IntroducFon& High#Performance&Enclosures&to& Enable&Simplified&HVAC& Simple&Mechanicals& HP&Enclosures& 12#06#16& DefiniFons& What&strategies&work&
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- Eileen Chambers
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1 IntroducFon& High#Performance&Enclosures&to& Enable&Simplified&HVAC& Dr&John&Straube,&P.Eng.& Building&Science&CorporaFon& University&of&Waterloo& DefiniFons& What&is&a&HP&enclosure& What&is&a&simple&HVAC&&&why&do&you&want&one& What&strategies&work& HP&Enclosures& Control&energy&flow&across&& Minimize&need&to&deliver&lots&of&energy& Control&temperature&of&inside&surfaces& Maintain&comfort&even&as&air&temperature&varies& Durable,&control&rain,&airFght,&etc& Simple&Mechanicals& This&class:&focus&on&Space&CondiFoning& HeaFng&cooling&venFlaFng& Simple&means& &you&can&understand&how&they&work&under&all& condifons& They&can&be&understood&by&repair&&&maintenance& 1&
2 HP&Enclosure&Metrics& Peak&heat&loss& 5&BTU/hr/sf,&eg&10&000&BTU/hr&for&2000&sf&house& <&10&in&cold&climates& Peak&cooling& 15&BTU/hr/sf&&& Use&thermal&mass&to&reduce&this& FuncFons& Five&CriFcal&funcFons&are&needed& VenFlaFon& fresh&air & Dilute&/&flush&pollutants& HeaFng& Cooling& Humidity&Control& Air&filtraFon&/&pollutant&Removal& Remove&parFcles&from&inside&and&outside&air& Remove&pollutants&in&special&systems& 6& What&do&you&need&to&deliver?& The&New&World& HeaFng&/&cooling&loads&shrinking!& Be`er&insulaFon,&airFghtness,&windows& MulF#unit&=&small&exterior&enclosure&area& DHW&is&can&be&larger&energy&demand& Only&efficient&appliances&can&reduce&DHW&use& A&useful&definiFon&of&low&heaFng&load&is&a& residenfal&building&with&space&heafng&loads& of&less&than&2&fmes&dhw& All&require&metered&deliver&of&fresh&air,&and&some&exhaust&of&polluted&air&& 2&
3 Low#energy&houses& Peak&demand&for&well#insulated&2000&sf& Ofen&20&kBtu/hr&or&less,&usually&under&30& Townhouses&ofen&under&12&kBtu/hr& Annual&space&heaFng&demand&usually&under& 7500&kWh/yr& (e.g.&200&therms)& High&specs,&simple&buildings&gets&demand&lower& DomesFc&HotWater& Typical&household& 4000&kWh&demand&+/#&(136&therm)& NaFonal&use$5600&kWh&(192&therm)& Typical&5&unit&+&building.&Use&/unit& &2500&kWh&demand&(86&therm)& 3575&kWh/yr&esFmated&use$(122&therm)& Zeta/Homes.//Dan/Smith/Architect.// Oakland,/CA/ HVAC Rated Capacities Reference Townhouse ZETA 4.6 kw PV - NetZero energy kbtu/h Fan Volume, cfm Heating Cooling Fan 0 3&
4 12#06#16& ZETA-WY4 - ANNUAL COST BREAKDOWN Reference Townhouse 0.4 ZETA 4.6 kw PV - NetZero energy $ / ft² Int lights Ext lights Hot water Other Heating Cooling Fan CalculaFons&& Need&to&see&some!& They&don t&need&to&be&very&precise,&just& correct& Qloss/gain&=&A&!ΔT&/&R& Qsolar&& &=&A!&SHGC&!&Isolar&(I=200#250&Btu/hr/sf)& Qair&=&1.06&!A&!ΔT&& Basic&AssumpFons& ConservaFon&of&mass& Air&in&=&air&out& ConservaFon&of&energy& Energy&in&=&energy&out&(if&temperature&is&to& remain&constant)& Perfect&mixing&of&air& InjecFng&heat&into&a&room&will&mix&and&become& uniform&temperature& 4&
