IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Isoxaben Crop Safety

Transcription

1 IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Isoxaben Crop Safety Authors: Cristi L. Palmer, Kathleen Hester and Ely Vea Date: December 12, 2013 Acknowledgements Diane Infante Lori Harrison Karen Sims 1

2 Table of Contents Table of Contents... 2 Table of Tables... 3 Abstract... 4 Introduction... 5 Materials and Methods... 5 and Summary... 5 Phytotoxicity... 5 Label Suggestions Appendix 1: Contributing Researchers

3 Table of Tables Table 1. List of Gallery 75DF treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury....6 Table 2. List of Gallery 75DF treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 2X or 4X rate did cause significant phytotoxicity...6 Table 3. List of Gallery 75DF treated crops exhibiting significant injury at 1X....6 Table 4. List of Gallery 75DF treated crops where more research is needed to clarify response...7 Table 5. Detailed Summary Crop Safety Testing with Gallery 75DF

4 Abstract Gallery 75DF (isoxaben) was initially registered in 1992 for ornamental horticulture uses. This initial label contained an extensive list of ornamental horticulture crops where Gallery could be used without causing phytotoxicity. It also included a short list of crops where Gallery applications were not recommended. Between 1992 and 2013, IR-4 examined 93 crops to expand this label to other crops, including several different fern species grown in field containers. Of these, 24 crop species exhibited no or minimal transient injury with 20 already placed on the Gallery label. Eight crops exhibited injury in this research: Astilbe sp., Athyrium filix-femina, Buddleia davidii, Dendranthema x morifolium, Digitalis purpurea, Echinacea purpurea, Stachys byzantine, and Thymus sp. 4

5 Introduction Gallery 75DF (isoxaben) was initially registered in 1992 for ornamental horticulture uses. This initial label contained an extensive list of ornamental horticulture crops where Gallery could be used without causing phytotoxicity. It also included a short list of crops where Gallery applications were not recommended. From 1992 through 2013, IR-4 examined 93 crops in 158 trials to expand this label to other crops including several different fern species grown in field containers. Materials and Methods Several different protocols were used between 1992 and 2010 to test Gallery 75DF (isoxaben) crop safety. In the early work, a single application of 1.0 and 2.0 lb ai per acre was used with some researchers including 0.5 lb ai per acre. In the later research, two applications were made approximately 30 days apart using 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb ai per acre, plus a water treated control. A minimum of four plants (replicate treatments) were required with many researchers exceeding this minimum. In the more recent research, phytotoxicity was recorded on a scale of 0 to 10 (0 = o phytotoxicity; 10 = Complete kill) at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after initial application, but in the earlier research other scales were utilized. Some researchers also included readings 3 to 4 days after the initial and second applications. For more detailed materials and methods, please see protocols at Gallery 75DF was supplied to researchers (See list of researchers in Appendix 2) by Dow Agro Sciences. and Summary Phytotoxicity Based on the type and nature of injury seen with Gallery 95DF applications in the research conducted between 2004 and 2010, tested plant species were placed into four categories: 1) no significant phytotoxicity or growth differences from the untreated check or any injury was transitory, 2) injury was seen but additional research is warranted to clarify response, 3) no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 2X and/or 4X rates did cause significant phytotoxicity, 4) Significant injury sufficient to recommend growers not utilize this product. In testing from 1992 through 2013, Gallery 75 DF exhibited no or minimal negative impact on 24 plant species (Table 1). Of these many have already been placed on the Gallery label as label expansions have occurred. Some minimal injury may be acceptable for growers if applications are made several weeks to months in advance of crop sale particularly for woody ornamental crops. In this report one crop species were found to exhibit little or no injury at the 0.5 or 1.0 lb ai per acre rates with significant phytotoxicity at the 2.0 lb ai per acre rate (Table 2). 5

6 There were 8 crops in the testing that exhibited damage sufficient to recommend growers not utilize Gallery 75DF as an over-the-top treatment for pre-emergent weed control (Table 3). With 60 plants, IR-4 has not generated sufficient information to categorize crop response to Gallery 75 DF applications. It is recommended additional trials be conducted to clarify their response (Table 4). However, 15 have already been placed on the Gallery label based upon other research. Please see Table 5 for a list of research on Gallery 75 DF research conducted since 1992 and the summary of the results received. Table 1. List of Gallery 75DF treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury. Acer rubrum * Leucanthemum maximum* Achillea millefolium * Limonium latifolium Aquilegia sp.* Matteuccia struthiopteris* Artemisia lactiflora* Onoclea sensibilis* Athyrium nipponicum * Origanum libanoticum* Cupressocyparis leylandii * Osmunda cinnamomea* Cyrtomium fortunei* Osmunda regalis* Dryopteris erythrosora* Polystichum acrostichoides* Dryopteris ludoviciana Polystichum polyblepharum * Dryopteris marginalis* Ruscus aculeatus ** Dryopteris x australis* Salvia daghestanica* Kniphofia caulescens * Schizachyrium scoparium * Already registered ** Crop safety testing was conducted with 4 applications over 2 years. Table 2. List of Gallery 75DF treated crops with no or minimal transitory injury seen at the 1X rate, but the 2X or 4X rate did cause significant phytotoxicity Buddleia davidii 1 1 Variable response observed possibly due to cultivar differences of multiple applications; further testing is warranted limiting to single application. Table 3. List of Gallery 75DF treated crops exhibiting significant injury at 1X Astilbe sp. Digitalis purpurea Athyrium filix-femina Echinacea purpurea * Buddleia davidii Stachys byzantina Dendranthema x morifolium Thymus sp 6

7 Table 4. List of Gallery 75DF treated crops where more research is needed to clarify response Abies balsamea var phanerolepsis * Hemerocallis sp. * Acer freemani Heuchera sanguinea Adiantum pedatum Kerria japonica Antennaria sp. Koelreuteria binnata Arachniodes simplicor Koelreuteria paniculata Asparagus virgatus * Liriodendron tulipifera Aspidistra elatior Myrica pensylvanica Aucuba japonica Pennisetum alopecuroides * Berberis sp. Penstemon sp. Calamagrostis arundinacea Phalaris arundinacea * Callirhoe involucrata Philadelphus sp. Cerastium tomentosum * Phoenix roebelinii * Chasmanthium latifolium Picea glauca Chrysalidocarpus madagascariensis * Pinus strobus Cornus kousa * Poa pratensis * Crassula ovata Potentilla sp. Cyrtomium falcatum Quercus palustris Delosperma nubigenum Rosa sp. Doronicum sp. Rudbeckia sp. * Echeveria sp. Rumohra adiantiformis Echinocactus grusonii Salvia sp. Fagus sp. Scutellaria racemosa Festuca cinerea * Sedum sp.* Festuca ovina glauca * Stokesia sp. Forsythia sp. Syringa sp. Fothergilla gardenia Thuja sp. Gaillardia aristata Veronica sp. Gaillardia x grandiflora Viburnum sp. Geum sp. * Washingtonia robusta Gypsophila elegans * Zelkova serrata * Already registered 7

8 Table 5. Detailed Summary Crop Safety Testing with Gallery 75DF. 8 otes: Table entries are sorted by crop Latin name. Only those reports received by 12/10/2013 are included Fir (Abies sp.) A. balsamea var Inphanerolepsis Ground 8428 Maple, Red (Acer rubrum) 8428 Maple, Red (Acer rubrum) 8428 Maple, Red (Acer rubrum) A. rubrum Maple (Acer sp.) A. freemani 'Autumn Blaze' arrow (Achillea millefolium) In- Ground arrow (Achillea millefolium) arrow (Achillea millefolium) 'Cloth of Gold' arrow (Achillea millefolium) 'Pink Deb' Fern, American Maidenhair (Adiantum pedatum) Ahrens/ CT 2001 Over the top o visible injury with dormant Mervosh application of 1, 2, and 4 lb at per acre; good broadleaved weed control, but poor grassy weed control. Beste/ Frank MD 2011 Over the top o significant injury or growth (ARS) reduction with 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre applied twice; no reduction in marketability. DeFrancesco OR 2010 Over the top Little to no crop injury with one or two applications at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre Derr VA 2010 Over the top o crop injury observed 5 and 46 DAT with 20.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre. Increasing control of eclipta, crabgrass, spotted spurge and annual sedge with increasing rates. Mathers OH 2011 Over the top Significant crop injury and reduction in growth with two sequential applications at 0.66, 1.32, 2.64 lb ai per acre. All plants marketable. Elmore CA 1993 Broadcast Very slight, non-significant injury, with no impact on salability at all tested rates (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb aiper acre; excellent control of broadleaved weeds. Klett CO 1993 Drench o injury or growth reduction with single pre-emergent application at 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; excellent control of pigweed, common groundsel, shepherd's purse, barnyard grass, yellow foxtail, and annual bluegrass. Ahrens/ CT 1998 Over the top o to very slight injury increasing Mervosh with rate (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre) with complete recovery by 3 MAT. Fare T 1997 Foliar o injury at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb ai per acre. Derr VA 2007 Over the top o injury at 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; excellent control of spotted spurge and eclipta at the higher rates EPA File ame a.pdf a.pdf b.pdf g.pdf b.pdf j.pdf x.pdf i.pdf k.pdf b.pdf

9 Fern, American Maidenhair (Adiantum pedatum) Pussy-Toes, Everlasting (Antennaria sp.) Columbine (Aquilegia sp.) A. cearula 'McKana's Giant' Columbine (Aquilegia sp.) A. hybrida 'Dragon Fly' Mugwort, White (Artemisia lactiflora) 'Guizho' Mugwort, White (Artemisia lactiflora) 'Guizho' Fern, Tree (Asparagus virgatus) Shadehouse/ Lathehouse Cast-Iron Plant, Ker-Gawl (Aspidistra elatior) Shadehouse/ Lathehouse False Spirea (Astilbe sp.) False Spirea (Astilbe sp.) A. x aren 'Gloria Purpurea' Fern, Lady (Athyrium filix-femina) Fern, Lady (Athyrium filix-femina) Fern, Lady (Athyrium nipponicum) Fern, Lady (Athyrium nipponicum) EPA File ame Senesac 2006 Over the top o data due to limited emergence b.pdf Klett CO 1993 Drench Due to poor plant health and y.pdf overwatering, no phytotoxicity data were taken; Excellent control of pigweed, common groundsel, shepherd's purse, barnyardgrass, yellow foxtain and annual bluegrass. Klett CO 1994 Drench o injury with single pre-emergent z.pdf application of 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; Excellent control of purslane, common groundsel, shepherd's purse, barnyardgrass, yellow foxtail and annual bluegrass. Ahrens/ CT 1998 Broadcast Very slight, nonsignificant injury with l.pdf Mervosh 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb ai per acre. Klett CO 2002 Directed o injury at 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; b.pdf good control of weeds. Klett CO 2002 Directed o injury at 1 lb ai per acre (the 2 lb ai c.pdf per acre could not be rated due to crop failure); good broadleaved weed control. Stamps FL 1992 Foliar o impact of 4 consecutive a.pdf applications over 2 years at 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; poor to fair weed control (long-stalked phyllanthus, hairy bittercress, american burnweed). Stamps FL 1992 Foliar o impact of 4 consecutive b.pdf applications over 2 years at 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; poor to fair weed control (long-stalked phyllanthus, hairy bittercress, american burnweed). Senesac 1996 Over the top Significant injury at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 lb c.pdf ai per acre with single appliation. Ahrens/ CT 1998 Broadcast Very slight to slight injury at 0.5, 1.0, m.pdf Mervosh and 2.0 lb ai per acre. Derr VA 2006 Over the top Stand and growth reduction at all rates m.pdf eal C 2006 Over the top o to moderate injury increasing with g.pdf rate (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre). Derr VA 2006 Over the top o stand or growth reduction at all m.pdf rates. eal C 2006 Over the top o injury at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre g.pdf

10 30946 Aucuba (Aucuba sp.) A. japonica 'Variegata' Aucuba (Aucuba sp.) A. japoniva 'Variegata' Barberry (Berberis sp.) Butterfly Bush (Buddleia davidii) Butterfly Bush (Buddleia davidii) Butterfly Bush (Buddleia davidii) B. davidii 'Harlequin' Butterfly Bush (Buddleia davidii) B. davidii 'Pink Delight' Butterfly Bush (Buddleia davidii) B. 'anho White' Butterfly Bush (Buddleia davidii) 'Royal Red' Reed Grass (Calamagrostis arundinacea) C. acutiflora 'Overdam' Poppy Mallow (Callirhoe involucrata) Pemberton TX 2012 Over the top Slight injury, but moderate stunting, with 0.5 and 1 lb ai per acre applied twice. Beste/ Frank MD 2012 Over the top o significant injury or growth (ARS) reduction with 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre applied twice. Freiberger J 2012 Over the top Inconclusive results because plants died off early in both treated and control plants. Chandran WV 2010 Over the top o crop injury and little to no reduction in growth observed on established plants with and 2.64 lb ai per acre. Uber CA 2011 Over the top o crop injury and little to no reduction in growth observed with and 2.64 lb ai per acre. Senesac 2010 Over the top Severe crop injury (70-100%) with 2 applications 1-4WAT at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre. One application caused Gilliam AL 78% injury 4WAT at 2.0 lb ai per acre Over the top Moderate to high crop injury with the second application at 0.5, 1.09, 2.0 lb ai per acre and reduced growth at the 4x rate. Derr VA 2010 Over the top o crop injury observed 5 and 46 DAT with 20.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre. Increasing control of eclipta, crabgrass, spotted spurge and annual sedge with increasing rates. Beste/ Frank (ARS) MD 2011 Over the top Moderate injury with some recovery at 0.5, high injury at 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; reduced growth and flower number at all rates. 1X rate marketable at reduced price; higher rates not marketable. Senesac 2013 Over the top o injury with 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre applied twice. Klett CO 1995 Over the top o injury at 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; excellent weed control (purslane, common groundsel, barnyardgrass, yellow foxtail, and annuyal bluegrass). EPA File ame a.pdf d.pdf a.pdf a.pdf c.pdf d.pdf c.pdf g.pdf b.pdf d.pdf d.pdf 10

11 11322 Snow-In-Summer (Cerastium Intomentosum) Ground orthern Sea Oats, Wild Oats (Chasmanthium latifolium) Palm, Areca (Chrysalidocarpus lutescens) C. madagascariensis Hardy Mum (Chrysanthemum/Dendranthema x morifolium) 'Jennifer' Dogwood, Kousa (Cornus kousa) Stonecrop (Crassula sp.) C. ovata Stonecrop (Crassula sp.) C. ovata 'Hobbit' Cypress, Leyland (Cupressocyparis leylandii) Cypress, Leyland (Cupressocyparis leylandii) Cypress, Leyland (Cupressocyparis leylandii) C. leylandii Fern, Japanese Holly (Cyrtomium fortunei) Fern, Japanese Holly (Cyrtomium fortunei) Fern, Japanese Holly (Cyrtomium fortunei) EPA File ame Klett CO 1993 Over the top o injury with single application of e.pdf and 2 lb ai per acre; good control of pigweed, commongroundsel, shpeherd's purse, barnyardgrass, yellow foxtail, annual bluegrass, and purslane. Fain MS 2002 Over the top o injury with single application of 1, d.pdf 2 and 4 lb ai per acre. Broschat FL 1999 Over the top o injury with 1 and 2 lb ai per acre n.pdf Klett CO 1995 Over the top Moderate to significant injury increasig with rate (1, 2, lb ai per acre); excellent control of purslane, common groundsel, barnyardgrass, yellow foxtail and annual bluegrass. DeFrancesco OR 2010 Over the top Slight to moderate crop injury predominately on youngest foliage with one or two applications at 0.5, Villavicenci o Villavicenci o CA CA 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre Over the top Very slight reddish color with 2.64 lb per acre applied twice; no growth reduction Over the top o chlorosis at 0.66, very slight with 1.32 and 2.64, lb per acre applied twice; slight necrosis only at 4X; no growth reduction. Glaze GA 1992 Broadcast o injury with single pre-emergent application using 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb ai per acre; excellent weed control. Glaze GA 1993 Broadcast o injury with single post-emergent application using 0.5, 1.0,and 2.0 lb ai per acre; excellent weed control. Fraelich GA 1996 Broadcast o injury with single pre-emergent application us 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb ai per acre; some control of oxalis. Derr VA 2006 Over the top o stand or growth reduction at all rates. Gilliam AL 2007 Over the top o injury at 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; slight growth reduction at the highest rate eal C 2006 Over the top Slight injury increasing with rate (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre.) k.pdf b.pdf b.pdf c.pdf g.pdf h.pdf i.pdf m.pdf i.pdf g.pdf 11

12 Hardy Ice Plant, ellow Ice Plant (Delosperma nubigenum) Delosperma sp. (Delosperma sp.) D. nubigenum Foxglove (Digitalis sp.) D. purpurea Foxglove (Digitalis sp.) D. purpurea 'Excelsior' Foxglove (Digitalis sp.) D. purpurea 'Excelsior' Leopards-Bane (Doronicum sp.) D. cordatum Fern, Autumn (Dryopteris erythrosora) Fern, Autumn (Dryopteris erythrosora) Fern, Marginal Wood (Dryopteris marginalis) Fern, Marginal Wood (Dryopteris marginalis) Fern, Marginal Wood (Dryopteris marginalis) 'Summer Shield' Fern, Dixie Wood (Dryopteris x australis) Fern, Dixie Wood (Dryopteris x australis) Fern, Dixie Wood (Dryopteris x australis) Fern, Dixie Wood (Dryopteris x australis) Echeveria sp. (Echeveria sp.) 'Imbricata' EPA File ame Klett CO 1995 Over the top o injury with single application of j.pdf and 2 lb ai per acre; excellent control of purslane, common groundsel, barnyardgrass, yellow foxtail and annual bluegrass. Klett CO 2012 Over the top o injury with 2 lb ai per acre applied b.pdf twice; slight growth reduction. Klett CO 1994 Drench Mortality at both application rates ( m.pdf ad 2 lb ai per acre). Klett CO 1992 Drench Significant chlorosis followed by plant l.pdf death at 1 and 2 lb ai per acre. Senesac 1996 Over the top Mortality resulted from single n.pdf application of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 lb ai per acre. Klett CO 1994 Drench Due to Phytophthora disease no crop o.pdf injury could be assesed; excellend control of purslance, common groundsel, shepherd' purse, yellow foxtail and annual bluegrass. Derr VA 2006 Over the top o stand or growth reduction at all m.pdf rates. eal C 2006 Over the top o injury at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre g.pdf Gilliam AL 2007 Over the top o injury at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 lb ai per i.pdf acre. Senesac 2006 Over the top o injury at all rates b.pdf Gilliam AL 2012 Over the top o injury with 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre after 1st applic., minor injury only with 2 lb ai after 2nd applic.; no b.pdf growth reduction; all plants marketable. Derr VA 2006 Over the top o stand reduction but growth reduced m.pdf at all rates. