic assets. Likewise views from Station Road (established in the later 19 th century) towards the Castle are not considered to make any key contribution to its significance. The historic relationship between Raglan Castle and lower park is not readily legible in views due to enclosure of agricultural land and other developments in the postmedieval/modern period. Development of the site will result in a small increase in the extent of built form visible in non-key views looking south from castle towers. Overall, this reduction of views to the castle/alteration of views south from the castle will result in a very small level of harm to the significance of the Grade I Listed Building and Grade I Registered Park. The views would remain as currently, a combination of built form and agricultural land and those elements key to the significance of historic assets at Raglan Castle would not be altered. The Grade II* Listed Church of St Cadoc is recorded c. 175m west of the site. The church is a prominent landmark in the settlement of Raglan, and can be appreciated from numerous locations within the settlement. Glimpsed views towards the church tower from within the site, including from the public right of way, are not considered to be key views of the Listed Building. The proposed development would not interrupt key views to the church tower from within Raglan and any harm resulting from the loss or reduction of non-key views from within the site would be negligible, i.e. there would be no material harm. The proposed development will not physically impact Raglan Conservation Area, and will not be visible from the historic core of the settlement. Agricultural land within the site, adjacent to the Conservation Area, would be altered to built form and open space. This built form would be visible in views south from the southern edge of the Conservation Area and would interrupt views from Monmouth Road identified in the Conservation Area Appraisal. The alteration of such views, and reduction of agricultural land immediately adjacent to the Conservation Area would result in a small level of harm to the Conservation Area as a whole. The proposed layout and Green Infrastructure has been designed to offset built form from the Conservation Area Boundary, retaining the open nature of the immediately adjacent area. P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

39 Appendix 1: Heritage Data Data presented below are the source records (extracted from ArcView shape files) for the site and 1km study area. Full long descriptions were also reviewed during the course of this assessment, which can be obtained from the Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust Historic Environment Record (HER) and Cadw respectively. Figures showing the location of this data are included at the end of this report. Heritage Data HER Event Data eprn name event_type year E Little Castle Farm, Pen-y-Parc Road, Raglan Watching Brief 2011 E GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY AT RAGLAN CASTLE GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY 2005 E Field visit to sites in The Vale and Monmouthshire for Husbandry Field visit 2016 E Field Visit to Raglan Castle, Possible Mill Site Field Visit 2012 E Lodge Farm Raglan Gwent Desk Based Assessment 1990 E Evaluation at Raglan Castle, Monmouthshire 2009 Evaluation 2009 E Stone Inventory, Raglan Castle Building Survey 2008 E Watching Brief at Beaufort Arms Hotel, Raglan, Monmouthshire WATCHING BRIEF 2002 E Evaluation of land adjacent to the Paper Shop, Raglan EVALUATION 2002 E Land off Prince Charles Road Photographic Survey 1995 E Land off Prince Charles Road, Raglan, Gwent DBA Desk based assessment 1995 E Land off Prince Charles Road, Raglan, Gwent WB Desk based assessment 2000 E Trostrey House, Raglan Watching Brief 2005 E RAGLAN CASTLE AND GROUNDS LANDSCAPE SURVEY LANDSCAPE SURVEY 2005 E RAGLAN CASTLE: VISITOR CENTRE DRAIN EVALUATION EVALUATION 2005 E RAGLAN CASTLE: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION EVALUATION 2005 E RAGLAN CASTLE, MONMOUTHSHIRE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION 2003 P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

40 HER Monument Data PRN Name Summary GGAT00790g PARK MILL Park Mill (Corn) is depicted on the 1st edition OS map of 1882 as a small complex of buildings with a long mill race and pond to the NW. A water mill is shown at this location in the 14th century (Rees) and Bradney mentions the mill of Raglan Castle at this site and that it was pulled down in 1900, which is confirmed by its absence from the 2nd edition OS map of GGAT00798g Fishpond, Raglan In 'Account of Raglan Castle 1819, very extensive fish ponds occupying twenty acres of land are reported. At this time, they were drained but their form and extent could be traced (Heath, C). In 1958 Edwards records the remains of two large dry fish ponds adjoining each other with strong retaining walls at their SW end. GGAT00799g FAIRFAX'S CAMP Site of a Civil War camp attributed to Sir Thomas Fairfax in the League Field, now destroyed. GGAT00809g SIEGEWORKS AT RAGLAN CASTLE Part of the siege works of Raglan castle in 1646, consisting of an enclosure for a battery with a probable stretch of rampart raised by the Parliamentarians. Additional defensive works raised by the Royalists are also extant. GGAT00810g GWORLOD-Y-BEDDAU The meadow below the house (The Grange) is called Gworlod-y-Beddau (the meadow of the graves) from its having been the burial place of those slain at the siege of [Raglan] castle. GGAT00811g Fishpond, Raglan Castle An Account of Raglan Castle 1819 mentions the pond as having the dam heads cut through and (Heath). Edwards in 1957 reports no trace of fish ponds near Lower Lodge Farm except for a comparatively modern pond. The site has been cut through by the Monmouth to Pontypool Railway and later the A449 road. GGAT00812g Crown Inn The Crown Inn is said to be the original village inn of Raglan (Heath) although no remains of the original building were found by Edwards in 1957; the present Crown inn appearing comparatively modern. In 1956 the area around the inn is still referred to as the 'Crown Fields' (Hampton 1956). In the Account of Raglan Castle 1913 it was reported that a labourer had found a coin hoard at the Elizabethan Crown Inn, which he then sold. A remaining coin was identified as a half? of king Edward IV. GGAT00813g LODGE FARM Farmhouse containing some16th/17th century elements with 18th-20th century additions. The barn is of typical construction with central threshing floor and probably dated to 17th century. The rest of the farm buildings are mid 19ty century in date. GGAT00814g RAGLAN CASTLE Phillips notes that Raglan Castle is one of the best-known masonry castles in Wales, and was probably not built before 1250 with no evidence pointing to a pre-existing earth work at Raglan (Phillips 2004). P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

41 GGAT00815g RAGLAN CASTLE, FISHPONDS One of the many fish ponds recorded below Raglan Castle, to the W and SW which were first mentioned in 1465 and all destroyed after the surrender of the castle in Edwards records them as dry and grass covered with the earthworks still visible (1957). GGAT00816g RAGLAN CASTLE, FORECOURT HORNWORK From the earliest period of the castle the southern flank of the motte was protected by a curved earthen outer bank, known as a hornwork. This was revetted with a low stone wall in the sixteenth century and the gaps previously crossed by the drawbridges closed by two arched bridges. In the 1640's the western half of the hornwork was made into a bowling green. GGAT00817g RAGLAN CASTLE, BOWLING GREEN This was a Post medieval bowling green, now not in use. THE BOWLING GREEN WAS ORIGINALLY A SECTION OF HORNWORK, WHICH WAS DESIGNED AS PROTECTION FOR THE "YELLOW TOWER". THE BOWLING GREEN UNDERWENT RESHAPING AND REVETTING DURING THE 16TH CENTURY, WITH STONE WALLS ADDED EITHER SIDE. FOLLOWING THE SLIGHTING OF THE CASTLE, AFTER THE CIVIL WAR, THE BOWLING GREEN WAS PLANTED AS AN APPLE ORCHARD, DURING THE 18TH CENTURY. HOWEVER, BOWLING GREEN REVERTED TO TURF BY GGAT00818g RAGLAN CASTLE, GARDEN TERRACES The garden terraces which were later cut into the steeply sloping natural defences of the castle are thought to have been carried out around the middle to late sixteenth century when the Earl of Worcester, who also at this time lengthened the central range of buildings. They were probably initially laid out as formal gardens. GGAT00819g Raglan Castle gazebo According to Taylor, the foundations of a brick gazebo or pleasaunce were visible at the NW corner of the long upper tarrace, and traces of another survive in the orchard to the NE of the castle. Edwards reports in 1957 that no evidence of the gazebo was found. He believed it may be at this location on a fairly level tree covered platform. GGAT00820g RAGLAN CASTLE, BRIDGE The great tower was joined to the rest of the castle by a bridge which crossed the moat at a point in line with the NE side of Fountain Court. GGAT00821g RAGLAN CASTLE, CIVIL WAR BASTION In the trees at the corner of the farmyard, is a section of the massive work thrown up by the defenders. This consists of a large angle-bastion of normal type, with short pairs of earth curtains at right angles to it. GGAT00823g CASTLE FARM The Cadw Listed Buildings description depicts the site as 'Farmhouse, probably built in the 1640s by the 5th Earl of Worcester to serve Raglan Castle. Though long used as a farmhouse, it may have had a different original use, perhaps a lodgings range' (Cadw Listed Building Description). For further information see the original Listed Building data. GGAT00824g THE BROOKS Listed as a farm on Raglan Castle Estate, 15th to 17th century (Bradney). Edwards reports a two-storeyed farmhouse with modern doors and windows and a slate roof. GGAT00832g WILLSBROOK First recorded as Wilcaebrook in a will of 1690 (Bradney). In 1957, it was a large two storeyed building with slate roof and walls 0.6m thick. The south part of the house was P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

