Electrical Engineering Textbook

Transcription

1 Electrical Engineering Tetbook Bearbeitet von Horst Bumiller, Monika Burgmaier, Walter Eichler, Bernd Feustel, Thomas Käppel, Werner Klee, Jürgen Manderla, Olaf Reichmann, Jürgen Schwarz, Klaus Tkotz, Ulrich Winter, Klaus Ziegler 1. Auflage Taschenbuch. 663 S. Paperback ISBN Format (B L): cm Gewicht: 1087 g schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 EUROPA TECHNICAL BOOK SERIES for the electrotechnical, electronic and information technology trades Electrical Engineering Tetbook 1st edition Prepared and revised by teachers at vocational colleges and by engineers (see net page) VERLAG EUROPA-LEHRMITTEL Nourney, Vollmer GmbH & Co. KG Düsselberger Strasse Haan-Gruiten Germany Europa no.: 32409

3 Original title: Fachkunde Elektrotechnik, 29th edition, 2014 Authors: Bumiller, Horst Burgmaier, Monika Eichler, Walter Feustel, Bernd Käppel, Thomas Klee, Werner Manderla, Jürgen Reichmann, Olaf Schwarz, Jürgen Tkotz, Klaus Winter, Ulrich Ziegler, Klaus Freudenstadt Durbach Kaiserslautern Kirchheim-Teck Münchberg Mehlingen Berlin Altlandsberg Tettnang Kronach Kaiserslautern Nordhausen Head of the working group: Klaus Tkotz Photos: Authors and companies (list of companies on page 650) Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation INTEL is a registered trademark of INTEL Corporation Linu is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds Reprint of the bo shots of Microsoft products with the kind permission of Microsoft Corporation All other products, trademarks, fonts and logos are the property or registered trademarks of their respective proprietors Graphic design: Drawing office of the publisher Europa-Lehrmittel, Ostfildern, Germany This book contains references/links to websites. The operators of these websites are solely responsible for their contents, therefore no liability is accepted. In the event that you find illegal or inappropriate content on the websites mentioned, we kindly request that you inform us at info@europa-lehrmittel.de about it, so that we can remove the respective link when reprinting this book. 1st edition 2017 Print All printed versions of this edition may be used concurrently since they are unchanged, ecept for corrections to typographical errors. ISBN Title image: Idea: Klaus Tkotz, Eecution: braunwerbeagentur, Radevormwald, Germany, using 2 photos from the image database (socket: emmi-fotolia.com; weltkugel: erdquadrat-fotolia.com) All rights reserved. This publication is protected under copyright law. Any use other than those regulated by law must be approved in writing by the publisher by Verlag Europa-Lehrmittel, Nourney, Vollmer GmbH & Co. KG, Haan-Gruiten, Germany Translation and typesetting: dbm-translations, Essen, Germany Printing: Media-Print Informationstechnologie, Paderborn, Germany

4 General Preface... 4 Table of Contents (in detail) Notes on subject areas Inde.... from page 651 Electrical engineering Table of Contents (short) 1 Occupational safety and health Basic concepts of electrical engineering Basic circuits of electrical engineering Electric field Magnetic field Circuit engineering AC and three-phase current technology Measurement technology Electronics Electrical systems Protective measures Building engineering systems Electric machines Information technology Automation technology Materials, manufacturing, environment, energy saving Profession and workplace 606 Information pages Circuit symbols Electrical and general symbols, test signs Resistors and capacitors (identification) Overcurrent protection equipment (trip characteristics) Lines and cables (installation types, minimum cross-sections). 642 Lines (current carrying capacity, conversion factors) Three-phase motors (operating data) Diodes, transistors, thyristor, triacs (characteristics) Important abbreviations List of companies Practical Tips (selection) RMS-value measurement of non-sinusoidal quantities Measurement with the oscilloscope Installation, commissioning of a frequency converter Design, dimensioning of a photovoltaic system Color coding of conductors Installation of power lines Eample of a power line calculation Testing of electrical systems Multimedia cabling, networked house , 430 Selection, connection of an electric motor , 482 Establish a WLAN connection Starting up a business Chapter number and symbols Guide to the Electrical Engineering Tetbook

