AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES. THE COLLEGE of NC-140. Peach & Apple Rootstock Trials. Ioannis S. Minas.

Transcription

1 THE COLLEGE of AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES NC-140 Peach & Apple Rootstock Trials Ioannis S. Minas

2 Selecting Fruiting Cultivars and Rootstocks Cultivar (scion) and/or rootstock choice is a decision not to be taken lightly What is a rootstock and why we need it in tree fruit?

3 Selecting Fruiting Cultivars and Rootstocks Growth habit, vegetative vigor, size at maturity - Size controlling rootstocks: coming from a different species within the genus or from a cross between species (hybrids) affect size, precocity, and reproductive capacity of the scion cultivar Tolerance or resistance to biotic or abiotic stresses - Tolerance to nematodes, insects and soil born diseases like replant disease - Soil characteristics - Cold hardiness

4 High density Modi Apple orchard

5 High-density Nectarine orchard

6 Nectarine harvest on mobile platforms

7 Peach replant disease Replant site Non-replant site replant

8 Peach size controlling and replant tolerant rootstocks trial Krymsk 1 Controller 5 8 years study on Red Haven peaches grafted in dwarfing and semi-dwarfing rootstocks-open Vase

9 2009 NC-140 Red Haven Peach Rootstock Trial Coordinator: Greg Reighard (Clemson University, SC) Sites: AL, CA, CO, GA, IL, KY, MA, MO, MX, NC, NY-Geneva, NY-Hudson Valley, PA, SC, UT-Kaysville, UT-South Shore Scion Cultivar: Red Haven 17 Rootstocks: Viking, Atlas, BH-5 (Brights Hybrid-5), Mirobac, Guardian, Lovell, KV , KV , Krymsk 86 (Kuban86), Empyrean 2 (Penta), Imperial California, Controller 8 (HBOK 10), Controller 7 (HBOK 32), Prunus americana, Fortuna, Krymsk 1 (VVA-1), Controller 5 (K146-43) Year planted: 2009 Training system: Open-Vase Spacing: 13 x 16.5 feet (4 x 5 m) Trees/acre: 206

10 2009 NC-140 Peach rootstocks trial

11 50 Tree growth Trunk Circumference (cm) Atlas Bright's Hybrid-5 Guardian Viking Imperial California KV127 Krymsk 86 Lovell Controller 7 (H32) Rootstock Penta KV123 Controller 8 (H10) Microbac Prunus americana Controller 5 Krymsk 1

12 Tree survival Survival (%) Atlas Bright's Hybrid-5 Guardian Viking Imperial California KV127 Krymsk 86 Lovell Controller 7 (H32) Rootstock Penta KV123 Controller 8 (H10) Microbac Prunus americana Controller 5 Krymsk 1

13 Red Haven yield per tree Yield per tree (kg) Atlas Bright's Hybrid-5 Guardian Viking Large Imperial California Rootstock size KV127 Krymsk 86 Lovell Controller 7 (H32) Penta KV123 Controller 8 (H10) Microbac Prunus americana Controller 5 Krymsk Dwarf

14 Red Haven cumulative yield per acre * 20 Cumulative yield ( , tons acre -1 ) Atlas Bright's Hybrid-5 Guardian Viking Imperial California *2014 spring frost Large Rootstock size 1 ton=2,204 lb KV127 Krymsk 86 Lovell Controller 7 (H32) Penta KV123 Controller 8 (H10) Microbac Prunus americana Controller 5 Krymsk 1 Dwarf

15 Fruit FW (g) Red Haven fruit size Atlas Bright's Hybrid-5 Guardian Viking Imperial California Rootstock KV127 Krymsk 86 Lovell Controller 7 (H32) Penta KV123 Controller 8 (H10) Microbac Prunus americana Controller 5 Krymsk 1

16 Apple size controlling and replant tolerant rootstocks trial B.9 B years old Honey crisp apples grafted in dwarfing and semi-dwarfing rootstocks-tall Spindle Axe

17 2010 NC-140 Honeycrisp Apple Rootstock Trial Sites: BC, CH, CO, IA, IL, MA, MN, MI, NS, NY, OH, WI Coordinator: Wesley Autio (University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA) Scion Cultivar: Honeycrisp 30 Rootstocks: B.9, B.10, B , B , B , B , B , B , G.11, G.41 N, G.41 TC, G.202 N, G.202 TC, G.935 TC, G.5202, CG.2034, CG.3001, CG.4003, CG.4004, CG.4013, CG.4814, CG.5087, CG.5222, Supp. 3, PiAu 9-90, PiAu 51-11, M.9 NAKBT337, M.9 Pajam 2, M.26 EMLA Year planted: 2010 Training system: TSA Spacing: 4 x 12 feet (1.2 x 3.6 m) Trees/acre: 908

