Postharvest Quality Assurance of Fruits

Transcription

1 Postharvest Quality Assurance of Fruits

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3 Mohammad Shamsher Ahmad Mohammed Wasim Siddiqui Postharvest Quality Assurance of Fruits Practical Approaches for Developing Countries

4 Mohammad Shamsher Ahmad Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology Bihar Agricultural University Sabour, Bihar, India Mohammed Wasim Siddiqui Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology Bihar Agricultural University Sabour, Bihar, India ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 To our beloved parents this book is affectionately dedicated

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7 Preface Being perishable in nature, the annual postharvest loss in fruits considering quality and quantity is very high ranging from 30 to 40 % of the total production. Moreover, the absence of proper postharvest handling practices and value addition exaggerates the postharvest losses. This book entitled Postharvest Quality Assurance of Fruits: Practical Approaches for Developing Countries is written by the experienced authors; it contains 14 chapters related to postharvest quality descriptions, marketing, factors affecting quality of fruits during postharvest handling, quality testing procedure on commercial scale, harvesting season, etc. The first chapter is introduction describing general modes of marketing, producer s share in consumer s rupee, changing scenario of fruit business, and quality for organized retailing. The second chapter describes major factors affecting the quality of fruits/fresh produce after harvesting until final consumption. The third chapter includes the factors that affect demand and market value of the crops. The fourth chapter deals with the growing belt and harvesting season of major and commercially important fruits. Fifth and sixth chapters describe overall quality prerequisites for domestic and international markets. Seventh chapter comprehensively discusses all the important operations in order to preserve the quality of fresh fruits during postharvest conditions. Chapter 8 is about packaging of fruits. This chapter describes objectives, and commercially used traditional and modern packaging systems including active, smart, and shrink packaging. Chapter 9 summarizes different types of storage systems starting from low cost on farm storage to most sophisticated Controlled Atmosphere (CA) storage. Chapter 10 describes almost all marketing channels prevailing in fruit business in developing countries including India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Chapter 11 nicely discusses about the supply chain and marketing channels of fruits. Similarly, Chap. 12 highlights and discusses different modes of transportation during supply chain of fresh fruits. Chapter 13 describes the testing procedure for quality assurance of fruits during postharvest storage and marketing. The last chapter, i.e., Chap. 14, summarizes the important nondestructive quality assessment methods along with some case studies including illustrations. vii

8 viii Preface The authors are well confident that the book will be of great importance for the professionals and industries involved in the handling of fresh fruits worldwide. The book is also an important and useful venture for the graduate and doctorate students to have practical knowledge about the subject. The authors welcome the suggestions from the readers and professionals for the betterment and enrichment of the book. Bihar, India Mohammad Shamsher Ahmad Mohammed Wasim Siddiqui

9 Acknowledgements First of all, we ascribe all glory to the Gracious Almighty Allah from whom all blessings come. We would like to thank Him for His blessings to write this book. We, the authors, wish to appreciatively thank the Bihar Agricultural University, India, for providing us the opportunities and facilities to execute such an exciting book. We convey our special thanks to our colleagues and other research team members for their support and encouragement that helped us accomplish this venture. Much appreciation is expressed to Prof. Kamlesh Prasad, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, S. L. I. E. T., Longowal, Punjab, India for contributing a very nice and informative chapter to this book. The information provided in his chapter on Non-destructive Quality Analysis of Fruits is the need of the hour that not only beautified the book but also increased the importance as well. We are heartily grateful to him. We are thankful to Shri Basant Nayak, Head-Business Development, Adanni Agrifresh Ltd., India, Shri Dinesh Bhagwat Rao Mankar, CEO, M/S Satpuda Impex Pvt. Ltd., India, and Dr. Pradyumna Raj Agrahari, CEO, Indus Mega Food Park Pvt. Ltd., India, for providing related information, photographs, and valuable advice while writing the manuscript, which made this book useful at practical levels. We also would like to express appreciation to Dr. Daniel Falatko, Associate Editor, Food Science and Jeffrey Taub, Project Coordinator, Book Production from Springer, NY, USA, who have offered considerable and valuable information that employed during preparation of book proposal and manuscript. Our acknowledgement will not be complete without expressing our indebtedness to our beloved parents and family members for their infinitive love, cordial affection, incessant inspiration, and silent prayer to Allah for our well-being and confidence. ix

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11 Contents 1 Introduction... 1 References Factors Affecting Postharvest Quality of Fresh Fruits... 7 Introduction... 7 Preharvest Factors Influencing Postharvest Quality of Fresh Produce... 8 Postharvest Factors Influencing Postharvest Quality of Fresh Produce... 9 Maturity Stage... 9 Methods of Harvesting Tools for Harvesting and Assembling Time of Harvesting Precooling Sorting and Grading Packaging, Packaging Materials, and Pallatization Use of Cushioning Materials Storage Special Treatments (Curing) Do s and Don ts for Storage of Fresh Produce Types of Storage Transportation and Transport Vehicle Road Condition and Duration of Transportation Pattern of Loading References Factors Affecting Marketing of Fruits Introduction Quality Factors Color Mixing Quality Mixing Size Mixing xi