5 4 Preface 1st edition Dear Reader, The Electrical Engineering Tetbook is intended for use in initial and continuing training in the profession of electrical engineering. This first English edition is based on the 29th German edition of the established and reliable tetbook Fachkunde Elektrotechnik. It is used for the teaching of basic and technical knowledge, in particular in the field of energy technology. It is aimed at everyone who is active in this profession. Target groups (eamples) Electronics engineers for energy technology and building technology, automation technology, machine and drive technology, industrial engineering, equipment and systems Industrial electricians Electric systems technicians Electrical engineers Students Structure and use of the book The book was created by an eperienced team of authors made up of teachers, master electricians and engineers. It has 17 chapters and is structured systematically according to subjects. The book is useful for skills-oriented and practical training. It can also be used as a reference work. Numerous multi-colored images, tables and charts help with the eplanations. You will find eplanations and uniform representations of important formulas of electrical engineering. Formulas and legends form a unit and are highlighted in color inside a frame. In the information section, you will find information on electro-technical symbols, characteristics and laying instructions for cables and lines. The Review pages consolidate and deepen the knowledge you have acquired. The results of the calculation tasks from the Review can be found on page 631. Practical tip pages will be of great support in professional activities. Note on the standards The book is based on European and German standards such as DIN, DIN EN, DIN EN ISO and DIN VDE. It is important to note that in some countries other standards, laws and regulations are valid that must be observed. Auiliary tool supplementing the Electrical Engineering Tetbook As supplementary technical literature, we recommend for the deepening and completion of your knowledge the book entitled Electrical Engineering Tables, Standards, Formulas, also published by Europa-Lehrmittel. What can we make even better for you? Drop us a line at: info@europa-lehrmittel.de The team of authors and the publishing house Europa-Lehrmittel Winter 2016

6 Table of contents 1 Occupational safety and health Safety and health protection in the workplace Product Safety Act Ordinance on Hazardous Substances Safety symbols First aid Practical tip: Assessment of risk Review the lesson for chapter Basic concepts of electrical engineering How to deal with physical quantities Mass and force Mechanical work Energy Mechanical power Types of electrical circuits Electric direct current circuit Circuit symbols Electric charge (quantity of electricity) Structure of atoms Voltage Voltage sources Potential and voltage Types of voltage generation Measurement of voltage Electric current Electric current in metals Measurement of electric currents Effects of the electric current Types of current Current density Electrical resistance and conductance Ohm's law Conductor resistance Temperature dependency of the resistance Design types of resistors Electric energy and work Generation of electric energy Electric work Electric power Efficiency Electric heat Review the lesson for chapter Basic circuits in electrical engineering Series connection Rules of series connection Series resistors Voltage drop on lines Parallel connection Hybrid circuits Voltage dividers Bridge circuits Balanced bridge circuit Unbalanced bridge circuit Resistance determination by means of current and voltage measurement Voltage source Loads of a voltage source Equivalent circuit of a voltage source Matching Connections of voltage sources Galvanic elements Conversion of chemical energy into electric energy Primary elements Secondary elements (batteries) Review the lesson for chapter Electric field Characteristics of the electric field Basic concepts Electric field strength Electric induction and polarization Electric fields in practice Capacitors in a DC circuit Behavior of a capacitor Capacitance of a capacitor Calculation of the capacitance of capacitors Charging and discharging of capacitors Energy of the charged capacitor Connections of capacitors Parallel connection Series connection Characteristics and types of capacitors Characteristics Construction types Review the lesson for chapter Magnetic field Characteristics of magnets and display representation Electromagnetism Current-carrying conductor and magnetic field Current-carrying coil and magnetic field Magnetic values Magnetic flu Φ Current linkage Θ Magnetic field strength H Magnetic flu density B Iron in the magnetic field of a coil Current and magnetic field Current-carrying conductor in the magnetic field Current-carrying coil in the magnetic field Current-carrying parallel conductors Voltage generation through induction Generator principle (induction through motion) Lenz s rule Transformer principle (stationary induction) Self-induction Eddy currents Review the lesson for chapter Circuit engineering Circuit documents Practical tip: Installation of a two-way circuit with socket Circuit installations Lamp circuits Circuits with indicator lights Circuit with a latching relay Infrared motion sensor Circuit with stairway timer switch Paging systems Intercoms Electromagnetic switches Relays Contactors Contactor circuits Jog mode Self-holding circuit Sequential circuit Applications of contactor circuits Reversing contactor circuit Star-delta contactor circuit Automatic star-delta contactor circuit Dahlander circuit Terminal diagram Electrical design of machines Practical tip: Requirements for control circuits Review the lesson for chapter Table of contents

