NINETEENTH CENTURY FRENCH ROSE (ROSA L. SP.)
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1 NINETEENTH CENTURY FRENCH ROSE (ROSA L. SP.) GERMPLASM SHOWS A CONTINUOUS SHIFT OVER TIME FROM A EUROPEAN TO AN ASIAN GENETIC BACKGROUND Mathilde Liorzou,AlixPernet, ShubinLi, Annie Chastellier, Tatiana Thouroude, Gilles Michel, Valéry Malécot, Sylvain Gaillard, Céline Briée, Fabrice Foucher, Cristiana Oghina-Pavie, Jérémy Clotault, Agnès Grapin Genetics & Diversity of Ornamental plants (GDO) IRHS Angers, France 8 th International RosaceaeGenome Conference
2 GENUS ROSA DIVERSITY High number of species Worldwide distribution Several independent domestications High rate of interspecific hybridizations Complex genetic relationships n=7 chromosomes Ploidyfrom 2 to 10x Helpmefind.com Helpmefind.com Helpmefind.com Rosa chinensis semperflorens 2x La reine 4x Rosa praeluscens 10x 2 (Martin et al., 2001; Adumitresei& Stănescu, 2009; Smulders et al., 2011)
3 A BRIEF HISTORY OF ROSES 7 to 10 species at the origin of cultivated roses CC BY-SA 3.0 R. gallica wikipedia R. moschata wikipedia R. wichurana eggert-baumschulen.de R. multiflora photomazza.com wikipedia R. gigantea R. chinensis 2 major pools of independent domestications passiflora.it R. foetida Europe 2x, 4x, 6x Cold resistant Once flowering Asia 2x Continuous-flowering Tea perfume Diversification process in Europe: Antiquity to 1800 Cultivation of indigenous species 1800 to 1940 Rising interest for roses, introduction of diversifying exotic material Since1940 Exploitation of the biodiversity 3 (Maia & Venard, 1976; Smulders et al., 2011)
4 THE FLORHIGE PROJECT Success factors of rose breeding during the 18 th and 19 th centuries in France: genetics and history interdisciplinary approach Funder: Région Pays de la Loire Sources/resources: Roses collections, archives, documentation 4
5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Is the genetic diversity of rose varieties cultivated in France during the 18 th and 19 th centuries structured in genetic groups and how is it structured? 5
6 PLANT MATERIAL 1228 genotypes from different French rose gardens 991 roses from the th centuries ( ) 18 old garden roses (< 1700) 118 botanical roses 53 modern roses (>1914) Number of genotypes Years 6 Breeding year distribution for the 1110 bred roses and years of introduction for the 118 botanical roses in 15 periods
7 PLANT MATERIAL 7 Areas of origin of the 1228 analyzed roses
8 PLANT MATERIAL 6x 5x Unknown 2x 3x 4x Proportion of ploidy levels for the 1228 individuals 8
9 GENOTYPING 32 SSR markers High polymorphism 10 to 75 alleles/locus 1284 alleles on 32 locus A lot of rare alleles LG1 LG2 LG3 LG4 LG5 LG6 LG7 0.7 H9B RMS Rw16E H20D H22F CL H10D RMS BFACT RMS RMS H2F CTG21 Rh Rw55E RMS Rw22A Rw5G RMS070 RMS015 Rw25J CTG172 CTG329 RMS Rw52D RMS003 RMS124 Rw15D CTG Rh Rw53O21 Repartition of the markers on the genetic map (Hibrand-Saint Oyant et al., 2008 Spiller et al., 2011, Kawamura et al., 2011 ) 64.4 Rog9 EST SSR (coding) Genomic SSR Approximatively placed SSR 9
10 DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURE OF THE SAMPLE 16 genetic groups Continuous structure Representation of the first two axes of the DAPC structuring results showing the genetic clustering of the 1228 individuals 10
11 DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURE OF THE SAMPLE 16 genetic groups Continuous structure High genetic diversity at two poles of the structure nsswg: Intra-group diversity 0.4 nsswg Evolution of the nsswg (normalized sum of square within groups) in genetic groups
12 DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURE OF THE SAMPLE 16 genetic groups Continuous structure High genetic diversity at two poles of the structure nsswg: Intra-group diversity Hypothesis: 2 sources of diversity at the origin of the 19 th century cultivated varieties 0.4 nsswg Evolution of the nsswg (normalized sum of square within groups) in genetic groups
13 TWO SOURCES OF DIVERSITY Significant difference between European roses and Asian roses Increasing proximity of cultivated roses with Asian roses < Asian source European source n= 49 n= >1914 European cultivars created during each period Botanical roses Asian roses (botanical and cultivated) Roses from other parts of the world or other periods n: Number of individuals n= 512 n= 42 Geographical and temporal analysis of the DAPC structuring results 13
14 SOME ALLELES, WITNESSES OF THIS EVOLUTION 31 alleles: Common in Asia Low frequency in Europe Increasing frequency over time among hybrids bred in Europe Frequency (%) 14 Evolution of the frequency of occurrence of the 31 alleles
15 PLOIDY, REFLECT OF THE GENETIC HISTORY? 5x and 6x: distant from main gene pools used during the 19th century 3x at the junction of 2x and 4x 2x 3x 4x 5x 6x Distribution of ploidy in the genetic groups obtained via DAPC Unknown 15
16 A PROGRESSIVE SHIFT OF THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF EUROPEAN CULTIVATED ROSES Wide diversity of the sample A lot of interspecific crosses In Europe: An ancient source of diversity An Asian source of diversity progressively introgressed European botanical roses 5x -6x Asian roses 2x European botanical roses 2x -4x Minor use in breeding? Progressive introgression of the genetic background Cultivated European pool 4x 3x 4x Replacement of the genetic background? Beginning of the 18 th End of the 19 th 16 Interesting traits (Continuous-flowering, Tea perfume )
17 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS Rose gardens Members of the GDO team Parc Floral de la Beaujoire Mathilde Liorzou Roseraie de Commer Annie Chastellier La roseraie du Désert Fabrice Foucher Le jardin de Jumaju Agnès Grapin Roses Loubert Laurence Hibrand-Saint Oyant Grande roseraie de Lyon SCRADH Gilles Michel Roseraie du parc botanique de la Tête d Or Alix Pernet La roseraie du Val-de-Marne Vanessa Soufflet-Freslon Tatiana Thouroude Historians Annie Antoine Ancient members of the GDO team Céline Briée Emilie Araou Cristiana Oghina-Pavie Vivien Bauchat Stéphane Tirard Shubin Li Platforms Plateau ANAN Plateforme Gentyane Contact: jeremy.clotault@univ-angers.fr Publication in press for Journal of Experimental Botany 17
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