42 modernized while the north wing appeared to be of a greater age with walls 0.7m thick (Edwards). GGAT00833g ST CADOC'S CHURCH AT RAGLAN The first mention of Raglan church is probably to be dated to c 1100 (Brook 1988, 83). The church consists of nave; separate, weeping chancel; short N aisle which was extended from the chapel on the N side of the chancel; W tower with internal stair turret; S porch; vestry attached to the S side of the chancel; and the remains of a rood stair. Decorated, Perpendicular and Tudor architecture, and a major Victorian restoration in GGAT00834g Market cross, Raglan Although the site is marked as a listed building on the HER in 1988, there is currently no documentary or digital evidence of this nor any description of the site; it is possible that the site may have previously been de-listed. Further information currently not available. GGAT00835g NEAR RAGLAN Palstave, ribs below ridge, found near Raglan. Now at Bristol (Museum?). GGAT00836g WILCAE BRIDGE This bridge is first mentioned in a will dated from GGAT00837g PONTLEECKE This bridge was extent in 1680, the current bridge on this site might contain remains of this earlier bridge. GGAT00839g Bridge A post medieval bridge. GGAT00840g PONT-Y-BONEHOUSE Structure probably incorporating the Pont-y-Bonehouse. A small stone and mortar bridge with modern parapets. GGAT00846g RAGLAN POUND Bradney in 1911 describes a recently demolished ancient pound. The pound is noted on the 1st edition OS map of 1882.The site of the former pound now located in a modern garden off Primrose Green. GGAT00899g Coin hoard, Raglan The Account of Raglan Castle 1913 reports that a labourer found a coin hoard at the Elizabethan Crown Inn, which he then sold. A remaining coin, picked up later, was identified as a half? of king Edward III (Edwards 1957). GGAT00900g RAGLAN CHURCHYARD CROSS The remains of the medieval churchyard cross consist of the steps and an elaborately carved socket stone. GGAT g FORMER G10 RAGLAN UNITED HOME PARK GGAT g FORMER G11 RAGLAN UNITED - PARK GGAT03603g RAGLAN CASTLE, POSSIBLE MILL SITE May be the site of a mill, possibly attached to Raglan Castle (814G). Traces of an old brook course (04869g) probably a leat, presumed to be related to the mill site were noted on air photography (Bowden and Roberts 2012). GGAT g Monmouth to Pontypool Railway Monmouth to Pontypool Railway digitised from first edition OS map where it is shown as part of the Great Western Railway, Pontypool, Monmouth and Ross section. GGAT03802g SITE NAME NOT KNOWN 0 P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

43 GGAT04472g SITE NAME NOT KNOWN 0 GGAT04522g RHAGLAN / RAGLAN Sited at crossing of Roman road from Gloucester-Usk and Chepstow-Abergavenny, could suggest early settlement, St Cadog's church is also Early med. First evidence when William fitz Osbern gave inter alias tithes of vil of Raglan to abbey of Cormeilles. GGAT04771g RAGLAN STATION Late C19th single storey station building. Intact with C20th additions. Railway opened 1856 (Coleford Monmouth, Usk and Pontypool Railway). Closed Currently used as Council Depot. Related site: D10 Pontypool-Monmouth Railway. GGAT04773g SITE NAME NOT KNOWN Field names 'Great Warren' and 'Little Warren' on Tithe Map 1846 and labelled 'Warren' on 1652 map. 2 fields now amalgamated. GGAT04869g RAGLAN CASTLE, POSSIBLE LEAT Traces of an old brook course, probably a leat. GGAT04870g DUPLICATE OF 3603G Duplicate of 03603g GGAT05593g Structure GGAT Assessment Prince Charles Rd. Raglan A273 Structure depicted on Tithe Plan on the southwest side of the hedge separating the two fields comprising the study area. Not shown on subsequent maps, it was probably a minor agricultural building. No surf GGAT g Linear Feature GGAT Assessment Prince Charles Rd. Raglan A273 Linear feature visible in OS Field No and the east part of OS Field No This does not appear on any of the cartographic sources checked and would therefore appear to pre-date There is no GGAT06131g RAGLAN CASTLE GARDENS Raglan Castle gardens Formal terraced gardens, former lake and waterparterre, walk with shell niches GGAT06284g SITE NAME NOT KNOWN large (47g) gold signet ring bearing the inscription "to yow feythfoull" dated c.a design is a lion passant on a bed of flowers GGAT08245g RAGLAN CHURCHYARD The churchyard is now rectilinear, but on the tithe map of 1843 it is shown as polygonal, possibly originally circular; it slopes up to the NW. There is a possible extension of the churchyard to the E, as seen from the boundary construction materials. GGAT08387g RACLAM (RAGLAN) Rhigyfarch's Life of St David of c attributes the foundation of Raglan ('Raclam') to St David (Jones 1967, xi, 8, 33). GGAT08571g Small enclosure to the north of Raglan Castle A small enclosure identified from a private aerial photograph taken during The site is located in a field to the north of Raglan castle and could be ornamental gardens or a possible moated site prior to the castle. GGAT08913g Old Shop, Raglan High Street. Located in Raglan High Street, Raglan. Later 19th century former shop in building perhaps of earlier nineteenth century. Comprised of shop and house, painted stucco with close-eaved slate roof and rebuilt red-brick right end stack. Two-storey. GGAT11124g Deer Park, Raglan Castle, Raglan Deer Park, Raglan Castle, Raglan shown on 17th century mapping. PARK SURROUNDING RAGLAN CASTLE, NO KNOWN DATE OF CREATION. FEW REMAINING FEATURES VISIBLE AT PRESENT, INCLUDING POSSIBLE P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

44 EARTHERN BOUNDARY TO THE NORTHERN LIMITS. HISTORICAL BOUNDARY FOLLOWS THE MAJORITY OF MODERN DAY FIELD BOUNDARIES, AND ROADWAYS. GGAT11224G THE "GREAT POOLE", RAGLAN CASTLE. THE "GREAT POOLE" WAS A LATER ADAPTION OF THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD "FYSSHE POOLE", WHICH IS INITIALLY MENTIONED IN THE "GREAT POOLE" LAY TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST OF RAGLAN CASTLE, AND RAN ALONG ITS EDGE, WITH THE LONG TERRACES SEPARATING BOTH. THIS LARGE BODY OF WATER WAS LIKELY COMMISSIONED BY THE 3RD EARL OF WORCESTER, BY DAMMING BARTON BROOK. GGAT11225G LOWER/SOUTHERN DEER PARK AT RAGLAN CASTLE THE LOWER/SOUTHERN DEER PARK WHICH SERVED RAGLAN CASTLE. AN ESTIMATE OF ITS SIZE FROM DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE IS 540 ACRES. Cadw Data Historic Park and Garden SUBJECT REFNO SITENAME GRADE SITETYPE Historic Parks and Gardens Gt42 Raglan Castle I Formal terraced gardens, former lake and water parterre, walk with shell niches. Scheduled Monuments SAMNumber Name BroadClass Period MM005 Raglan Castle Defence Medieval MM100 Raglan Churchyard Cross Religious, Ritual and Funerary Medieval Listed Buildings RecordNumb Name Grade BroadClass 2101 Raglan Castle I Defence 2758 Castle Farmhouse II Domestic 2838 Telephone Call-box II Communications Cross in St Cadoc's Churchyard II Religious, Ritual and Funerary Raglan Post Office II Domestic Including former store to rear II Commercial Castle Street,7, Castle Street, Raglan, Raglan, NP5 2DS II Domestic Castle Street,8, Castle Street, Raglan, Raglan, NP5 2DS II Domestic P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