5 Examples:&SF,&40F&outdoors& One&therm&=&29.3&kWh& Example&con t& 20&x&25&f&=&600&sf&1&BDR&interior&apartment& 20*9&f&height&=&180&sq&f&enclosure&area& 40%&windows&=&72&sq&f& R15&wall,&R3&window,&40&F&outdoor&temp.& (108/15+72/3)&*&(70#40)&=&(7.2&+&24)&*&30& 950/Btu/hr/conducAon/losses&(!)& 9&cfm&leakage&1&*&(70#40)=&/270/Btu/hr/air/leakage/loss& VenFlaFon&(New&World&needs&it)& 30&cfm&w/66%HRV&=&400/Btu/hr/venAlaAon& Peak&design&load:&1.5&kBtu/hr&(<0.5&kW)& Corner&apartment&up&to&2.5&kBtu/hr&(1&kW)&.& Heat&loss&coefficient&30#50&Btu/F/hr& If&we&use&HDD65&=&2700& (30&to&50)*24*2700&=&20#30&therms&($30#$60/yr)& 600#1000&kWh/yr&&<$120#200/yr& If&we&use&HDD50=117&.&Negligible& Zones&and&rooms& R20&wall&R50&roof&R3&window& 10&f& 15&f& N& Room/zone& (15+10)&*&9&f&high&=&175&sf& If&5x5&and&5x6&windows&=&25+30&=&55&sf&& So&120&sf&wall,&150&sf&roof& Heat&loss&(40F)& Wall&120&/&20&*&30&=&180&Btu/hr& Windows&55/3&(30)=&550/hr& Roof&150&/&50&(30)&=&&90&Btu/hr& Vent,&15&cfm&*&30&=&&450&Btu/hr&(heat&at&supply)& 5&
6 So&what s&the&problem& Smallest&condensing&furnaces&are&40&kBu/hr& Two#stage&furnaces&allow&for&low&stage&fire&at& 30&kBtu/hr& But&most&hours&are&at&fracFons&of&peak&design& How&does&the&system&work&with&a&hourly&heat& loss&of&5&to&10&kbtu/hr?& Runs&for&10&to&20&min/hour&(two&fires/hour?)& Short&cycling&(wear&&&tear,&inefficiency)& But&must&provide&ductwork&for&30&kBtu/hr& Choices& Furnace&is&sFll&a&good&choice&if&you&have& natural&gas&and&loads&over&10#15&kbtu/hr& Choose&smallest&condensing&unit,&lock&out&high&fire& Combo&Systems& Use&high#efficiency&DHW&system&to&provide&heaFng& Space&heat&can&be&fan&coil,&radiator,&floor& Can&be&integrated&into&venFlaFon,&filtraFon& Size&of&duct/coil&ofen&fixed&by&cooling&system& Combo&system:&gas&hotwater&heater& 37AHB Series Hydronic Furnace Part of the Rinnai Tankless Heating System PATENT PENDING AHB90 AHB75 FEATURES Four models covering a range of heating capacities 27,100 to 96,300 BTU/hour Multi-position (upflow, downflow, horizontal left, horizontal right) without modifications * Modifiable for side-entry return air Low-flow, high-head pump custom designed to work AHB60 AHB45 The optimum in hydronic technology, the newly designed Rinnai multi-position hydronic furnaces offer a unique solution for a wide variety of small- and medium-sized residential and light commercial applications. They are compact and ready to fit in tight spaces which may include, but not limited to, attics, basements, closets, crawlspaces, and utility rooms. 6&
7 ECM&motor&+&low& flow&=&very&low& electrical&draw& Terminal&Unit:&Fan&coils& Use&fans&to&below&room&air&over&coils& Fan#driven&air&movement&=&distribuFon&/&mixing&within&a& space& Noise,&maintenance&issues& Fans&require&electricity& Many&exisFng&FC&are&inefficient&and&noisy& Very/efficient/fan/motors/now&available&& Low&speed&fan&sexng&and& lower&water&temperature& (120&F)&allows&for&whole& house&heafng&of&space&with& just&8#15&kbtu/hr&peak& 26& Courtesy:$Ri-ling$Co.$ Combo&Systems& Condensing&Tankless&heaters& Beware&minimum&output& Most&units&are&15&to&35&kBtu/hr&minimum& Unless&storage&is&provided,&& min&output&of&heafng&system&& must&min&output&of&boiler& This&means&duct&sizes,&coils,&etc.& Combo&System&Warning& Provide&buffer&capacity& Eg&a&storage&tank& Limits&short#cycling&when&loads&are&small&(eg& 10#30%&of&min.&boiler&output)& Buffer&tank&avoids&cold&slug&complaints&too& 2005&Jack&McKeegan&&&Pa`erson#Kelley & 7&