7 6 Table of contents Table of contents 7 AC and three-phase current technology Characteristics of AC technology Period and peak value Frequency and period duration Frequency and wavelength Sinusoidally alternating quantities Vector representation of sinusoidal values Angular frequency Generation of sinusoidal voltages Peak value and RMS value of sinusoidally alternating quantities Behavior of alternating quantities Non-sinusoidal voltages and currents Frequency and number of pole pairs Phase shift Active resistance Impedance Coil in an AC circuit Inductive reactance Series connection of active resistance and inductive reactance Voltage triangle Resistance triangle Parallel connection of active resistance and inductive reactance Current triangle and conductance triangle Powers in an AC circuit Active power Apparent power Reactive power Power triangle with inductive load Power factor, effective factor and reactive factor Power dissipation in real coils Capacitor in the AC circuit Capacitive reactance Series connection of active resistance and capacitive reactance RC high pass RC low pass Parallel connection of active resistance and capacitive reactance Power dissipation in real capacitors Circuit of coil, capacitor and active resistance Series connection of active resistance, inductive and capacitive reactance Parallel connection of active resistance, inductive and capacitive reactance Oscillating circuits Resonance Series oscillating circuit Parallel oscillating circuit Three-phase alternating current (three-phase current) Generation of three-phase alternating voltage Concatenation Star connection Delta connection Conductor faults in three-phase current systems Power in three-phase current systems Power measurement in three-phase current systems Compensation Types of compensation Dimensioning of power-factor correction capacitors Audio frequency trap circuits Compensation of non-sinusoidal currents Review the lesson for chapter Measurement technology Electrical measurement instruments Basic concepts of measurement instruments Display types of measuring instruments Analog measurement instruments Measurement errors of analog measurement instruments Electrical measurement elements Digital measurement instruments Electricity meters Induction meters Electronic electricity meters Practical measurement Measurement of powers Measurement of resistances Measurement with current measuring calipers Measurement categories Performing a practical measurement Practical tip: RMS-value measurement of non sinusoidal quantities Oscilloscope Analog oscilloscope Structure of an analog oscilloscope Two-channel oscilloscope Measurements with the oscilloscope Digital storage oscilloscope Practical tip: Measurements using the oscilloscope Measurement of non-electric values using sensors Active and passive sensors Sensor applications Sensors for displacement and angle measurement Sensors for the measurement of elongation, power, pressure and torque Sensors for the measurement of temperatures Proimity switches Optical proimity switches Inductive proimity switches Capacitive proimity switches Design of proimity switches Review the lesson for chapter Electronics Semiconductor materials Semiconductor resistors Voltage-dependent resistors (varistors) Thermistors (NTC resistors) Varistors (PTC resistors) Field plates Hall generators Semiconductor diodes Mode of operation Power diodes Z-diodes (limiter diodes) Semiconductor identification Cooling of semiconductor components Transistors Bipolar transistors Transistors in practice Setting the operating point Stabilization of the operating point Transistor as switch Multivibrators Bistable multivibrator Timer module NE Monostable multivibrator Astable multivibrator Threshold switch (Schmitt trigger) Amplifier circuits Basic concepts of amplification technology Basic circuits of the bipolar transistor Single-stage bipolar transistor amplifier