45 24730 The Old Post Office II Domestic Castell Coch II Domestic Exmoor House II Domestic The Malt House II Domestic Milestone on the old Monmouth road II Communications Raglan Baptist Chapel II Religious, Ritual and Funerary Elm Cottages and attached outbuilding II Domestic 2100 Church of St Cadoc II* Religious, Ritual and Funerary P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

46 Appendix 2: Sources Cartographic Sources 1610 John Speed Map of Monmouthshire 1652 Laurence Smythe Map of Raglan Castle 1765 John Aram Survey of Raglan Manor 1821 New Map of Monmouth divided into hundreds 1843 Raglan Parish Tithe Map 1882 First Edition Ordnance Survey Map 1901 Second Edition Ordnance Survey Map 1910 Hundred of Raglan 1920 Ordnance Survey Map 1974 Ordnance Survey Map Bibliographic sources: see footnotes in the text P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

47 Appendix 3: Designation Description CHURCH OF ST CADOC Reference Number 2100 Grade II* Status Designated Date of Designation 19/11/1953 Date of Amendment 31/01/2001 Name of Property Church of St Cadoc Address Location Unitary Authority Monmouthshire Community Raglan Town Raglan Locality P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

48 Raglan Easting Northing Street Side E Location Situated by the principal crossroads in Raglan, in a churchyard contained within a stone wall which is entered by a C19 lychgate. Description Broad Class Religious, Ritual and Funerary Period History Anglican parish church, mostly C15 and C19. First church probably built by the Bluets, who held the castle from the C12. Rebuilt in the C15, and enlarged by the addition of the Beaufort chapel to the NE probably by Sir William ap Thomas, who held the castle 1432-c1445. There were legacies for enlargements from his son, William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke, in 1469, and his grandson William, 1st Earl of Huntingdon. The church was badly damaged during the seige of Raglan Castle by Parliamentary troops in 1646 including the destruction of much of the Beaufort chapel and its monuments. Restored 1868 by T.H. Wyatt for the 8th Duke of Beaufort, including the addition of a N aisle (now Lady Chapel) running W from the Beaufort chapel, the rebuilding of the top stage of the tower, new vestry, windows, roofs, fittings, and stained glass. Exterior Parish church, rubble stone with stone tiled roofs and coped gables. W tower, nave, chancel with C19 S vestry, S porch, NE Beaufort Chapel attached to C19 N aisle. Three stage crenellated C15 tower in squared sandstone with diagonal stepped butresses, ornamented with blind tracery to the second stage and third stages. Deep moulded plinth, moulded pointed W door renewed in C19, plaque above recording gift of clock in second stage in Three-light C15 pointed traceried W window above, single-light ogee windows E and N. Louvred two-light bell-openings with quatrefoil to third stage, crocketed finials and gargoyles. Small glazed loops up right side of S face mark stair. C15 porch with pointed arched moulded doorway with rounded shafts and wave-and-hollow mouldings. C15 flat-headed P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

49 windows each side with ogee tracery. Four-centred inner doorway and stoup within. Two-bay roof with 3 tie-beam, collar, and angle strut trusses, possibly C14. Nave S to right of porch has two C15 three-light pointed traceried windows and rood-stair projection with C15 flat-headed two light traceried window. (To the N single flat-headed three-light traceried window). Chancel S has 1868 lean-to vestry with basement door and 2 cusped lights to S window. Large stone chimney on chancel wallface. Two-light C14 pointed window with quatrefoil head each side. E end with a large C19 pointed 3-light traceried window with hoodmould, and Beaufort Chapel to right has slightly lower gable separated by buttress and smaller but similar C19 3-light E window. Beaufort Chapel N has a C15 4-light flatheaded window with hoodmould. N aisle or Lady Chapel of 1868 has 2 C19 pointed 2-light windows with ogee and quatrefoil tracery, hoodmoulds over. W end has C19 3-light pointed window with hoodmould, basement door to right, single light to basement left. Interior Nave has C19 barrel roof of 12 x 8 panels and 2-bay C19 N arcade of moulded 4-centred arches on moulded shafts. Segmental-pointed W tower arch dying into jambs, wave-moulded, triangular-headed tower stair door to left. W door has 4-centred rear arch. Two nave S windows have moulded rear arches. Rood stair door is moulded 4-centred and has stone steps within but walling cut away in C19 to allow stairs to be used as access to pulpit. Chamfered chancel arch dying into sides, with C19 hoodmould. Chancel has C19 boarded panel roof of 11x 10 panels with brattished wall-plate. Chamfered pointed S door to C19 vestry. Fine N C15 2-bay arcade to NE or Beaufort chapel. The piers with shafts and hollows similar to porch S door, the arched 4-centred, wave and hollow mouldings. A C19 blind 2-light pointed window to right may be a restoration of an original window blocked when Beaufort chapel was added. N aisle has C19 scissor-rafter roof and C19 arch to Beaufort chapel, imitating chancel arch. The Beaufort Chapel has C19 11x8 panel roof. Monuments: Three much mutilated fragments of recumbent effigies, two of which are said to be the fourth Earl of Worcester and his countess. Fragments of a destroyed alabaster canopy formerly of the tomb of William, third Earl of Worcester as set out in his will of 1588 remain in the N wall above the effigies. A family vault beneath contains many of the family from this date until On chancel S wall an attractive later C18 plaque with fluted border inscribed just 'Margret Pytt' and adjoining oval memorial with urn and cherubs to William Pitt d C19 font, the bowl with 8 angle shafts on non-matching round base said to be the original, but if so heavily retooled. Curious late medieval 3-sided carved stone fragment on floor adjoining, cylindrical within. C19 timber pulpit with 5 blind tracery timber panels, apparently C15, and said to come from a lost rood screen. Early to mid C20 chancel fittings. Organ of 1909 by Sweetland of Bristol at E end of the Beaufort Chapel. Stained glass: fine E window of 1868 by Lavers, Barraud & Westlake of London, in memory of Philip Morgan of The Broom, Nativity, Crucifixion and Resurrection, with finely drawn figures and pre-raphaelite colours. W tower window, SS Peter, John the Baptist, and Paul, of 1875, said to be by Lavers & Barraud, but of much more conventional design. Most of the other windows have patterned glass of 1868, clear and red panes with faded pale yellow Alpha and Omega and IHS quatrefoils. In the Beaufort Chapel fine armorial glass in E window of 1872, commemorating the marriage of Lord Henry Somerset to Lady Isabel Somers Cocks. Historically significant N window to Field Marshal Lord Raglan ( ), with 12 plaques listing his campaigns from Denmark 1807 to the Crimea, erected by subscription of over 600 non-commissioned officers. Reason for designation Graded II* as a substantially restored medieval church retaining some C14 and C15 detail within a consistent C19 restoration and enlargement. Important if fragmentary remains of the tombs of the Somerset family. P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

50 RAGLAN CASTLE Reference Number 2101 Grade I Status Designated Date of Designation 19/11/1953 Date of Amendment 31/01/2001 Name of Property Raglan Castle Address Location Unitary Authority Monmouthshire Community Raglan Town Raglan Locality Raglan Easting P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