18 Apple Size Controlling Rootstocks 15-30% size of seedling Mark B.9 M.27 P.22 B % size of seedling M9 T337 G.11 G.41 G.16 G.213 B % size of seedling M9 Pajam2 G.935 G.222 G.202 G.214 G % size of seedling M.26 G.30 G.969 G.210 G.890 MAC 46 MAC 39 CG.44 Geneva Rootstocks tested in NC-140 Fire blight resistant: G11, G16, G202, G222, G.969 Replant tolerant: G.30, G.41, G.210, G.214, G.890, G.935 Wooly apple aphid resistant: G.41, G.210, G.214, G % size of seedling M.7 MM 106 MM 111 P.2 P.18 MAC 1 B.490 M.2 M.4 Over 75% size of seedling Seedling B.118 M.13 M.25 MAC 24

19 2016 Honeycrisp Data Summary Table Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative TCSA Suckers Yield per Yield per Fruit no. Fruit Average Dry Matter yield per tree yield per acre yield efficiency Bitter Pit (2016, no. per tree acre cm 2 ( , ( , ( , kg cm ) tree (2016, kg) (2016, ton) - per tree weight fruit weight Content (%) Rootstock kg)* ton)* 2 (2016) (2016) ( , g) (DMC, %) TCSA) B B B B B B B B G G.41 N (1 tree) G.41 TC G.202 N G.202 TC G.935 TC G.5202 (2 trees) CG CG CG CG CG CG CG CG CG Supp PiAu PiAu M.9 NAKBT M.9 Pajam M.26 EMLA *2015 data are missing

20 Honeycrisp cumulative yield per acre ton=2,204 lb Cumulative yield ( , tons acre -1 ) B B Large semi-dwarf B B B PiAu 9-90 G.5202 (2 trees) PiAu CG.3001 CG.5222 CG.4004 CG.3041 Supp.3 G.41 N (1 tree) M.9 Pajam 2 CG.4814 Rootstock size M.26 EMLA G.41 TC G.935 TC CG.5087 G.202 TC G.202 N M.9 NAKBT337 B.10 G.11 CG.4214 CG.4003 CG.2034 B.9 B Sub-dwarf

21 Apple rootstocks segregation by vigor Vigor Category Rootstock TCSA (2016, cm 2 ) Cumulative yield per tree ( , kg)* Relative size of M.9 NAKBT337 (%) B Large semi-dwarf (200+% of M.9 size) B B B G B Moderate semi-dwarf ( % of M.9 size) PiAu CG PiAu Small semi-dwarf ( % of M.9 size) CG CG G.41 TC M.9 Pajam CG Large dwarf ( % of M.9 size) G.41 N CG G.935 TC M.26 EMLA Supp M.9 NAKBT CG G Moderate dwarf (80-110% of M.9 size) G.202 N G.202 TC B CG B Small dwarf (40-80% of M.9 size) CG CG Sub-dwarf (0-40% of M.9 size) B *2015 data are missing

22 2015 NC-140 Modi Organic Apple Rootstock Trial Sites: CA, CO, IA, ID, MA, MI, NM, NS, NY-Ithaca, NY-Geneva, VT, WI Coordinator: Wesley Autio (University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA) Scion Cultivar: Modi 30 Rootstocks: G.11, G.16, G.30, G.41, G.202, G.214, G.222, G.890, G.935, G.969, M.9 NAKBT337 (Pollinizer: Liberty/G.935) Year planted: 2015 Training system: TSA Spacing: 3.5 x 11.5 feet (1 x 3.5 m) Trees/acre: 1114

23 Mitigating cold damage in Colorado tree-fruit Objectives: Understanding of the environmental bases for cold hardiness and damage Development of horticultural practices and evaluation of genetic material Create models and decision supportive systems

24 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) Monitoring the difference in temperature between the sample and a reference Against time or temperature While the temperature of the sample is programmed 5-6 peach buds per TEM 10 replicated TEMs plus one reference

25 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) Online data acquisition Data logger Programmable freezer 4 o C/hour

26 Differential thermal analysis on Red Haven peach floral buds Exotherm (mv) High Temperature Exotherm (HTE) Non-lethal Low Temperature Exotherms (LTEs) Lethal Temperature ( o C)

