Europes Terra Pretas?: Plaggic Anthrosols Plagganthrepts
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1 Europes Terra Pretas?: Plaggic Anthrosols Plagganthrepts Luise Giani, University of Oldenburg
2 Plaggic Anthrosols of Northwest Germany (Photo: Gehrt) (Photo: Heinemann) Plaggic Anthrosols or Plagganthrepts are terristical anthropogenic soils that have been modified profoundly through human activities, consequently being Cultoslols. The anthropogenic part buries the original soil. The anthropogenic genesis is related to the plaggen fertilisation system.
3 According to the German systematics Plaggic Anthrosols must have a plaggic horizon > 40 cm depths. The characteristic horizon combination is Ah/E/II According to the US Keys to Soil Taxonomy Plagganthrepts must have a plaggen epipedon > 50 cm depths containing artefacts (not anymore existing in actual edition 2014). According to WRB Plaggic Anthrosols must have a Plaggic horizon 50 cm depths, containing artefacts, having textures of sand to loam, Munsell colours with values of 4 or less (moist) or 5 (dry) and chroma of 2 or less (moist), Corg is 0.6 % or more, base saturation of < 50 %, P 2 O 5 content (cidric soluble) > 250 mg kg -1, occuring in locally raised land surfaces; Criteria insufficient to distinguish from a Pretic horizon.
4 Plaggen Management in North-West Europe (drawn by Thierer in Höke et al., 2008) (Giani et al., 2014)
5 (Kvamme et al., 2004 in Eiter, 2010) Plaggen Management in Norway
6 (Bt Rastede, Oldenburger Vogteikarte 1790 (1:25000)) Distribution of Plaggic Anthrosols around the Village of Rastede, North-west Germany
7 Partitioning of the Plaggic Anthrosol area Hankhauser Esch (Handrißzeichnung (Ausschnitt) 1845, Flur XXXII, (1:30000))
8 Selected Soil Properties of a characteristic Plaggic Anthrosol (Bloherfelder Anger, Oldenburg, North-west Germany Horizon Grain size distribution (%) ph. c. sand m. sand f. sand c. silt m. f. silt clay H 2 O 1.1 Ap 2,3 29,0 54,0 6,7 2,9 5,1 5,2 1.2 E 0,7 51,7 34,4 5,9 2,7 4,8 4,8 1.3 II f Ae + Bh +Bs 0,5 24,8 62,5 6,5 2,2 3,7 4,9 1.4 Go 1,3 26,5 64,9 4,7 0,5 2,2 5,2 1.5 Go 0,5 29,8 64,1 4,0 0,4 1,4 5,2 1.6 Gr 0,5 31,7 65,4 2,2 0,1 0,2 5,5 Horizon C org N C/N BS CEC P t Pc % % % cmol c kg mg kg -1 mg kg Ap 2,5 0,26 9,5 19,4 10, E 2,86 0,1 28,6 13,3 12, II f Ae + Bh +Bs 2,38 n.n n.n 6,9 13, Go 0,6 n.n n.n 4,1 4, Go 0 n.n n.n 8,8 1, Gr n.n n.n n.n 49,1 1, (Giani et al., 2014)
9 Plaggic Anthrosol with Ditch System (Cross Section) (Markhausen, Lkr. Cloppenburg) Plaggic Anthrosol with Ditch System (Cross Section) (Bloherfelder Anger, Oldenburg)
10 Part of a Ditch system below a Plaggic Anthrosol site (Bloherfelder Anger, Oldenburg, Germany)
11 (Petrick 2009) Whole Ditch system below of the Plaggic Anthrosol site Bloherfelder Anger
12 Distibution of Plaggic Anthrosols in Europe
13 (Eiter, 2010) Plaggic Anthrosols of Norway
14 ph varied between (H 2 O) and (CaCl 2 ) Organic carbon (Corg) concents ranged betweem g kg -1 Nitrogen (N) concentrations varied between g kg -1 C/N ratios were between Cation excange capacity (CEC) showed a maximum of 30.1 cmolc kg -1 Base saturation was mostly less than 50 % Selected properties of Norways Plaggic Anthrols (Plaggic Epipedons) Excceeding high phosphorus (P) concentrations of up to 3,097 mg kg -1 total P and 1177 mg kg-1 citric soluble P Artefacts like fragments of pottery, bricks and charcoal were found (Schnepel et al., 2014)
15 Plaggic Anthrosols of Russia
16 Selected Soil Properties of a Plaggic Anthrosol of Arkhangels, Russia No. Horizon Grani size disrtibution (%) Phytoliths c. sand m. sand f. sand c. silt m.f. silt clay % Ap a E a 1.2 E a 1.3 E a 1.4 II f Ae a 1.5 Sw Bs n.d. 1.6 Sw n.d. No. Horizon ph C org N C/N CEC Pt Pc H 2 O % % cmolc kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg Ap E E E II f Ae Sw Bs Sw (Hubbe et al., 2007)
17 Functional groups composition in % Obtained by IR spectroscopy in the density fractions (d < 2 g cm-3 and d > 2 g cm-3) in the studied Plaggic Anthrosols of Oldenburg, Arkhangelsk and St.Petersburg (data are arithmetic means of all depth epipedon samples) (Kalinina & Giani, 2005) Frequency cm / /1720 Assignment OH-stretching Aliphatic C-H stretching Aliphatic C-H stretching C=O-stretching of COOH, aldehydes and ketons Aromatic C=C stretching, COO - symmetric stretching The amide II band OH deformation and C-O stretching of phenolic OH Polysaccharides and Si-O of silicate impurity Index of aromaticity Oxidizing level Site of investigation Density fraction d < 2 g cm -3, % Density fraction d > 2 g cm -3, % Oldenburg Arkhangelsk St. Petersburg Oldenburg Arkhangelsk St. Petersburg Oldenburg Arkhangelsk St. Petersburg Oldenburg 9.2 Arkhangelsk St. Petersburg Oldenburg Arkhangelsk St. Petersburg Oldenburg Arkhangelsk 3.2 St. Petersburg 0.8 Oldenburg 6.5 Arkhangelsk 7.1 St. Petersburg 4.7 Oldenburg Arkhangelsk St. Petersburg Oldenburg Arkhangelsk St. Petersburg Oldenburg 1.1 Arkhangelsk St. Petersburg
18 Similarites and differences between the Norways, Russias and those of Germany / Netherlands Differences Similarities Geology Corg enrichment ph Anthropogenic admixtures Base saturation P enrichment Start of plaggen fertilisation Phytolit enrichment Duration of plaggen fertilisation Lack of bedding materials Kind of plaggen material Fertilisation with organo-earthy matter from non-arable lands (Giani et al., 2004, Hubbe et al., 2007)
19 Are Plaggic Anthrosols Europeans Terra Pretas? (Glaser et al, 2001) (Foto: Gehrt) Anthropogenic genesis Morphological similarities Difficulties in separation according WRB (exchangeable Ca + Mg, P)
20 Are Plaggic Anthrosols Europeans Terra Pretas? (Glaser et al, 2001) (Foto: Gehrt) Citation WRB (2014): It cannot be excluded that a Pretic horizon fulfils also criteria of a Plaggic horizon (and vice a verse) Soil scientist should use historical knowledge for making field decision
21 Are Plaggic Anthrosols Europeans Terra Pretas? (Glaser et al, 2001) (Foto: Gehrt) C sequestration: in both about 250 t ha -1 m -1, pedending of horizon thickniss (here calculated for plaggic epipedon of cm)
22 Are Plaggic Anthrosols Europeans Terra Pretas? Carbon sequestration in comparison to neighouring soils Terra Preta (a) Oxisol (b): approx. 3 fold (Glaser et al., 2001) Plaggic Anthrosol (c) Podzol (d): approx. 10 fold (Giani et al., 2014; Sauer et al. 2007) Carbon sequestration of the soil (1 m depth): 252 t ha -1, in case of 140 cm plaggig epipedon: 500 t ha -1 c Carbon sequestration of the soil (1 m depth): 18 t ha -1 d
23 Are Plaggic Anthrosols Europeans Terra Pretas? Charcoal Terra Preta : approx. 70 fold (in comp. to Oxis.) approx. 20 % of total C (Glaser et al., 2001) Plaggic Anthrosol: about 10 % of total C (at least even less) Total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen contents, C/N-ratios, HClresistant organic carbon (OC), H 2 O 2 - resistant OC and HF-soluble OC of plaggic epipedons Plaggic Anthrosols of Oldenburg, Arkhangelsk and St. Petersburg (Kalinina Giani, 2005) Sample depth TOC N C/N HClresistant OC H 2 O 2 - resistant OC % TOC HFsoluble OC cm g kg -1 Profile 1. Oldenburg Profile 2. Arkhangelsk , Profile 3. St.Petersburg nf nf nf
24 Are Plaggic Anthrosols Europeans Terra Pretas? (Glaser et al, 2001) C Stability? C Sustainability? C Degradation following land use change?