51 Northing Location Magnificently sited 0.25km N of Raglan and reached by private drive from the A 40. Description Broad Class Defence Period History C15 stone castle with C16 extensionsand alterations, of 4 building phases , , , and c1600. Beseiged in 1646, its fall marking 'the effective end of the first Civil War'. It is possible that as first fortification was established c1070, and though the Great Tower stands on an earth motte, the date is uncertain. About 1174 Raglan was held by Walter Bloet, of the Norman family possessed of extensive lands in England, and the Bloets held it until the late C14 when Elizabeth Bloet (d 1420) married successively Sir James Berkeley (d 1405) and Sir William ap Thomas (d c1445). Before the C15 there was a manor house on the site, but with the possible exception of the lowest courses on the S gate nothing survives. Sir William ap Thomas fought at Agincourt in 1415, was knighted in 1426, and in 1432 bought the manor from the Berkeley family and built the hexagonal Great Tower, or 'Yellow Tower of Gwent' and the S gate. His son William Herbert amassed a fortune from trade and financed Edward IV in his bid for the throne. After Edward's accession in 1461, already lord of Usk and sheriff of Glamorgan, he became Chief Justice and Chamberlain of South Wales, and was granted Pembroke, the Gower and other lordships. His role in the elimination of Lancastrian power in Wales gained him in 1468 the Earldom of Pembroke, and he also bought the castle and lordship of Chepstow, making the Herbert family by far the most powerful family in Wales. He lavished money on the building programme, continuing his father's work such that the buildings of c form the most substantial part of the castle, united by their polygonal towers. The Earl altered the Great Tower, completed the Fountain Court and built the major part of the Pitched Stone Court. William was executed after the Yorkist defeat at Edgecote in 1469, but his son William (d 1491) prospered with the Yorkist return. He exchanged the earldom of Pembroke for that of Huntingdon. His brother Sir Walter Herbert (d 1507) held Raglan from 1491, entertaining Henry VII's Queen there in His niece Elizabeth inherited. Her husband, Charles Somerset (d 1526), was Lord Chamberlain to Henry VII and Henry VIII, ennobled in 1504 as Lord Herbert and in 1514 became Earl of Worcester. The 2nd Earl, d 1548, acquired the lands and abbey of Tintern and the 3rd Earl (d 1589) was responsible for the final major works to the castle: the remodelling of the hall, with new buttery and the long gallery above, the office wing in the Pitched Stone Court, together with an ambitious programme of formal gardens. The 4th Earl, d 1628, a Catholic, but Master of the Horse to Elizabeth and James I, Lord Great Chamberlain to Charles I, and patron of Edmund Spenser and William Byrd. He completed the interiors and made minor changes to the basic structure. The 5th Earl raised vast sums for the Royalist cause in the Civil War, becoming 1st Marquis of Worcester and Duke of Somerset. His son Lord Herbert became Earl of Glamorgan: Herbert was the noted inventor whose 'Centurie of Inventions' (1663) P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

52 includes a prefigurationr of the steam engine. After a famous siege Raglan fell to General Fairfax in August 1646 and the whole castle deliberately ruined thereafter. After the Restoration the Somerset family, Dukes of Beaufort from 1682, made their main residence Badminton House in Gloucestershire, leaving Raglan to be plundered for building stone until this was stopped by the fifth Duke after His youngest son was the noted soldier, created Lord Raglan in 1852, commander of the British forces in the Crimean War. Cefn Tilla was purchased for Lord Raglan as a reward for his services. Exterior C15 stone castle with C16 extensions and alterations, the buildings arranged around two courts, and set behind the Great Tower. Four building phases; ; ; ; late C16/early C : Great Tower influenced by contemporary French towers. Dressed stone, of 4, originally 5, storeys. Originally hexagonal, now only four sides substantially remain. Winding stone staircase to W, latrine to each floor on E. Entrance through four-centred moulded doorway. Above a window framed by drawbridge sockets, enlarged following the addition of a forebuilding (now demolished). Additional doorway later converted into a fireplace with drawbridge socket used as flue. Doorways in the vestibule to former great chamber. Gun-loops and cross-slits to the basement kitchen containing large fireplace, stone corbels. To the great chamber single-light windows, and cross-slits. To the 2 floor a fireplace with four-centered arch, 2- light windows with seating embrasures and later brick niches. To the 3 floor a mixture of single and double light windows. South Gate; Originally the main entrance to the castle. 3 storeys, 2 centered arched opening set within depressed frame. Two single light windows to the first flor, one of which is blocked. To the passageway some carved corbels retain elements of fan tracery. Winding stone stair. The S and W wall of the Hall are also from this period. The S wall retains the weathered coat-of-arms of the 3rd Earl of Worcester to stone plaque above former dais, beneath former flat-headed window retaining some tracery. The W wall retains some corbels for the former roof of the hall and to its W face some stone steps in the former chapel : Apron wall with corner towers to the Great Tower. Great Gate of 2 half-hexagonal 3-storey towers with basements and machicolations with gargoyles. Dressed sandstone. Latrine to the SW angle. Single-light windows with pointed traceried heads. Circular gunloops to the basements. Portcullis grooves. Some remains of stone vaulting to the side walls of the entrance passage between the two towers of the Great Gate. SW side; doorways from either side of the gate-passage to ante-chambers. To the first floor the principal withdrawing room with C16 cross-wall inserted later with fireplaces. Apartments retain carved shields and badges held within slender stone shafts which enclose the windows to first floor. The Closet Tower: designed to integrate with the half-hexagonal towers of the Great Gate, similarly 3-stages with machicolations and basement. Ground floor room with latrine and fireplace. Doors to stair and basement. To the courtyard later large rectangular gallery windows to the first floor with 2 and 3-light stone mullioned windows above. The Kitchen Tower: hexagonal with 2 large fireplaces. Stone with brick refacing to N-E face. 3 storeys and basement. "-light windows with seating embrasures to the top floor. Stone steps down to vaulted wet larder in basement with two 4-centered windows and various gun loops. Buildings in Fountain Court. Largely destroyed to ground level to courtyard. Two projecting towers to curtain wall with cross-slits, each with latrine. Single light windows to outer wall. Largest tower contains the grand stair to the former living apartments with four-centered moulded doorway. Three fireplaces. E wall of C15 chapel, corbels in the form of human heads with some stone vaulting attached. End windows of the Long Gallery, part of a Renaissance fireplace ; The Office wing runs from the Closet Tower to the Kitchen Tower on the site of earlier wing. Largely destroyed except for outer curtain wall with half-hexagonal projecting tower. 3 fireplaces. The Pantry and Buttery: Buttery originally 2-storeys, enlarged to 3 and subsequently lengthened to complement Hall. Steps from Buttery down to basement, access doorway from buttery to Hall. 2 projecting polygonal towers to the curtain wall, one with winding stone stair and single-lights, the other with 2-light windows to N face, single and P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

53 (later), 2-light to side. Large mullion-and-transom windows to top floor. The Hall: door from Buttery, oriel window to Pitched Court side of hall. 3-stage buttress separates 2 large flat-headed mullion-and-transom windows with trefoil cusps. Porch with four-centred doorway, and 2 3-light flat-headed windows with trefoil cusps to each light. Fireplace. Stone bridge from South gate to former Bowling Green. Late C16 to early C17: The White Gate, two half-hexagonal towers joined by a guardroom. Not built as a defensive structure and largely destroyed except for part of the S wall of one storey with single light window, sculpture niche and basement with arrow-slits. Reason for designation Listed Grade I as one of the last medieval castles to be built, of national architectural and historical importance. P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

54 RAGLAN CASTLE SCHEDULED MONUMENT Reference Number MM005 Name Raglan Castle Status Designated Location Unitary Authority Monmouthshire Community Raglan Easting Northing Broad Class Defence Site Type Castle Period Medieval Description Summary Description and Reason for Designation P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