8 Table of contents in an emitter circuit Field effect transistors (FET) Basic amplifier circuits using field effect transistors Optoelectronics Optoelectronic transmitters Light-emitting diodes Laser diodes Optoelectronic receivers (detectors) Photo diodes Photo resistors Photo elements Solar cells Photo transistors Circuit eamples of optoelectronic receivers with photo transistors Liquid crystal displays Optocouplers Operational amplifiers Basics Analog circuits with operational amplifiers Digital circuits with operational amplifiers Digital technology Signal types in control technology Basic logic operations AND operation OR operation NOT operation Basic logic operations with output or input negation Logic operations with output negation Logic operations with input negation Input connection of logic operations Application of the basic logic operations Circuit families TTL circuit family CMOS circuit family Switching algebra Non-equivalence and equivalence operation Flip-flops Status-triggered flip-flops and clocked flip-flops JK flip-flop with double-edge triggering Circuits with flip-flops Binary number system Meter circuits Shift registers Analog-to-digital converter Digital-to-analog converter Power electronics Components of power electronics Thyristor GTO thyristor Triac Diac IGBT Terms in power electronics Rectifier circuits Uncontrolled rectifier circuits Rectifier circuits for AC one-pulse one-way circuit E1U Two-pulse bridge circuit B2U Uncontrolled rectifier circuits for three-phase current Three-pulse center-tap circuit M3U Si-pulse bridge circuit B6U Ripple in rectifier circuits Rated transformer power in rectifier circuits 253 Smoothing of pulsating direct voltages Controlled rectifier circuits Fully controlled one-pulse one-way circuit E1C Effect of different loads on controlled rectifiers Fully controlled two-pulse bridge circuit B2C Triggering of thyristors (valves) Control characteristic Fully-controlled three-phase rectifier Inverter operation of eternally commutated converters AC converters Bi-directional connection W1C Leading-edge phase control Trailing-edge phase control Disadvantages of leading-edge phase control Multicycle control DC converters Forward converters and flyback converters Types of controls for DC choppers Inverters Power supply units Controlled power supply units Voltage controllers Switching power supply units Operating modes of electric drives DC drives DC motor on thyristor converter DC motor on si-pulse bridge circuit B6C DC motor with four-quadrant drive (4-Q drive) Speed control with transistor DC chopper Frequency converters Three-phase asynchronous motor on frequency converter Selecting a three-phase drive with frequency converter Practical tip: Installation and commissioning of a frequency converter Review the lesson for chapter Electrical systems Energy generation and power transmission Power stations Thermal power stations Environmental protection at thermal power stations CHP (combined heat and power) stations Hydro-electric power stations Renewable energy Photovoltaic systems Modes of operation of photovoltaic systems 280 Practical tip: Design and dimensioning of a photovoltaic system Wind power plants Landfill gas and biogas plants Energy management in smart grids Transformer stations Voltage levels Substations High-voltage switches Transmission and distribution networks Maimum, high, medium, and low voltage networks Types of networks Low-voltage systems Network configuration House connection Grounding systems Protective potential equalization via the main grounding rail Main power supply systems Practical tip: Meter cabinet with circuit distribution and multimedia distribution Practical tip: Equipment of electrical systems in residential buildings Electromagnetic compatibility and TN system Insulated lines, cables and overhead lines Insulated lines Practical tip: Color coding of conductors Cables for medium and low voltage systems Overhead lines for high and medium voltage systems Data lines Table of contents