25 Sample depth Horizon ph TOC N C/N cm denom. KCl g kg -1 Profile 1 Oldenburg 0-10 Ah E E E IIfAhe+Bh s Bs C Profil 2 Rastede 0-10 Ahe ph, TOC, N and C/N ratios of two Plaggic Anthrosol (Oldenburg site (agricultural used), forest Rastede site (formerly agricultural used)) (Kalinina, 2006) E E nd E nf nd
26 Profile Oldenburg (top soil) Profile Rastede ( 0-12 cm depth) Profile Rastede (12-42 cmdepth) Grain size distribution (dotted, % mass) and OC content (white, % mass) and C/N ratios of the grain size fractions of two Plaggic Anthrosol (Oldenburg site (agricultural used), forest Rastede site (formerly agricultural used)) (Kalinina, 2006) c,msand f sand c silt m silt f silt clay
27 Are Plaggic Anthrosols Europeans Terra Pretas? (Glaser et al, 2001) Conclusion. Allthough Terra Pretas and Plaggic Anthrosol show al lot of Similarities, they differ in respect of Degradation: To give more insight; further investigations are requested
28 Co working collegues: Olga Kalinina Sergey Goryachkin Dimitri Lyuri Oleg Chertov Alicia Hubbe Irena Najdenko Nina Karavaeva Carolin Stasch Thank you very much for your attention! With a view on the German coast
29 References: Giani, L., O. Chertov, C. Gebhardt, O. Kalinina, M. Nadporozhskaya & E. Tolksdorf-Lienemann (2004): Plagganthrepts in northwest Russia? Genesis, morphology and properties. Geoderma121, Glaser, B., L. Haumaier, G. Guggenberger & W. Zech (2001): The Terra Preta phenomenon: a model for sustainable agricuture in the humid tropis. Naturwissenschaften 88, Kalinina, O. & L. Giani (2005): Charakterisierung der organischen Substanz in Plaggeneschen Nordwesteuropas, Nordwest- und Nordrusslands. Mitt. Dtsch. Bodenk. Ges., 107, Kalinina, O. (2006): Degradation von Plaggeneschen und Konsequenzen für ihre ökologische Bewertung. Mitt. Dtsch. Bodenk. Ges. 108, Hubbe, A., O.Chertov, O. Kalinina, M. Nadporozhskaya, E. Tolksdorf-Lienemann & L. Giani (2007): Evidence of Plaggen Soils in European North Russia (Arkhangelsk Region). J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 170, Petrick, B. (2009): Technischer Grabungsbericht, nld. Niedersachsen. Eiter, S. (2010):Indications of Plaggic Anthrosol in Norway: an overview. Project seminar, University of Bergen. Giani, L., L. Makowski & K. Mueller (2014): Plaggenesch: Soil of the Year 2013 in Germany. A review on its formation, distribution, classification, function and threats. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 177, Schnepel, C., K. Potthoff, S. Eiter & L. Giani (2014): Evidence of plaggen soils in South-West Norway. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 177,
30 Co working collegues: Olga Kalinina Sergey Goryachkin Dimitri Lyuri Oleg Chertov Alicia Hubbe Irena Najdenko Nina Karavaeva Carolin Stasch Thank you very much for your attention! With a view on the German coast
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