8 Condensing Tankless Gas Hot Water Heater Application In Combination Space and Domestic Hot Water Heating System To Cold Fixtures To DHW Fixtures Newer&Condensing&Tanked&systems& From Cold Water Main 45 F Clearwave-HD electronic water conditioner 120 F Tstat Taco 007-BF5 140 F Hydronic coil in central system process air stream 120 F Watts MMV-M1 Mixing Valve Small (6 to 12 gal) electric water heater storage tank; controlled to 140 F Tstat Therm-X-Trol ST-5 Taco 013-BF3 Condensing Tankless Gas Hot Water Heater P/T 140 F Watts 351M Strainer Gas Utility Connection Allows&for&direct& connecfon&to&air& handler.&&no&addifonal& controls&or&plumbing.& Standard&themostat.& & May&be&lowest&cost& solufon&for&pre`y&high& efficiency&in&small& apartments,&homes,& with&li`le&cooling& needs&and&gas&supply.& Notes: Heat+cool:&Ducts&provides&distribuFon,&can&add&venFlaFon,&no&DHW& Split&Heat&Pumps& An&opFon&for&4?& Eg&Portland&Sea`le&Tacoma&20&F&design&temp& 2&ton&HP&produce&about&16&kBtu/hr&@20F& Or&21.6&kBtu/hr&@40&with&COP=3.9& Goodman&SEER16&model& Ductless&& Mini#split& ModulaFng=&follows&load& profile& Available&in&small&sizes& BUT,&don t&provide& venflafon&or&dhw& Seasonal&COP&3#3.5,&cooling&included,&standard&equipment,&<<$3000& 8&
9 Example&& Mini#split& Space&distribuFon&from&7kBtu/hr&head?& AestheFcs&or&exposed&heads& May&be&excellent&point&cooling&sol n&with& combo&heafng&/&venflafon& Heat&Exchange&from&Surfaces& Radiant&heat/cool& Example:&77&F&floor,&72F&(22C)&room&air& 9.5&Btu/hr/f 2 /F&heaFng& Example:&69F&ceiling,&74F&(23C)&room&air& 9.5&Btu/hr/f 2 /F&cooling& heaang/ cooling/ Btu/hr/f 2 /F& W/m 2 &K& Btu/hr/f 2 /F& W/m 2 &K& floor& 1.9& 11& 1.2& 7& wall& 1.4& 8& 1.4& 8& ceiling& 1.1& 6& 1.9& 11& Under&most&condiFons&less&heat/cool&needed& Example:&72F&ceiling,&70F&room&air& =&3.8&Btu/hr/f 2 /F&heaFng& If&room&temp&drops&to&69,&and&addiFonal&50%&heat& (1.9)&will&be&added.&&If&room&temp&rises&to&71,&50%& less&heat&added& self&control &of&the&temperature&w/&thermostat!& 9&
10 Radiant&Floor& Self#control & With&small&Delta&T&terminal&units,&there&is&a& degree&of&self&control& Huge$pracFcal&control&and&comfort&benefit&in& low&flux&(low&temp)&radiant&floor&&&ceilings& Building&Science& TRV&(very&simple)& 41& 10&
11 HeaFng&Cooling&(and&mixing)& Need&good& windows& MulF#unit&Issues& Metering:&per&suite&or&per&building& Fuel#Source:&Gas&or&all#electric& Carbon?&Dollars?&Energy?& DHW&or&just&space&heat?& Is&Cooling&necessary?& Grouping:&Central,&unit,&or&mix?& Equipment&owned&per&suite&or&per&building?& Perceived&access&to&apt&issues?& 42& Central&vs&Distributed& Central&systems&ofen& reduce&capital&cost&per&unit&output&of&plant$ Increase&distribuFon&costs&dramaFcally& Increase&distribuFon&energy&losses& Decrease&redundancy& Increase&complexity& Make&sub#metering&expensive/difficult& Take&advantage&of&load&diversity& Ganged/sealed/ combusaon/ / penetraaons!/ SeparaAon/(10R)/ Suite/by/Suite/ supply/and/exhaust/ / / 45& 11&