9 8 Table of contents Table of contents Practical tip: Installation of lines Protection of electric lines and loads Protection switches Thermal trips Electromagnetic trips Circuits breakers Selective main line circuit breaker Power switches Motor protection devices Dimensioning of permanently installed cables and lines Voltage drop on lines Arrangement of overcurrent protection devices 321 Practical tip: Eample of a line calculation Special types of rooms and systems Electrical installation in rooms with bath or shower Saunas Construction sites Agricultural and horticultural establishments Establishments eposed to the risk of fire Eplosion hazard areas Areas used for medical purposes Overview of types of rooms and operating premises Fire-fighting in electrical systems Response to fire in electrical systems Etinguishing agents Review the lesson for chapter Protective measures Hazards involved when working with electric current Effects of electric current on the human body Direct and indirect contact Technical terms for protective measures Safety regulations for low voltage systems Protection classes IP protection types Measures when working on electrical systems Fault types in electrical systems Voltage levels in the event of a fault Network systems Protection against electric shock Automatic cut-off of the power supply Requirements for basic protection (protection against direct contact) Requirements of fault protection (protection against indirect contact) Protection in the TN system Protection in the TT system Protection in the IT system Double or reinforced insulation Protective separation Protection by using low voltage (by means of SELV or PELV) Residual current devices Structure and function Applications of RCDs Characteristics of RCDs Selection and use of RCDs RCD as fire protection Residual current monitor Protective measures for systems that are operated and monitored solely by qualified electricians Checking the protective measures Initial testing of stationary electrical systems and equipment according to DIN VDE 0100, part Checking the protective conductors and protective potential equalization conductors Measurement of the insulation resistances in electrical systems Testing the SELV and PELV protective measures and protective separation Measuring the insulation resistance of floors and walls Testing the protective measure: Automatic shut off of the power supply in the TN, TT and IT systems Testing in the TN system Measurement of the loop impedance Testing in the TT system Measurement of the grounding resistance Testing in the IT system Testing of the residual current protective device (RCD) Testing of the rotating field direction Recurrent testing of electrical systems and stationary equipment as per DIN VDE E-check as a seal of quality for the electrical system Practical tip: Testing of electrical systems Practical tip: Eample: Fault current protection system (RCD) has tripped Protection against electrostatic charge Review the lesson for chapter Building engineering systems Lighting systems Color spectrum and color reproduction Photometric quantities Criteria for good lighting Energy efficiency requirements Overview of lamps Halogen lamps Fluorescent lamps Ballasts for fluorescent lamps High-pressure discharge lamps Low-pressure sodium-vapor pressure lamps LED lamps Practical tip: Halogen lighting is replaced by LED lighting Practical tip: Eample for determining the number of lights Light calculation software Distribution of the luminous intensity of light fitures Light management systems Electrical appliances General information on electrical appliances Electric water heaters Electric room heating Electrical appliances for the storage and preparation of food Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of electrical appliances Testing of electrical appliances after repair and modification Recurrent testing of electrical devices Antenna and distribution systems Mode of operation of antennas Receiving antennas Amplification factor, attenuation factor and level Structure of antenna systems Satellite television reception equipment Practical tip: Modules for digital satellite reception DVB-T television receiving systems Broadband communication systems Calculation of a receiving antenna system Installation of receiving antenna systems Practical tip: Multimedia cabling in residential surroundings Telecommunications Data transmission Analog telecommunications system Digital communication system Building services automation Building services management

10 Table of contents Building systems engineering Practical tip: Programming a KNX project Building services automation with visualization Practical tip: The networked house Hazard warning systems Burglar alarm systems Fire alarm systems Practical tip: Eample of a burglar alarm system Practical tip: Installation of smoke detectors Lightning protection Development of a thunderstorm cell Effects of lightning current Lightning protection systems Eternal lightning protection Internal lightning protection Separation distance Review the lesson for chapter Electric machines Transformers Single-phase transformers Structure and mode of operation No-load voltage Transfer ratios Operating behavior with no-load Operating behavior under load Operating behavior with short circuit Short circuit current and starting current Efficiency of transformers Small transformers Structure Types of small transformers Test voltages with small transformers Special transformers Auto-transformers Stray field transformers Transducers Voltage converters Current converters Three-phase transformers Structure and principle Connections Asymmetric load Common vector groups Connecting transformers in parallel Rotating electrical machines Fundamentals Power and torque Structure of rotating machines Rating plate Direction of rotation Operating modes of electric machines Cooling of electrical machines Structural shapes and installation sizes of rotating electrical machines Electric insulation Three-phase asynchronous motors Development of a rotating field Cage motor Starting of cage motors Slip-ring motors Practical tip: Connect a three-phase motor Compact overview for the three-phase asynchronous motor Practical tip: Selection of an electric motor Pole-switchable motors Braking operation of three-phase asynchronous motors Three-phase motor on alternating voltage (Steinmetz circuit) AC asynchronous motor Shaded-pole motors Three-phase linear motors Synchronous motor Stepper motor Synchronous generator Commutator machines Mode of operation Structure Armature quadrative-ais field and armature reaction Connection designations Types of DC motors Starting DC motors Rotational speed control of DC motors Universal motor Servo motors DC servo motor Three-phase servo motor Maintenance and testing of electric machines Review the lesson for chapter Information technology Areas of information technology Computers, programs, and peripherals Components and functioning of a computer Hardware, software, and firmware Computer system Microcomputer Personal computer (PC) Components of a PC Microprocessor (CPU) Semiconductor memory Bus communication Input/output unit Devices for input, output, and storage Devices for input Devices for output Printers Color monitors Peripheral devices for data storage Practical tip: Service task on the PC Software System programs Application programs Software development Networking of computers Services in computer networks Network topologies Components of a star topology local area network (LAN) Network protocol Global network: the Internet Practical tip: Connect two PCs via a network. 530 Practical tip: Establish a WLAN connection to a network Data security, data protection and copyright Harmful programs (malware) Review the lesson for chapter Automation technology Control technology Controlling Technical terms of control technology Types of controls Miniature control units Programmable logic controller (PLC) Structure Programming languages How a PLC works Modular structure in STEP Programming Basic logic operations Normally-closed contacts and normally-open contacts Memory functions Time functions Counters Table of contents