55 The following provides a general description of the Scheduled Ancient Monument. The monument consists of the remains of a castle, dating to the 15th century. Raglan was built, not as a defensive structure, but as a fortress-palace by Sir William ap Thomas in the 1430s and 1440s. Sir William had bought the manor of Raglan in 1432 and set about demolishing the existing manor house and building Raglan Castle. He built the Great Tower, the South Gate, the hall range and possibly a wall enclosing what was to become the Fountain Court. He was building to impress, to demonstrate his new-found wealth and rank, and his Great Tower, which mimicked the keeps of earlier medieval castles and was known as the Yellow Tower of Gwent, was the ultimate status symbol. William died in 1445 and his, equally ambitious, son, Sir William Herbert continued the building programme. Sir William was enormously wealthy, and a powerful supporter of Edward IV. His castle buildings include the Gatehouse, the closet tower, the kitchen and the office wing, built between 1445 and 1469 when he was executed by Lord Warwick 'The Kingmaker' for his support of the Yorkist claim. All of the 15th century buildings are characterised by very high quality stonework, with ashlared walls of pale yellow sandstone from Redbrook in the Wye valley. Some of the earliest brickwork in Wales is visible in the later 15th century parts; it was used extensively in vaulting, in the back of fireplaces, over windows and in awkward corners. William Herbert arranged his palace around two courts, now called the Pitched Stone court and the Fountain Court. He moved the entrance to the great gatehouse, added the chapel on the west side of the hall and made some changes to the Great Tower. The castle remeained unchanged until 1549 when it was inherited by William 3rd Earl of Worcester, who rebuilt the east side of the hall and added that quintessentially Elizabethan room, a long gallery, which ran the length of the range above the chapel. The north-west and north-east sides of the Pitched Stone Court were rebuilt and a fountain called the White Horse was added in the middle of the fountain court. His buildings can be discerned from the earlier phases by the use of a redder sandstone and rubble rather than ashlar walling. William built garden terraces to give his palace appropriately grand, almost italianate gardens, enhanced by a large lake in the valley below to the north-west. Edward, 4th Earl of Worcester, inherited Raglan in 1589 and added the White Gate, the moat walk around the Great Tower and the unusual 'water parterre' at the head of the lake. The end for Raglan came in August 1646 when Henry Somerset, 1st Marquis of Worcester and a prominent Royalist, was forced to surrender the castle to the Parliamentarians. The castle was abandoned, never to be lived in again. The monument is of national importance for its potential to enhance our knowledge of late medieval design and construction. The monument is well-preserved and an important relic of the medieval landscape. It retains significant archaeological potential, with a strong probability of the presence of both structural evidence and intact associated deposits. The scheduled area comprises the remains described and areas around them within which related evidence may be expected to survive. P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

56 RAGLAN CASTLE HISTORIC PARK AND GARDEN Reference Number: PGW (Gt) 42 Name : Raglan Castle Grade : I Date of Designation : Location Unitary Authority: Monmouthshire Community : Raglan NGR : SO Easting : Northing : OS Map Sheet : 161 Area : 0 Description Broadclass: Gardens, Parks and Urban Spaces Register Terms Site type : Formal terraced gardens, former lake and water parterre, walk with shell niches. Period : Primary Reasons for Grading: Very rare survival of outstandingly important sixteenth-and early seventeenth-century garden layout: one of the most advanced gardens of its date in the country. Summary Description: Raglan Castle, on its hillock above the village is a late medieval castle, designed as much for show as for defence: it was more of a palace than a castle. In the sixteenth century it was described as a 'stately castle-like house'. Built around two courts, the existing structure was begun in the second half of the fifteenth century by a self-made man, William ap Thomas, and was continued by his son Sir William Herbert. From 1550 onwards William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester, rebuilt part of the castle, adding Tudor elements such as the long gallery. After his death, in 1589, there were few structural alterations to the castle, although Edward, the 4th Earl, added some peripheral elements such as the moat walk around the great tower or keep. After the surrender of the castle to the Parliamentarians in 1646, it was slighted. The Somerset family never returned, taking up residence at Badminton House in Gloucestershire. The castle was steadily stripped of its fittings, and plundered for stone, until it reached its present state in this century. It is now in the guardianship of the Secretary of State and its ruins are in a stable state. The gardens of Raglan Castle lie to its north-west, west and south. Most is now under turf, either mown (in the guardianship area), or pasture. The exceptions are the Moat Walk (gravelled) and the 'Garden Plot' (gravelled and Cadw maintenance huts). The gardens were made by the 3rd and 4th Earls of Worcester, between 1550 and 1628, when the 4th earl died. They were laid out on a grand scale and involved massive earth moving. The 3rd earl laid out the sloping ground to the P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

57 north-west and south-west of the castle in a series of terraces. Below the north-west ones there was a large lake, the 'great Poole', in the valley bottom. An outer earthwork of the castle, to the south of the keep, became a curving raised bowling green. The 4th earl added the Moat Walk around the moat of the keep, summerhouses on the terraces of which the foundations of one remain, and the formal water garden or water parterre at the head of the lake. Apart from the present-day earthwork and stonework remains of the gardens, the main evidence for their original appearance comes from a map of 1652 by Laurence Smythe, and from a description of the castle and surroundings at the time of the siege of 1646, which was made in Within the castle, in the Fountain Court, is the square stone base of a fountain, called the White Horse fountain. This was in existence by 1587, when it was descibed in a poem called 'The Worthines of Wales' by Thomas Churchyard, as running 'both day and night'. To the north-west of the castle are three long terraces built out over the steep slope below the castle. They are retained by a huge stone revetment wall. Between them are steep high grass slopes; originally they were bounded by walls 30 feet (9 metres) high, according to the 1674 description. At the south-west end of the top terrace are the brick footings of a small square summerhouse, and at the north-east end of the main, central terrace, a few stone steps are visible leading up to the upper terrace. There is some evidence that there was balustrading in the garden, perhaps along the tops of the terraces; several pieces of primitive stone balustrading survive in the castle's collection of stonework. Below the terraces, the level pasture fields in the valley bottom are the site of the 'great Poole', and to the west of the terraces is its huge earthen dam, now breached by the Wilcae Brook. Towards the south-west end of the lake's area is a small elongated mound with an ancient oak tree on it, which may have been an island in the lake. At the north-east end is an embankment with a central projection and another oak tree. Beyond this is a large boggy rectangular area of banks and ditches, which is all that remains of the water parterre. Its diamond and triangular shaped islands, clearly shown on the Smythe map, can still be made out on the ground. To the south-west of the castle is a square level area with raised terraces around two sides, which is the 'garden plot' of the 1674 description. To its south, raised up on high revetment walls, is the grass bowling green reached at the north end by stone steps. Below, reached by steps at its north-east end, is a large rectangular terrace bounded by steep scarps on its outer sides. This overlooks the valley of the Wilcae Brook below the dam. Below this is a further narrow shallow terrace. On the 1652 map the valley below is described as 'Hopyard', with an orchard on higher ground on the east slope of the valley. Former water channels, now ditches, sometimes with water in, lead from either end of the dam to a large square earthwork at the southern end of the field. This is clearly shown on the 1652 map as a water garden, with four square islands separated by water channels. Although the water has gone, the basic structure remains with the islands as raised areas and the channels as ditches between them. The date of this structure is unknown, but its simplicity makes it likely to be early, perhaps late sixteenth century, and it probably predates the more sophisticated water parterre to the north. The Moat Walk, made by the 4th Earl of Worcester, is a curving gravelled walk running around the outside of the moat surrounding the castle's fifteenth century keep. Evenly spaced out along the walk are fifteen brickwork semi-circular niches. Originally they were decorated with coloured plasterwork and patterns of shells and held statues of Roman emperors. The emperors disappeared in the Civil War, but fragments of the shellwork and coloured plasterwork survive. Primary Sources Laurence Smythe map of Raglan Castle, 1652 (National Library of Wales) Anon, Description of Raglan Castle, 1674 (Muniment Room, Badminton House: ) Secondary Sources Taylor,A.J, Raglan Castle (1950), Welsh Office Official Handbook P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