27 Red Haven buds 0.4 acclimation Exotherm (mv) HTEs LTEs 11/02/ /08/ /15/16 11/21/ /29/ /19/ Temperature ( o C)

28 Red Haven peach floral buds cold hardiness Ambient temperature ( o C) Lethal temperature (LT, o C) o F o C T max T mean T min LT 10 LT 50 LT 90 Endo-dormancy Eco-dormancy Bud-break 11/1/16 12/1/16 12/31/16 1/30/17 3/1/17 Date Seasonal patterns of temperature and cold hardiness (expressed as lethal temperature, LT) for Red Haven peach floral buds

29 Red Haven peach floral buds cold hardiness & acclimation oc of 11/15/16 Early acclimation (LT 10 ): Lovell > Controller 7 > Controller 5 > BH-5 12/13/16 Maximum Hardiness (LT 50 ) : Krymsk 86 > Controller 7 = Controller 8 = BH-5 = Lovell Atlas: Late acclimation and least hardy Date Cultivar LT 10 LT 50 LT 90 LT 10 LT 50 LT 90 Atlas Bright's Hybrid Guardian KV Krymsk 11/15/ Lovell Controller 7 (HBOK32) Controller 8 (HBOK10) n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Controller Krymsk Atlas Bright's Hybrid Guardian KV Krymsk 12/13/ Lovell Controller 7 (HBOK32) Controller 8 (HBOK10) Controller Krymsk Atlas Bright's Hybrid Guardian KV Krymsk 1/23/ Lovell Controller 7 (HBOK32) Controller 8 (HBOK10) Controller Krymsk

30 Percentage of live Red Haven floral buds on March 9, 2017 Rootstock Percentage of live buds Atlas 65% Bright's Hybrid-5 73% Guardian 67% KV % Krymsk 86 67% Lovell 46% Controller 7 (HBOK32) 54% Controller 5 60% Krymsk 1 38%

31 Spring Frosts April 5 th, 2017: 25.7 o F April 10 th, 2017: 29.5 o F April 28 th, 2017: 30.8 o F April 30 th, 2017: 30.5 o F

32 Spring Frost 50 ft 4 ft 6 in Temperature ( o F) Wind machine starts 0 8:00 PM 10:45 PM 1:30 AM 4:15 AM 7:00 AM 0.0 Time Wind speed (mph) 6.5 ft 6 in Orchard Mesa, CO Night of April 4 th to 5 th, 2017

33 Frost Damage in Peach Fruitlets Dead Live

34 15 feet April 7, min T<28 o F Live 4 feet 78 min T<28 o F Live ~50% dead Dead ~92% Dead 6 inches 125 min T<28 o F

35 Effect of rootstock on peach fruit set 2016 and 2017 Fruit set (%) Atlas Bright's Hybrid-5 Guardian KV127 Krymsk 86 Lovell Controller 7 (H32) Controller 8 (H10) Controller Krymsk 1

36 Can peach fruit quality be affected by rootstock? A rootstock affects: Tree architecture & light interception Water availability Nutrient availability Phytohormone status Fe S Zn Mo Mn Cu N P K B Mg Ca

37 Fruit Quality Definition Fruit quality is a general notion that includes physical, mechanical (mass, volume, firmness), and sensory properties (appearance, texture, taste and aroma), nutrition value, safety and defects All the above contribute to a fruit degree of excellence and economic value that can be interpreted differently by producers and consumers of fresh or processed fruit products

38 Fruit Quality Harvesting immature or over-ripe fruit has a high impact on fruit eating quality and storage/shipping performance Judging fruit maturity by shape and color alone results in varying success Internal fruit quality in terms of dry matter, total soluble solids and acidity are important quality parameters that correlate with consumer acceptance Traditional quality measurements destructive and work intensive

39 CA Well Mature M Nectarine and Peach Ground Color Guides of the California Tree Fruit Agreement (CTFA)

40 Fruit Firmness Quality Evaluation Penetrometer Fruit Texture analyzer

41 Soluble Solids Concentration (SSC) Used as Harvest index in plums, cherries, apples, kiwifruit and is supplemental in others The main volume of soluble solids consist of sugars (~94%) Other soluble solids are organic acids, amino acid and soluble pectins Soluble Solids Concentration in % can be determined in a drop of juice with a use of portable refractometer

42 Starch-iodine test

43

44 Dry Matter Content (DMC, %) Used as harvest index in avocado, mango, and as indicator of consumer acceptance Everything except water: soluble sugars, cell wall components, organic acids, amino acids, proteins, starch Dry matter content in % can be determined with a scale and an oven (72 hours at 65 o C) by dividing dry weight by fresh weight and multiplying with 100 Links cultural management practices with consumer eating quality

45 Development of non-destructive technologies to estimate internal fruit quality

46 Handheld non-destructive sensors to estimate internal fruit quality and maturity in the field F-750 Produce Quality Meter Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) Absorbance at nm Dry Matter Content Soluble Solids Content DA-meter Vis/NIR Index of Absorbance Difference (I AD ) I AD =A 670nm -A 720nm Chlorophyll s Content Fruit Maturity Good potential as research tools Need a lot of work for adaptation from growers (requires R&D) Hyperspectral cameras?