11 10 Table of contents Table of contents Comparators Sequential controls Types of sequential controls Operating modes Sequence flow (structure) Branched sequence flows (sequence selection) Programming a sequence flow using PLC Library-compatible modules Practical tip: Creating a S7 project Machine safety Safety categories (performance levels) Safety-relevant parts Actions in an emergency (EMERGENCY STOP, EMERGENCY OFF) Bus systems Field buses Process visualization Automatic control engineering Tasks and concepts Control systems Steady-state response of controlled systems Dynamic response of controlled systems Automatic controllers Discontinuous controllers Continuous controllers Control loop Oscillatory characteristics Controller selection Controller setting Universal controllers Practical tip: Design of an automatic control system Review the lesson for chapter Materials, manufacturing processes, environmental protection and energy saving Materials in electrical engineering Conductor and contact materials Conductor materials Contact materials Insulating materials Electrical properties of insulators Inorganic and organic insulating materials Liquid and gaseous insulators Manufacturing processes Connections (joining) Detachable connections in electrical engineering Permanent connections in electrical engineering Printed circuits SMD technology Environmental protection Environmental protection regulations at the field of electrical engineering Environmental protection at the workplace Recycling and disposal of waste materials Energy saving Rational use of energy Stand-by operation Tips for saving energy Review the lesson for chapter Tasks during projects Project phases Customer order and customer service Customer epectations and dealing with the customer Stages of a customer order Customer service Calculation and bid Calculation in an industrial operation Calculation of services Cost calculation for a craft business Invoicing Quality management Objectives of quality management The DIN EN ISO 9000:2008 series of standards TQM (total quality management) method Quality tools Practical tip: Starting up a business Review the lesson for chapter Review the lessons (calculation results) Information section Circuit symbols Important symbols in electrical engineering Important certification marks, symbols, and logos Identification of resistors and capacitors Trip characteristics of overcurrent protection equipment. 641 Installation types of cables and insulated lines, minimum cross sections of electric conductors Current carrying capacity, conversion factors of cables and insulated lines Operating data of three-phase squirrel cage motors Diodes NPN transistor Thyristor, triac Important abbreviations List of companies Profession and workplace Professional skills and abilities Teamwork Working methods and time management Communication Creativity techniques Collection of information Presentation Purposes and preparation of a presentation Visualization Giving a presentation Project management

12 Subject guide Subject areas for the first training year in the occupational area of electrical engineering The following selection of subject areas serves as stimuli and suggestions. The subject areas may vary in different countries or regions. Subject areas 1: Analyzing electrical systems and testing functions Page Operational structures, work organization, teamwork , 609 Information acquisition Circuit diagrams, circuit symbols... 25, 101, 632 Basic parameters of electrical engineering... 21, 28, 31, 42 Dangers of electric current Occupational safety, accident prevention, safety regulations... 15, 339 Measurement techniques, oscilloscope , 179 Electronic components , 640, 645 Subject areas 2: Planning and performing electrical installations Job planning Circuit installations Paging systems, intercoms Selecting cables, lines and overcurrent protection equipment , 309, 319, 322, 642 Line dimensioning , 322, 642 Safety regulations and rules, safety signs Environmental protection, energy saving , 601 Preparing a quotation, cost calculation, invoicing , Notes on subject areas Subject areas 3: Analyzing and adjusting controls Technical terms, EVA principle, control types , 535 Sensors Digital technology, basic logic operations Storage function, multivibrators Relays and contactors Subject areas 4: Providing information technology systems Functional specification, performance specifications Hardware Operating systems Software components, applications, Internet , 524, 529 Networks Presentation techniques Data safety, data protection