58 Kenyon, J.R, Raglan Castle (1994), Cadw Guidebook Durant, H, The Somerset Sequence (1976) Bradney, J, A History of Monmouthshire Vol 2, part 1 (1911) Churchyard, T, The Worthines of Wales (1587) Heath, C, Account of Raglan Castle (1819) Whittle, E, 'The Renaissance Gardens of Raglan Castle', Garden History 17.1 (1989), pp Whittle, E, 'The Sixteenth and Seventeenth century gardens at Raglan Castle', The Monmouthshire Antiquary VI (1990), pp Aerial photographs Cambridge University Collection Other Designation Historic Assets within this Park & Garden Designation Type : Scheduled Ancient Monument Reference Number : MM005 Name (of Designation) : Raglan Castle Associated People None Recorded Sources None recorded P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

59 Appendix 4: Figures P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

60 2101 #* #* MM005 Gt42 #* KEY Site #* GradeIListedBuilding #* Grade I*ListedBuilding #* Grade IListedBuilding Park andgarden SignificantView Park andgarden Essential Setting Park andgarden Sch eduledmonum ent R aglan Conservation Area #* #*#* #*#* #* #*#*#* #* #* #* 2100 R evisions: FirstIssue-13/11/2017R G SecondIssue-28/03/2018R G -sitenam eupdated Figure 1: Designated Historic Assets LandSouth of Monm outh R oad, R aglan,monm outh sh ire 0 0.4k m N( > Client: R ich borough Estates DR WG No:P Sh eetno:- R EV:- Draw n by: R G Approvedby: R ME Date: 28/03/2018 Scale: A4 Copyrigh t Pegasus PlanningGroup Ltd.Crow n copyrigh t.all righ ts reserved.2016em apsitelicencenum ber OrdnanceSurveyCopyrigh t Licencenum ber Prom ap Licencenum ber Pegasus accepts no liabilityfor anyuseof th is docum entoth er th an for its original purpose,or byth eoriginal client,or follow ingpegasus ex press agreem ent to such use. T w w w.pegasuspg.co.uk

61 E KEY S ite S tudy Area HEREventPoint HEREventPoly gon E E E E E E E E E E E E E E Revisions: FirstIssue-15/11/2017RG S econdissue-28/03/2018rg -sitenam eupdated Figure 2: Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust HER Event Data LandS outhofmonm outhroad, Raglan,Monm outhshire k m N( > Client: RichboroughEstates DRWG No:P Draw n by : RG Date: 28/03/2018 S cale: A4 S heetno:- REV:- Approvedby : RME Copy right Pegasus PlanningGroup Ltd.Crow n copy right.all rights reserved.2016em apsitelicencenum ber OrdnanceS urvey Copy right Licencenum ber Prom ap Licencenum ber Pegasus accepts no liability for any useofthis docum entother than for its original purpose,or by theoriginal client,or follow ingpegasus express agreem ent to suchuse. T w w w.pegasuspg.co.uk

62 KEY S ite GGAT04869g GGAT04870g GGAT03603g 04869g S tudy Area HERMonum entpoint HERMonum entline HERMonum entpoly gon See Fig. 5 HERHistoricS ettlem ent GGAT00799g GGAT00810g GGAT11225G GGAT06284g GGAT00798g See Fig. 4 GGAT04771g GGAT g GGAT g GGAT00824g GGAT00836g GGAT00836g GGAT05593g GGAT g GGAT00837g GGAT00811g GGAT00813g Revisions: FirstIssue-15/11/2017RG S econdissue-28/03/2018rg -sitenam eupdated GGAT00835g GGAT03802g GGAT00790g g Figure 3: Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust HER Monument Data (Wider Area) LandS outhofmonm outhroad, Raglan,Monm outhshire k m N( > Client: RichboroughEstates DRWG No:P Draw n by : RG Date: 28/03/2018 S cale: A4 S heetno:- REV:- Approvedby : RME Copy right Pegasus PlanningGroup Ltd.Crow n copy right.all rights reserved.2016em apsitelicencenum ber OrdnanceS urvey Copy right Licencenum ber Prom ap Licencenum ber Pegasus accepts no liability for any useofthis docum entother than for its original purpose,or by theoriginal client,or follow ingpegasus express agreem ent to suchuse. T w w w.pegasuspg.co.uk

63 KEY S ite HERMonum entpoint HERMonum entline HERHistoricS ettlem ent GGAT00846g GGAT00812g GGAT00899g GGAT00832g GGAT04472g GGAT08245g GGAT08913g GGAT00834g GGAT04522g GGAT08387g GGAT00900g GGAT00840g GGAT00839g Revisions: FirstIssue-15/11/2017RG S econdissue-28/03/2018rg -sitenam eupdated Figure 4: Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust HER Monument Data Raglan Settlement LandS outhofmonm outhroad, Raglan,Monm outhshire 0 0.1k m N( > Client: RichboroughEstates DRWG No:P Draw n by : RG Date: 28/03/2018 S cale: A4 S heetno:- REV:- Approvedby : RME Copy right Pegasus PlanningGroup Ltd.Crow n copy right.all rights reserved.2016em apsitelicencenum ber OrdnanceS urvey Copy right Licencenum ber Prom ap Licencenum ber Pegasus accepts no liability for any useofthis docum entother than for its original purpose,or by theoriginal client,or follow ingpegasus express agreem ent to suchuse. T w w w.pegasuspg.co.uk

64 KEY S ite HERMonum entpoint 11124g GGAT00809g HERMonum entpoly gon GGAT08571g GGAT11124g GGAT11224G GGAT00818g GGAT00821g GGAT00819g GGAT00814g GGAT00823g GGAT06131g GGAT00820g GGAT00816g GGAT00817g GGAT00815g GGAT04773g 00815G Revisions: FirstIssue-15/11/2017RG S econdissue-28/03/2018rg -sitenam eupdated Figure 5: Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust HER Monument Data Raglan Castle GGAT00846g LandS outhofmonm outhroad, Raglan,Monm outhshire 0 0.2k m N( > Client: RichboroughEstates DRWG No:P Draw n by : RG Date: 28/03/2018 S cale: A4 S heetno:- REV:- Approvedby : RME Copy right Pegasus PlanningGroup Ltd.Crow n copy right.all rights reserved.2016em apsitelicencenum ber OrdnanceS urvey Copy right Licencenum ber Prom ap Licencenum ber Pegasus accepts no liability for any useofthis docum entother than for its original purpose,or by theoriginal client,or follow ingpegasus express agreem ent to suchuse. T w w w.pegasuspg.co.uk

65 Appendix 5: Geophysical Survey (Magnetometry and Resistivity) P RG November 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire

66 pre-construct geophysics ltd ARCHAEOLOGICAL GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY LAND SOUTH OF MONMOUTH ROAD, RAGLAN, MONMOUTHSHIRE SITE CENTRED AT NGR REPORT PREPARED FOR PEGASUS PLANNING GROUP BY DAVID BUNN DECEMBER 2017

67 Contents Non technical summary Introduction Location and description Geology and topography Archaeological context Methodology Results and discussion Conclusions Acknowledgements References 4 Illustrations Fig. 1: Location of site 1:25000 Figs. 2-5: Greyscale, trace and interpretive images 1:1250 Pre-Construct Geophysics Ltd 47, Manor Road, Saxilby, Lincoln, LN1 2HX Tel/Fax: pcgeophysics@outlook.net

68 Non technical summary A fluxgate gradiometer survey of land south of Monmouth Road (previously known as land off Station Road), Raglan in Monmouthshire has recorded some magnetic anomalies that conceivably signify buried pits and ditches, particularly prevalent in the eastern half of the proposed development. Modern responses include those induced by land drains, boundary ferrous, with stronger magnetic variation also recorded in close proximity to trees (some situated along a recently removed field boundary). O.S. Copyright license No. AL m SITE Fig. 1: Location of site 1