12 xii Contents Harvesting, Packing, and Ripening Problems Immature Harvesting Application of Ethephon Ripening with Calcium Carbide (CaC 2 ) Modern Ripening Process Overfilling and Overloading Exposure to Sun Poor Quality Packaging Materials Wrong Method for Determination of Fruit Firmness Storage and Handling Problems Insufficient Storage Capacity Multiple Handling Long Chain of Intermediaters Non-existent Infrastructure at the Wholesale Markets Very High Postharvest Losses Unfair Price Fixation Factors Affecting Sales of Fresh Produce Presence of Substitute Crops Sale Price of Substitute Crops Presence of Festivals Marriage Season Eating Habits and Preferences Price of Imported Fruits Presence of Competitor Crops Price During Season More Arrival in a Particular Day Sunday Factor Weather Factor Quality Presence of Corporate Buyers Currency Value References Growing Areas and Harvesting Season of Commercially Important Fruits Apple Banana Mandarin Oranges Grapes Pomegranate Pineapple Mango Litchi References... 60

13 Contents xiii 5 Commercial Quality of Fruits: Part I Introduction Harvest Maturity Indices of Apple Quality Parameters of Apple Peel Color Weight Size/SKU Shape Physical Characteristics Disease and Insect Quality Specifications of Kashmir Apple Harvest Maturity Indices of Kashmir Apple Quality Parameters of Banana Harvest Maturity Indices of Banana General Characteristics Marketing Quality After Ripening Quality Standards of Grapes General Characteristics Grades and Tolerant Limits Quality Standards of Pomegranate Fruit Characteristics Main Varieties in Demand Packing and Pack Size Export Quality Quality Standards of Mango General Quality Aspects References Commercial Quality: Part II Quality Standards of Papaya Harvest Maturity Indices General Characteristics Grades Harvesting Methods Quality Standards of Mandarin Oranges General Characteristics Grading Quality Standards of Kinnow Mandarin General Characteristics Size Grades Quality Standards of Litchi General Characteristics Maturity Standards... 98

14 xiv Contents Quality Standards of Nagpur Mandarin General Characteristics Size and Grades Grades and Criteria for Checking Quality Parameters of Guava General Characteristics Fruit Characteristic Grades Quality Parameters of Lime General Characteristics Grades Quality Parameters of Pineapple Harvesting Methods General Characteristics References Preparation of Fruits for the Market Introduction Assembling Sorting and Grading Washing Postharvest Treatment with Ethylene Inhibitors/Growth Regulator Postharvest Treatment with Calcium Chloride Thermal Treatment Fumigation (Sulfitation) Waxing Benefits of Waxing Wax Application Methods Specification of a Desirable Wax Types of Food-Grade Waxes Precooling Hydro Cooling Forced Air Cooling Vacuum Cooling Icing Ripening Treatments Mango Ripening Ripening Procedure Hot Water Treatment Handling After Ripening Ripening Procedure Handling After Ripening Packaging References

15 Contents xv 8 Packaging of Fresh Fruits Introduction Characteristics of a Good Package Materials for Packaging Packaging Requirement Varies According to Purpose Type of Packaging Consumer Packaging Transport Packaging Pallets Flexible Packaging for Fresh Produce Baskets Manner of Loading Modified Atmosphere Packaging Equilibrium Modified Atmosphere Packaging Active Packaging Smart or Intelligent Packaging Shrink Wrapping/Packaging Steps Followed in Shrink Wrapping Advantages of Shrink Wrapping References Storage of Fresh Fruits Introduction Development of Storage Systems Natural or Field Storage Construction of Cool Chamber Operation Ventilation for On-Farm Storage Forced Air Ventilation Modern Storage Systems Low Temperature Storage Refrigeration Cycle Controlled Atmosphere Storage Determination of Storage Quality of Apples General Consideration of Running a Controlled Atmosphere Storage Arrival at Site Pre-sorting Operations Quality Verification in Bins Chamber Filling CA Condition Setup Rejection on Line and Fresh Sale Handling Rejection on Arrival Handling Data Recording and Reporting Annexure I: Sampling Plan Sampling Plan for Destructive Analysis of Apple Lots Sampling Plan for External Defect Analysis of Apple Lots

16 xvi Contents Annexure II: Specifications Annexure III Annexure IV: Quality Report of Deviated Consignment Annexure V: Visual Defects Quality Audit Annexure VI: Greefa Pre-sorting Machine Colour and Size Calibration and Revalidation Annexure VII: Greefa Pre-sorting Machine Verification Record Annexure VIII Annexure IX: Procedure for Post-harvest Dip Treatment of Kinnaur Apples Annexure X: Controlled Atmosphere Storage Conditions Annexure XI: Chamber CA Setup Record Annexure XII: Rejection on Arrival (ROA) Quality Sorting Report Annexure XIII Annexure XIV: Daily Quality Mandi Information System (MIS) References Prevailing Marketing Channels and Marketing Systems Introduction Local Markets Wholesale Markets Fresh Produce Market (Wholesale Market) Major Wholesale Markets of India Market Profile of North India East India Organized Retails References Supply Chain and Marketing Channels of Fruits Introduction Apple Supply Chain During Season Marketing Channel During Off Season Litchi Banana Kinnow Mandarin Mango Factors Affecting Fruit Marketing Prevalent Business Models in Fruits in India Emerging Marketing Trends in Fruits and Vegetables References Mode of Transportation of Fresh Produce Introduction Utility Vans