12 Point/intermiUent/exhaust/ Any/heatVcool/system/ / Make/up/air/central/through/corridors/or/ducts/ Forced/VenAlaAon/and/distribuAon/ Exhaust/fans/with/passive/uncondiAoned/make/up/ Any/cooling/and/heaAng/strategy/ / Air/distribuAon?/FiltraAon?/CondiAon/fresh?/ 46& 47& Exhaust/fans/with/passive/uncondiAoned/make/up/ PTAC/cooling/and/radiant/heaAng/ / VenAlaAon/distribuAon?/ Point/intermiUent/exhaust/ AirVbased/heatVcool/system/with/makeVup/venAlaAon/ / Possible/VTAC/applicaAons/ 48& 49& 12&
13 Heat&Recovery& Beware#¬&always&energy&saving&in&mild& climates&like&sf& Large&airflows&(commercial)&usually&worth&it& Include&Maintenance& access!& Common&areas& Mid#scale&HRV& Emerging&tech& 200#600&cfm& Need&to&watch& fan&energy!& Simple&exhaust& Stairs& Trash&chutes& Elevator&shafs& pools& 13&
14 Supply& Corridor& Lobby& Hydronic/systems/ / / Heat/rejecAon/and// Central/producAon/ 55& Floor&by&Floor& VPAC& 56& 57& 14&
15 Air/condiAoning/and/or/heat/pump/ 59& 60& 61& 15&
16 62& 63& BSI#022&Perfect&HVAC& Typical&office& Modern&offices&ofen&have&small&cores&to&allow&more& people&view&and&light,&and&allow&for&easier&venflafon& Any&source&of&heaFng&or&cooling& Combined&venFlaFon/humidity& control& Terminal&units&can&be&fan&coils,& PTAC,&AHU,&radiant&panels,&etc.& 16&
17 Typ&ProblemaFc&Office&HVAC& Economizers& From:&Taylor& Engineering,&VAV& Design&Guide& Typ.&Bay&area& offices&use&a&lot& of&space&heafng& gas!!& Note&high&fan& energy.& Means&to&blow&cool&outdoor&air&into&building& for&cooling& Requires&temperatures&below&65F&or&so& Q cool,economizer &=&CFM&*(T in & &T out )& Say&72&indoors,&65&outdoors,& Q cool,economizer &=&7&Btu/hr&per&CFM& BUT& &requires&fan&energy,&many¤t& designs&use&poor&fans&and&small&ducts& Air#side&Economizer& ASHRAE&90.1#2010&allows&VAV&fans&to&use&1.2&W/cfm& If&T out &=&65F&&&T in &=&72&F& 7&Btu/hr&cooling&/&cfm,&but&need&1.2&Wa`s/cfm& So&EER&=&7.5&Btu/hr&/&1.2&W&=&6.2,&COP=&1.8&& A&standard&AC&will&deliver&be`er&performance& E.g.,&EER&of&12,&COP=3.5&is&common&for&T out =65& When&T out =58&F&or&lower&such&a&systems&=&AC!& Through#wall&paddle&/&vane#axial&fans&can&deliver&air&at& very&high&efficiencies&(i.e.,&<&0.1&w/cfm),&cop>20!& Provide&motorized&damper&relief&and&low&pressure&ducts& 17&
18 Schools& E.g&Double#loaded&corridor&or&exterior& corridor& One&wall&+&roof&exposed/class& Small&systems&work&well&per&class& mini#split&+&hrv& VenFlaFon&control&/&class& Individual&control&of&temperature!