47 Red Haven DM, SSC and I AD models validations 18 Dry matter (%) 2.5 I AD Predicted Predicted Real SSC (%) y= x R 2 = y=1.0x R 2 = Real y=1.010x R 2 = y=0.9857x R 2 = Predicted Predicted Real y=9465x R 2 = y=0.9576x R 2 = y=0.9948x R 2 = y=1.049x R 2 = Fruit Firmness (%) Real SSC (%) Correlation of DM with SSC y= x 8 R 2 = DM (%)

48 Influence of rootstocks on peach fruit internal quality

49 Rootstocks influence Red Haven peach dry matter content (DM) 2016 DM (%) Atlas Bright's Hybrid-5 Guardian Viking Large Imperial California Rootstock size KV127 Krymsk 86 Lovell Controller 7 (H32) Penta KV123 Controller 8 (H10) Microbac Prunus americana Controller 5 Krymsk 1 Dwarf

50 Rootstocks influence Red Haven peach soluble solids concentration (SSC) 2016 Predicted SSC (%) Atlas Bright's Hybrid-5 Guardian Viking Large Imperial California Rootstock size KV127 Krymsk 86 Lovell Controller 7 (H32) Penta KV123 Controller 8 (H10) Microbac Prunus americana Controller 5 Krymsk 1 Dwarf

51 Rootstocks influence Red Haven peach fruit maturity as predicted with I AD 2016 I AD Atlas Bright's Hybrid-5 Guardian Viking Imperial California KV127 Krymsk 86 Lovell Controller 7 (H32) Penta KV123 Controller 8 (H10) Microbac Prunus americana Controller 5 Krymsk 1

52 Rootstocks influence Red Haven peach fruit firmness 2016 Fruit firmness (N) Atlas Bright's Hybrid-5 Guardian Viking Imperial California KV127 Krymsk 86 Lovell Controller 7 (H32) Penta KV123 Controller 8 (H10) Microbac Prunus americana Controller 5 Krymsk 1

53 Conclusions on peach rootstocks Prunus sp. and Almond Hybrids: good for replant sites and high ph soils Atlas, Viking, Bright s Hybrid-5 the largest and more productive trees In non-replant soils: excessive growth - heavy pruning Cytospora risk - early acclimation? Excessive growth interferes with fruit quality Overall, among Prunus sp. hybrids Bright s Hybrid-5 exhibited best yield/fruit quality performance and early acclimation/cold hardiness Guardian (vigor), Controller 7, 8 good options for non-replant sites (early acclimation/ cold hardiness), similar yields, fruit size, fruit quality, ripening time Krymsk 86 shows promise similar to Lovell tree size and yields, cold hardiness similar or greater (acclimates later), better fruit size, good fruit quality ripens 1-2 days earlier

54 New Rootstock Trials at WCRC-OM 2017 NC-140 Creasthaven Semi-Dwarf Peach Rootstock Trial Sites: AL, CO, GA, MI, NC, NY, ONT, PA, SC, UT Coordinator: Greg Reighard (Clemson University) Cultivar: Cresthaven Rootstocks: Controller 6, 7 and 8 (UC Davis); Rootpac 20 (Densipac) and Rootpac 40 (Nanopac) from Agromillora Iberica; MP-29 (USDA-Georgia); Controls: Lovell and Guardian (Clemson/USDA) Training system: KAC-V 2017 NC-140 Benton Sweet Cherry trial Cultivar: Benton Coordinator: Greg Lang (Michigan State University, MSU) Sites: CO, ID, MI-1, MI-2, NY, WA Rootstocks: Cass (Cornell), Clare, Clinton and Lake (MSU), Gisela 3 (Gi3), Gisela 5 (Gi5), Gisela 12 (Gi12), Control: MxM14 Training systems: TSA, Bi-UFO, KGB

55 CSU_Pomology Acknowledgements David Sterle, CSU Bryan Braddy, CSU Emily Dwody, CSU Brady Shanahan, CSU Susan Carter, CSU-Extension Greg Litus, CSU Western Colorado Hort. Society Colorado Apple Admin. Commission Colorado Ag. Experiment Station