17 Contents xvii Truck (Non-refer) Refrigerated Vans/Trailers Fruits Transported by Refer Van Rail Air Ship Mango Transportation Road Condition and Duration of Transportation Pattern of Loading General Dos and Don ts for Transporting Perishable Commodities Commercial Quality Assessment of Important Fruits Introduction Mango Quality Assessment at Receiving Dock Maturity/Ripeness Indicators and Assessment of Quality: Procedure Apple Quality Assessment at Receiving Dock Maturity/Ripeness Indicators and Assessment of Quality Banana Quality Assessment at Receiving Dock Grape Quality Assessment at Receiving Dock Kinnow Quality Assessment at Receiving Dock References Non-destructive Quality Analysis of Fruits K. Prasad Fruit Characteristics External Quality Attributes Size and Shape Colour Defects Internal Quality Attributes Flavour Texture Nutritive Value and Toxicity Post-harvest Physiology Sorting and Grading Quality Characteristics Quality Assessment Techniques X-Ray and Computer Tomography Applications X-Ray and CT Visual Inspection and Image Processing Steps of Image Analysis Application of Visual Inspection Dimensional Characterization Fruit Firmness Estimation

18 xviii Contents Quality Grading Based on Colour Ultrasonic Imaging Application of Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging References Index

19 About the Authors Mohammad Shamsher Ahmad, Assistant Professor-cum-Scientist, Department of Food Science and Post-Harvest Technology, Bihar Agricultural University (BAU), Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, acquired bachelor s degree in Agriculture from Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHIATS), Deemed University (Formerly Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Allahabad), Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, and master s degree in Horticulture with specialization in postharvest technology from Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India. Before joining BAU, Sabour, Mr. Ahmad had been working with Adani group (Adani Agrifresh Ltd.) as an executive looking over the postharvest quality control of fresh fruits and vegetables. He also worked as a postharvest consultant at Fritolay (Pepsico India Holdings Pvt. Ltd.). Besides these renowned companies, he also worked with Litchica International, Mumbai, and COCO Food Products (I) Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, as a Quality Control (QC) officer. Mr. Ahmad has about 13 years of experience in the field of postharvest handling, marketing and quality maintenance of fresh produce, and more than 3 years experience in teaching, research, and extension in the field of postharvest technology of horticultural crops. He is handling several projects as a PI and CO-PI including one mega project under ASIDE scheme, Government of India, namely Food Development Centre, being the Nodal Officer of the centre. Mr. Ahmad published several articles in the journals of national and international repute, and eight book chapters. He is also having two practical manuals to his credit, which are on postharvest and value addition of fresh produce. Mohammed Wasim Siddiqui, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor and Scientist in the Department of Food Science and Post-Harvest Technology at Bihar Agricultural University in Sabour, India, and is the author or co-author of 30 peer-reviewed journal articles, 18 book chapters, and 18 conference papers. He has four edited and one authored books to his credit, published by CRC Press, USA; Springer, USA; and Apple Academic Press, USA. He is a co-author of two manuals and co-editor of three annual reports. Dr. Siddiqui has established an international peer-reviewed journals, Journal of Postharvest Technology. He has been honored to accept the xix

20 xx About the Authors position of Editor-in-Chief of a book series entitled Postharvest Biology and Technology, being published by Apple Academic Press (AAP), USA. Dr. Siddiqui is also an Acquisitions Editor for Horticultural Science for AAP. He is also an active editorial board member and reviewer of several journals of international and national reputes. Recently, Dr. Siddiqui has received the Achiever Award 2014 for outstanding research work by the Society for Advancement of Human and Nature (SADHNA), Nauni, Himachal Pradesh, India, where he is also an Honorary Board Member. He has been an active member of the organizing committees of several national and international seminars, conferences, and summits. Dr. Siddiqui acquired a B.Sc. (Agriculture) degree from Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, India, and received M.Sc. (Horticulture) and Ph.D. (Horticulture) degrees from Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, India, with specialization in postharvest technology. He was awarded a Maulana Azad National Fellowship Award from the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India. He is a member of the Core Research Group at Bihar Agricultural University (BAU), where he helps with providing appropriate direction and assisting with prioritizing the research. He has received several grants from various funding agencies to carry out his research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has been associated with postharvest technology and processing aspects of horticultural crops, and he is dynamically involved in teaching (graduate and doctorate students) and research. His contribution as an academician, scientist, and editor in postharvest biology and technology has been well recognized by the world.