13 12 Subject areas: Specialization level Notes on subject areas: Specialization level Subject Professions * area DS MD BI IE EB AT Content of subject area Supply of electric energy and safety of equipment Implementing the supply of electric energy for appliances and systems, and ensuring their safety Analyzing systems and testing their safety Analyzing and testing devices and assemblies Inspecting and testing building services systems Manufacturing and testing electric machinery Designing, manufacturing, and testing of electronic components Programming and implementing control systems for equipment Implementing building services systems to the customer's requirements Analyzing the operating behavior of electric machinery Configuring components in terms of hardware and software Selecting and integrating drive systems Augmenting building services systems economically Integrating electric machinery and mechanical components Manufacturing and testing of devices Integrating control and communication systems Planning and implementing communication systems in residential and functional buildings Eecuting and commissioning building technology systems Integrating systems and awarding third-party services Repairing electric machinery Service, inspection and maintenance of devices and systems Commissioning and handover of automation systems Commissioning and maintenance of building services systems Building and maintaining energy systems Operating building and infrastructure systems according to customer wishes Selecting and customizing controls and automatic control systems for electric machinery Setting up manufacturing systems Maintenance and optimization of automation systems Building, commissioning, and maintaining energy systems Startup and maintenance of automated systems Maintenance of building and infrastructure systems, and awarding repair jobs Integrating electric machinery into technical systems Setting up and using test systems Planning automation systems Planning and implementing energy systems and building services systems Planning and implementing electrotechnical systems Planning the changes of use in building and infrastructure systems Maintenance of drive systems Planning and implementing appliances and systems Implementing automation systems Maintenance and changing of energy and building services systems Maintenance and changing of electrotechnical systems Optimization of building and infrastructure systems Adjusting and optimizing drive systems Maintenance of manufacturing and testing systems Book pages (eamples) Safety in the workplace Dangers of electric current Protective measures Grid systems Building engineering Checking the protective measures Repetitive testing, E check , 365 Electric machinery Measurement technology , 178 Electronics Printed circuits Sensors, actuators Control technology Miniature control units Programmable logic control Building services automation KNX project Operating modes of electric machinery Selection of an electric motor Start-up of electric machinery Structure of electric machinery Electric machinery Testing devices Repetitive testing , 402 Lines and cables Line dimensioning , 322 Building engineering Telecommunications systems Paging systems Building services management Aerial systems Hazard warning systems Maintenance and testing of electric machinery. 509 Electrical systems engineering Network systems , 341 Power electronics Transformers Automation technology Electrical appliances Light and lighting technology Photovoltaic systems Automatic control engineering Lightning protection Electrical systems engineering Grid systems Network types Transformers Automation technology Customer order Building engineering Electric machinery Electrical systems engineering Line calculation KNX Energy saving Automation technology Field buses Machinery safety Maintenance and testing of electric machinery. 509 Protective measures Checking the protective measures Selection of an electric motor Automation technology Sequence controls Manufacturing processes Special types of rooms and systems * Electronics engineer for AT: Automation technology, EB: Energy and building technology, IE: Industrial engineering, BI: Building and infrastructure systems, MD: Machinery and drive technology, DS: Devices and systems, as well as systems electronics engineer (craftsman)

14 A new project is starting! A systematic approach is necessary in order to complete projects or orders professionally, e.g. the creation of a circuit installation (net page). The Overview below shows steps in the processing of a project or an order. They can be translated to any application you wish. Not all project steps are always required. It depends on the job. 1. Project analysis Work order Construction drawings, circuit diagrams Rooms Team building by the project manager Assignment of roles and tasks Group work Communication rules 13 Project handling Information acquisition Specialist books, catalogs, corporate documents, PC programs, colleagues, Internet Rules, regulations, laws 2. Project planning Planning, dimensioning Project Quotation and cost accounts Timeframe Materials scheduling Cost efficiency 3. Project implementation Eecution of project planning Documentation Circuit diagrams, functional descriptions, operating manual 4. Project monitoring/ evaluation Visual inspection Invoicing Checking the protective measures Post-calculation Functional testing Handover certificate 5. Project documentation Documentation Presentation, handover 6. Project evaluation Documentation, designs, solutions Own assessment