& Lots&of&redundancy,&easy&to&maintain& Corridor& Conclusions& When&the&loads&drop&due&to&good&enclosures& New&mechanical&opFons&open&up& Old¶digms&no&longer&valid& Simpler&systems&(decouple&funcFons)&simpler& controls&can&be&designed& For&residenFal,&very&small&units&can&be&a& challenge& For&commercial,&use&large&residenFal&scale& At&BuildingScience.com& FRONT PHOTO: ALEX LUKACHKO BACK PHOTO: BUILDING SCIENCE CORPORATION ABOUT THE BOOK High Performance Enclosures: Design Guide for Institutional, Commercial and Industrial Buildings in Cold Climates provides guidance for architects and building enclosure engineers working to meet the growing need for buildings that have significantly lower operational energy consumption. John Straube addresses a range of practical questions about low energy building enclosures that save energy while simultaneously improving durability, comfort, and rain control: How much of an impact can the enclosure, massing, and orientation have? How much glazing is appropriate and what options are available? How much does thermal bridging matter and how can it be minimized at difficult structural details? How does one detail thick layers of continuous insulation outside of steel stud walls? Can layers of insulating sheathing reduce the risk of moisture damage? High Performance Enclosures The first part of the Design Guide provides the building science theory that underpins the designer's work to control water, heat, air and vapor movement across the skin. Specific details, such as parapets, grade-level connections, window installation, and curtainwall system integration, are provided for different types of high performance enclosure systems in the second part of the book. A generous amount of additional supporting information on energy and building science issues is provided in the appendices. JOHN STRAUBE High Performance Enclosures STRAUBE DESIGN GUIDE FOR INSTITUTIONAL COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS IN COLD CLIMATES High Performance Enclosures JOHN STRAUBE Corner& 4/V/7.5/m/ Core&/&&Perimeter& Core& 12/V/25/R/ Perimeter&Zone& Corner& Perimeter&Zone& performance& dominated&by&climate&and& enclosure& Core&Zone&& dominated&by&interior&use.& Climate/enclosure&almost& irrelevant& In&most&occupancies,&core& needs&cooling&and&lighfng&all& year&long,&all&day& Building&Science&2008&& 18&
19 Many&buildings&with& sizeable&core&areas& require&cooling&in& winter&while&heafng& the&perimeter& Large&Buildings& Define& perimeter & Maximum&distance&about&25&f/&7.5&m& Classrooms&ofen&25#30&f,&open&plan&office& Minimum&ofen&set&by&walls/parFFons&of& exterior&offices& Cellular&offices&ofen&15&f/&4.5m&deep& Building&Science&2008&& Building&Science&2008&& Skin&Dominated&Building& Core& Perimeter&Zone&over&most&of&building&area& Excellent&daylighFng&and&cross&venFlaFon& opportunifes& &Termed& Skin&Dominated & Demands&good&building&enclosure& Building&Science&2008&& 19&
HVAC&for&Low#load&houses& Zones&and&rooms& The&New&World& R30&wall&R60&roof&R4&window& HeaBng&/&cooling&loads&shrinking!&
8:00&#&8:30&&1.&What&is&a&low#load&building?& Dr.&Straube&will&review&enclosure&specificaBons&including&insulaBon&levels,&airBghtness,&windows,&and&internal& gains,&and&then&discuss&the&approach&to&determining&heabng&and&cooling&power&densibes.&
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