69 1.0 Introduction Pegasus Planning Group Ltd commissioned a fluxgate gradiometer survey c.7ha of land south of Monmouth Road, Raglan in Monmouthshire (Fig. 1). The objective of the survey was to detect and precisely locate any potential buried archaeological features using non-intrusive techniques. 2.0 Location and description (Figs. 1 & 2) The site, which encompasses a single pasture field, is situated to the east of Raglan (centred at grid reference c ). It is bordered to the east/south-east by Station Road, to the north by Monmouth Road and to the west by agricultural land. 3.0 Geology and topography The solid geology comprises Raglan Mudstone Formation (interbedded siltstone and mudstone), - sedimentary bedrock formed approximately 419 to 424 million years ago during the Silurian Period in a local environment previously dominated by rivers (BGS, 2017). Superficial deposits are largely unrecorded, other than a small area of alluvium in the southwest corner of the site. The site occupies a south west facing slope at an elevation of between c.50m and 40m AOD. 4.0 Archaeological Context (Pegasus Group, 2017) Raglan Castle, a Grade I Listed Building, Scheduled Monument and Historic Park and Garden is situated approximately 270m- 560m north of the site. The land within the site and Raglan Castle are considered to have a historical functional relationship, due to the post-medieval deer park within the site. A gold medieval ring has been recovered within the northern boundary of the site. No other finds or features of archaeological interest are known within the proposed development. 5.0 Methodology The survey methodology is based on guidelines set out in the documents Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation (English Heritage. 2008) and Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Geophysical Survey (Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014). A Method Statement for the survey was prepared by PCG and submitted to Pegasus Planning Group (Bunn, 2017). 5.1 Fluxgate Gradiometry is a non-intrusive scientific prospecting tool that is used to determine the presence/absence of some classes of sub-surface archaeological features (e.g. pits, ditches, kilns, and occasionally stone walls). The use of magnetic surveys to locate sub-surface ceramic materials and areas of burning, as well as magnetically weaker features, is well established, particularly on large green field sites. The detection of anomalies requires the use of highly sensitive instruments; in this instance the Bartington 601 Dual Fluxgate Gradiometer. This is accurately calibrated to the mean magnetic value of each survey area. Two sensors mounted vertically and separated by 1m measure slight, localised distortions of the earth s magnetic field, which are recorded via a data logger. This technique only records magnetic variation in relation to natural background levels, established by careful selection of magnetically quiet zones where instrument sensors are calibrated to 0nT. As such, the magnetic response of archaeological remains will vary according to geology/pedology, with a possibility that buried features could remain undetected should their magnetic susceptibility closely match that of the surrounding soils. Additionally, 2

70 some remains may be buried beyond the effective 1m - 2m range of the instrumentation; for example beneath alluvium. Back-filled shallow pits or ditches might also exhibit minimal variation. 5.2 The survey was undertaken on the 27 th 28 th of November The zigzag traverse methodology was employed, with readings taken at 0.25m intervals along 1.0m wide traverses. The survey grid was established by Global Positioning Satellite using a Leica GS015 RTX, to an accuracy of +/- 0.1m. The data were processed by using Terrasurveyor V3. The raw data are presented as a greyscale image on Fig. 4 (clipped to +/-10nT to enhance resolution). A Despike function was applied to reduce the effect of extreme readings induced by metal objects, and Destripe to eliminate striping introduced by zigzag traversing. The data were clipped to +/- 20nT on the trace (xy) plot (Fig. 5) and to +/-1.5nT on the greyscale image of the processed data (Fig. 2). Anomalies in excess of +/-10nT are highlighted pink and blue on the interpretive figure (Fig. 3). These are characterised magnetically as dipolar iron spikes, often displaying strong positive and/or negative responses, which reflect ferrous-rich objects (particularly apparent on stacked trace plots). Examples include those formed/deposited along current or former boundaries (e.g. wire fencing), services and random scatters of horseshoes, ploughshares etc across open areas. Fired (ferro-enhanced) material, such as brick/tile fragments (often where the latter are introduced during manuring or land drain construction) usually induce a similar though predominately weaker response, closer to c+/-5nt (highlighted in pink/blue on the interpretive image). Collectively, concentrations of such anomalies typically indicate probable rubble spreads, such as backfilled ponds/ditches and demolished buildings. On a cautionary note, fired clay associated with early activity has the same magnetic characteristics as modern brick/tile rubble. As such, the interpretation of such variation must consider the context in which it occurs. It should be noted that this technique only records magnetic variation (relative to natural background levels). As such, the magnetic response of archaeological remains will vary according to geology/pedology. Additionally, remains may be buried beyond the effective 1-2m range of the instrumentation. 6.0 Results and discussion (Figs. 2 5) Whereas a natural origin cannot be completed discounted (such as palaeochannels or other near surface geological and/or pedological inconsistencies), a number of linear and discrete magnetic anomalies exhibit some potential as indicators of possible pits and ditches (Fig. 3: red). Highlighted examples are predominately situated in the eastern part of the site, with a relatively dense concentration of such responses in the mid north-eastern region. A clearly defined array of land drains, potentially of clay manufacture and/or ferrous-rich backfill, was registered in the central and western regions (purple lines). A small number of magnetically depleted linear anomalies conceivably signify plastic land drains (dotted purple lines). A c.ne-sw aligned magnetically weak linear is also considered to be of agricultural origin, possibly cultivation-related or vestigial remains of a recent field boundary, albeit not depicted on historic O.S. Maps 1 (dotted orange line). Stronger variation, for the most part induced by probable modern ferrous-rich materials/objects (pink and blue), was recorded in close proximity to mature trees (circled) and at points along the course of a recently removed field boundary 1 (dashed yellow line). 3

71 Strong responses were also recorded along/adjacent to existing boundaries, with more isolated examples probably indicative of miscellaneous objects, such as ploughshares and other iron objects. The discussed anomalies were recorded against a backdrop of generally minimal magnetic variation (greenscale). 7.0 Conclusions Whilst it has not been generally possible to unequivocally differentiate between natural and potential archaeological responses, a number of anomalies have been highlighted as possible indicators of buried pits and ditches. Modern responses include those induced by land drains, boundary ferrous, with stronger magnetic variation also recorded in close proximity to trees (for the most part situated along a recently removed field boundary). 8.0 Acknowledgements Pre-Construct Geophysics would like to thank Pegasus Planning Group Ltd for this commission. 9.0 References British Geological Survey Geology of Britain viewer, 1:50,000 geological mapping, bedrock and superficial - Bunn, D Land off Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire. Method Statement for Geophysical Survey. Pre-Construct Geophysics Ltd, unpublished. CIFA 2014 Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Geophysical Survey. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. English Heritage 2008 Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation. London, English Heritage: Research & Professional Guidelines No.1. Pegasus Group, 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire, Heritage Briefing (REF: P /RG) 1 4

72 1 SITE BOUNDARY 50m < -1.5 nt >1.5 Fig. 2: Location of site and survey greyscale image of processed data

73 >Predominantly modern (rubble, metal objects/fencing etc) Predominantly natural, although archaeological remains typically produce weak magnetic anomalies within this range (e.g. ditches/pits). Exceptions include fired material (e.g. tile/pottery, kilns, hearths and other sites subject to intense heat). < Predominantly modern (rubble, metal objects/fencing etc) Potential archaeology Potential cultivation Land drain Potential land drain Course of recently removed field boundary Area containing mature tree(s) 50m Fig. 3: Interpretation

74 < -.10 nt >10 50m 20nT/cm Fig. 4: Greyscale image of unprocessed data Fig. 5: Trace plot image

75 pre-construct geophysics ltd ARCHAEOLOGICAL GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY RESISTIVITY SURVEY: LAND SOUTH OF MONMOUTH ROAD, RAGLAN, MONMOUTHSHIRE SITE CENTRED AT NGR REPORT PREPARED FOR PEGASUS PLANNING GROUP ON BEHALF OF RICHBOROUGH ESTATES LTD BY DAVID BUNN MARCH

