ESCAPE WAYS IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Transcription

1 ESCAPE WAYS IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS 1. Fire safety solution a) Division of buildings into fire compartments and determination of fire safety degree b) Comparison of standard and design requirements on fire resistance of buildings structures c) Escape ways from evacuation point of view d) Distance separations and fire dangerous space e) External and internal fire-fighting routes f) Water supply for extinguishing and supply of electric energy g) Extinguishers, types, their number and position

2 Escape ways in residential buildings Escape way: a) on the plane: ramps and steps with maximum slope 1 : 12 b) on the steps: ramps and steps with higher slope than 1 : 12 Height of steps in range from 150 to 180 mm Sidelong steps of rhomboid or triangle shape are distinguished by deteriorated possibility of person-movement first of all in place of contraction-steps. The width of sidelong steps must be minimum 230 mm in the distance of 300 mm. Orthervise the remaining part of stairs with the step-width of 230 mm is included to the escape of persons. So far as stairs serves for less than 10 persons is possible to give up these requirements.

3 Division of escape ways: a) non-protective (NPEW) b) partly protective (PPEW) c) protective of: type A (PEW-A) type B (PEW-B) type C (PEW-C) Spare escape possibilities, especially: Windows or other openings of clear width minimum 500 mm, height 800 mm, with parapet of maximum height 1200 mm Escape or fire ladders, Slide bars, Slide gutters

4 Up to now in protective escape way needn't be: a) placed inner fittings of a dwelling which narrow required width of escape way, b) free run combustible fluid distribution (liquid, gas), piping of flammable substances, free run air-conditioning distribution which do not serve for protective escape ways, free run smoke flues, electric distribution etc. Combustible materials can be in the structure of windows, doors, handles of protective escape ways in the same way so as spaces serving to supervision (lodge, reception, information service, social amenities etc. Flooring must be the class of reaction to fire from A1 fl up to C fl (without PVC linoleum)

5 Safety time of person-stay PEW - A.up to 4 minute PEW - B.up to 15 minute PEW - C.up to 30 minute Ventilation of protective escape ways a) Natural ventilation b) Mechanical ventilation: - type A: 10 x per hour - type B - type A + fire lobby: 10 x per hour - type C - type B + overpressure: minimum 25 Pa maximum 100 Pa 15 x per hour

6 Emergency lighting Emergency lighting serves to lighting at electric energy-stoppage from distribution network. It must have two independent sources of electric energy, e.g. built-in accumulator battery Emergency lighting must be functional in minimum time: 15 minutes in protective escape way of type A 30 minutes in protective escape way of type B 45 minutes in protective escape way of type C As far as protective escape way serves at the same time as internal fire-fighting route it must be functional in minimum time 60 minutes.

7 Room with two exits and one non-protective way

8 Length of escape way along doubleflight stairs between two neighbour floors

9 Principles for the design of nonprotective escape way

10 Places for the width-assessment of non-protective escape way a) The exits 1 and 3, or in the east 2 from FC A to neighbour fire compartment B, as far as non-protective way paces by it b) The exits 4,5,6,8 assess only in case that their dimension < width of the exit 2. Further the exit 7 is assessed as far as this exit is more narrow than the exit 3, the width of way 9,10 (corridor) as far as this width is more narrow than the exit 2. The exit 1 dimensions on the sum of escape strips of exits 2 and 3

11 Opening of door into escape way a) about 180 as far as the smallest number of escape strips u is the same with the width of corridor w b) In case when door wing does not intervene in the smallest number og escape strips u

12 The location and opening of door into stair space a) About 180 as far as the smallest number of escape strips u is the same with the width of corridor w b) In case when door wing does not intervene in the smallest number og escape strips u

13 Protective escape way of type A with natural venting by opening in every storey

14 Protective escape way of type A with natural venting by opening for inlet of fresh air in entrance storey and by opening for outlet of used air in upper place of escape way

15 Protective escape way of type A with natural venting by air flue for outlet of used air from every storey

16 Variants of protective escape way of type B

17 Variants of protective escape way of type B

18 Variants of protective escape way of type B with use of external road

19 Variants of protective escape way of type C with pressure ventilation of fire lobby and staircase

20 Examples of lift shaft- arrangement in stair hall

21 Requirements on fire barriers of lift motor room

22 External communication in rehabilitation as protective escape way of type A a) Separating building structured is of type EI b) Separating building structured is of type EW

23 Lights in protective escape ways in reconstructions

24 Temperature in stair-shaft protective escape way

25 Roof window with electric drive

26 Electric drive KA 22/600

27 Window to ventilation of protective escape way

28 Window to outlet of smoke

29 Window to outlet of smoke

30 Opening window with electric drive

31 Control of louver by electric drives

32 Fire protective openings in place of person-escape According to the frequency of door opening it is possible to divide fire protective openings into four groups: 1) single - leaf door which are during normal operation without alarm closed they use either to the separation of fire compartments with low frequency of person-movement or with installed air conditioning, 2) single - leaf door which are during normal operation without alarm opened they separate spaces without air conditioning, with relatively high frequency of pacing persons 3) two-leaved door which close gradually 4) door in lift shafts

33 Single-leaf door during normal operation without alarm closed Fire door with upper door closer and with electromagnetic and hydraulic fixing a) total view b) possibilities of door leaf - fixing 1 upper door closer 2 socket 3 fire detector

34 Single-leaf door during normal operation without alarm closed Fire door with flooring door closer a) total view b) possibilities of door leaf - fixing 1 flooring door closer 2 socket 3 fire detector

35 Single-leaf door during normal operation without alarm opened Fire door with fixing machinery (magnet) a) opened door b) closed door 1 fire door 2 fire detector 3 antismoke switch 4 interrupted press button 5 upper closer 6a held down magnet on flooring 6b held down magnet on wall 7 connection on electric network

36 Single-leaf door during normal operation without alarm opened Fire door with fixing machinery a) for door leaves b) for sliding door 1 fixing machinery for door leaf 2 fixing machinery for sliding door with mounting board 3 door closer

37 Regulator of gradual door - closing Two-leaved fire door with regulator of gradual door - closing 1 regulator of gradual closing

38 Doors in lift shafts Lift doors differ from the other types of fire protective openings such way that themselves cannot prevent from spread of fire from burning storey into storey without fire. They effect as a part of shaft system to a certain extent. As far as all lift doors close a fire would have to spread from storey intervened by fire into other storey by door, shaft and next door. Fire does not usually spread from storey into other storey by lift shaft that is to say not even in case when lift cabin stop in front of opened door in burning storey. However, it must be fulfilled the condition that lift shaft does not prove higher fire load, it must be ventilated and lift shaft must be produced from incombustible materials.

39 Thank you for your attention