15 Project handling 14 Supplement customer file Post-calculation, if needed Create invoice Determine working hours Determine travel times, travel costs Do on-site measuring Clarify maintenance work Hand over operation instructions Eplain function(s) Function O.K. Right rotating field Trigger time RCD Grounding resistance Loop impedance Insulation resistance Protective conductor resistance Color codes Covers Protective conductor connections Line selection Assignment of protection devices Clean construction site Dispose of line, cable residues Fluorescent lamps to hazardous waste DIN VDE regulations Safety rules Accident Prevention Regulations Occupational safety Perform installation Construction site meeting Provide materials, tools Customer training Documentation Check by measuring and testing Testing via visual inspection Disposal Comply with regulations Installation 4 Order evaluation Stages of a customer order: Creating an electrical installation connection 3 Order analysis Order planning 2 1 Customer Customer meeting for planning Installation planning Plan preparation Organization Connection type Cable type Types of installation wishes/ requirements Technical options Rules Room lighting Energy saving Job flow On-off circuit Series circuit Two-way circuit Impulse circuit Stairway timer switch Sheathed cable Flat-webbed cable Wire cable Plastic cable Melting fuse Line protection switch Preparing a quotation Order implementation Commissioning Safeguarding Surfacemounted Flush-mounted In plaster In tube DIN VDE regulations Circuit symbols Installation diagram Circuit diagram Parts lists Scheduling Tools, material Network operator

16 Occupational safety 15 1 Occupational safety and health protection 1) 1.1 Safety and health protection in the workplace Electrical accidents can be largely ascribed to technical defects, e.g. missing protective barriers or incorrect insulation. In addition, organizational shortcomings, e.g. missing or inadequate work instructions, as well as human errors, e.g. faulty actions, can lead to accidents. The personal protective equipment at the workplace is of great importance for protection against injury and illness. Personal protective equipment refers to all items (e.g. protective clothing and hardhat) that protect the body against health-endangering effects. Safeguards and information signs must not be removed, e.g. the sign relating to safety in the workplace (Figure). The Ordinance on Industrial Safety and Health (see Overview) has established directions for the provision and use of work equipment. Occupational Safety and Health Act. This law has been designed to ensure and improve the safety and health of employees at their workplace, through measures of occupational safety. The employer is responsible for safety and health protection in the workplace. By law, he is required to conduct a risk analysis (page 19) in order to record and assess the specific risks of the work equipment and systems, of the working conditions for the employees, and of the risks to the environment. Accident Prevention Regulations oblige employers to take measures for the prevention of work accidents, occupational illnesses, and workrelated health hazards as well as for effective first aid. The accident prevention regulations issued by trade associations and the public accident insurers are called the Trade Associations Regulations for safety and health at work. 1.2 Product Safety Act The Product Safety Act regulates the requirements for the safety of products as well as their inspection and labeling (e. g. CE label). It applies when products are made available, presented, or used on the market for the first time within the scope of business operations. Products include, for instance, machines, home improvement equipment and household appliances, tools, leisure and sports equipment, all tetiles, furniture, toys and personal protective equipment. 1 The laws referred to in this chapter show the implementation of European Directives in Germany. Overview: Laws and regulations (eamples) DIN VDE regulations Ordinance on Industrial Safety and Health Occupational Safety and Health Act Accident Prevention Regulations Rules and regulations of the Social Accident Insurance e.g. Regulation 1 Principles of Prevention Regulation 2 Occupational Physicians and Specialists for Occupational Safety Regulation 3 Electrical Systems and Equipment Regulation 7 Occupational Medical Precautions Technical Rules for Operational Safety Product Safety Act Ordinance on Hazardous Substances Look for: Safety in the workplace Work safely and carefully. Apply passive safety. Wear personal protective equipment. Warning symbols Emergency symbols Mandatory symbols Prohibitory symbols Fire protection symbols Comply with prohibitions, e.g. no drinking, no smoking, no unauthorized entry. Report or eliminate safety deficiencies or states of danger immediately. Do not use operating equipment, working devices, or work equipment without authorization. Maintain tidiness in the workplace. Through active involvement, keep yourself and colleagues safe from accidents and damage to health. Figure: Sign relating to safety in the workplace i Definitions of terms from the Product Safety Act Products are goods, materials and compounds produced by a manufacturing process. Presenting means the offering, displaying, or demonstrating of products for purposes of advertising or provision on the market. Provision on the market is any paid or free-of-charge provision of a product for distribution, consumption or use on the market of the European Union (EU) in the course of a commercial operation.