76 Contents Non technical summary Introduction Location and description Geology and topography Archaeological context Methodology Results and discussion Conclusions Acknowledgements References 4 Illustrations Fig. 1: Location of site 1:25000 Figs. 2-4: Greyscale, trace and interpretive images 1:1000 Pre-Construct Geophysics Ltd 47, Manor Road, Saxilby, Lincoln, LN1 2HX Tel/Fax: pcgeophysics@outlook.net

77 Non technical summary A resisitivity survey was undertaken on land south of Monmouth Road (previously known as land off Station Road), Raglan in Monmouthshire. A previous gradiometer survey of the entire proposed development site had recorded anomalies that exhibit some potential as buried archaeological features, particularly in the north-east region. Resisitivity survey of one hectare of land within this area was requested in order to provide corroborative/further evidence of potential remains. The survey has not recorded variation that can be confidently attributed to buried archaeological remains, including within an area where an earlier gradiometer survey identified potential ditches and pits. As such, it is possible that wet ground conditions may have compromised the effectiveness of the survey. With the possible exceptions of a linear feature in the north-west region of the survey area and a small zone of relatively high responses in the south-east corner, recorded variation is considered more likely to reflect natural features, including palaeochannels O.S. Copyright license No. AL SITE RESISITIVITY SURVEY 500m Fig. 1: Location of site 1

78 1.0 Introduction Acting for Richborough Estates Ltd, Pegasus Planning Group Ltd commissioned a resistivity survey on land south of Monmouth Road, Raglan in Monmouthshire (Fig. 1). The objective of the survey was to detect and precisely locate any potential buried archaeological features using non-intrusive techniques. 2.0 Location and description (Figs. 1 & 2) The site, which encompasses a single pasture field, is situated to the east of Raglan (centred at grid reference c ). It is bordered to the east/south-east by Station Road, to the north by Monmouth Road and to the west by agricultural land. A fluxgate gradiometer survey of the entire site was undertaken by PCG in November 2017 (Bunn, 2017). This identified a number of possible ditches and pits, principally situated in the north-east region. At the request of the Archaeological Planning Officer for Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd, a provision for a targeted resisitivity survey was included in an initial Method Statement (Bunn, 2017). As such, in order to provide further evidence and possible clarification of any potential archaeological features, including structural remains (should any lay within this area), the resistivity survey was undertaken across a single 100m x 100m block of land across, and in proximity to, suspected remains as identified by the gradiometer survey (survey centred at grid reference c ). 3.0 Geology and topography The solid geology comprises Raglan Mudstone Formation (interbedded siltstone and mudstone) - sedimentary bedrock formed approximately 419 to 424 million years ago during the Silurian Period in a local environment previously dominated by rivers (BGS, 2018). Superficial deposits are not recorded within the area targeted for the resisitivity survey. The survey area occupies a slight south-facing slope at an elevation of c.45m AOD. 4.0 Archaeological Context (Pegasus Group, 2017) Raglan Castle, a Grade I Listed Building, Scheduled Monument and Historic Park and Garden is situated approximately 270m- 560m north of the site. The land within the site and Raglan Castle are considered to have a historical functional relationship, due to the post-medieval deer park within the site. A gold medieval ring has been recovered within the northern boundary of the site. No other finds or features of archaeological interest are known within the proposed development. As discussed above, the gradiometer survey of the site has identified a number of potential pits and ditches, with a focus of such features located in the north-east region (Bunn, 2017). 5.0 Methodology The survey methodology is based on guidelines set out in the documents Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation (English Heritage. 2008) and Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Geophysical Survey (Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014). A Method Statement for the survey was prepared by PCG and submitted to Pegasus Planning Group (Bunn, 2018). This was approved by the Archaeological Planning Officer for Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd. 5.1 Principles Resistivity survey measures the electrical resistance of the earth s soil moisture content. A twin probe configuration is normally carried out, which involves the pairing of electrodes (one current and one potential), with one pair remaining in a fixed position (remote 2

79 probes), whilst the mobile probes measure variations in electrical resistance across the survey grids. Resistance is measured in ohms, and this method generally detects to a depth of 1m. Features such as wall foundations are usually identified as high resistance anomalies, as well as rubble spreads, made surfaces (i.e. yards and paths) and metalled roads and trackways. In contrast, low resistance values are normally associated with water-retentive features such as large pits, ditches, drains and gullies Field work and processing of data The survey was undertaken using a TR System Resistivity meter with a twin probe array. The survey was set out using up to 30m x 30m grids, with readings taken at 1m intervals along 1m wide traverses. The survey was undertaken on the 15 th and 16 th February 2018 using a TR System Resistivity meter with data logger, configured to a twin probe array (mobile probes set at 0.5m apart), with readings taken at 1.0 m intervals and traverse intervals set 1.0m apart within full or partial 30m x 30m grids. The survey grid was established using a Leica GS08 RTK, to an accuracy of +/- 0.2m. The data were downloaded onto a laptop computer, and subsequently analysed and processed using Terrasurveyor V 3. The data set was minimally processed, comprising Despike to limit the distorting response of spurious readings, a high pass filter to reduce likely natural variation and interpolation to produce a smoother image. 6.0 Results and discussion (Figs. 2 4) For the most part, recorded variation reflects natural inconsistencies/features (Fig. 4: greenscale). Extensive zones of low resistance probably signify greater water retentiveness of probable palaeochannels (extents broadly described by dotted green lines), with areas of higher resistance largely reflective relatively drier ground conditions, potentially including areas of soil compaction. There is no evidence of any correlation of low resistant linear responses (indicative of water retentive ditches) with potential archaeological ditches that were identified by the gradiometer survey. Whilst a number of positive linear/curvilinear anomalies were recorded in the general vicinity of magnetic anomalies in the mid southern region, these may be natural responses rather than indicators of structural remains. The survey has not identified clearly-defined traces of archaeological remains elsewhere within the survey area. With that in mind, a seemingly isolated c.ne-sw west-aligned slightly resistant linear feature in the north-east corner of the survey has been highlighted as potentially anthropogenic, of uncertain origin though possibly agricultural (dotted red line). Furthermore, it is tentatively suggested that a small zone of relatively high resistance recorded in the south-east corner might signify a small spread of buried non-ferrous rubble rather than natural features. 7.0 Conclusions The survey has not recorded variation that can be confidently attributed to buried archaeological remains, including within an area where an earlier gradiometer survey identified potential ditches and pits. As such, it is possible that wet ground conditions may have compromised the effectiveness of the survey. With the possible exceptions of a linear feature in the north-west region of the survey area and a small zone of relatively high responses in the south-east corner, recorded variation is considered more likely to reflect natural features, including palaeochannels. 3

80 8.0 Acknowledgements Pre-Construct Geophysics would like to thank Pegasus Planning Group Ltd and Richborough Estates Ltd for this commission. 9.0 References British Geological Survey Geology of Britain viewer, 1:50,000 geological mapping, bedrock and superficial - Bunn, D Land off Station Road, Raglan in Monmouthshire. Geophysical survey report, Pre-Construct Geophysics Ltd, unpublished. Bunn, D Resisitivity Survey: Land off Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire. Method Statement for Geophysical Survey. Pre-Construct Geophysics Ltd, unpublished. CIFA 2014 Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Geophysical Survey. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. English Heritage 2008 Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation. London, English Heritage: Research & Professional Guidelines No.1. Pegasus Group, 2017 Land at Station Road, Raglan, Monmouthshire, Heritage Briefing (REF: P /RG) 4

81 Ohm Ohm Fig. 2: Greyscale image of raw data Fig. 3: Greyscale image of processed data Predominately natural Potentially anthropogenic (uncertain origin) 50m Fig. 4: Interpretation

82 PLANNING I DESIGN I ENVIRONMENT I ECONOMICS Pegasus Group Pegasus House Querns Business Centre Whitworth Road Cirencester Glos GL7 1RT Telephone: COPYRIGHT The contents of this document must not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part without the written consent of Pegasus Planning Group. Crown copyright. All rights reserved, Licence number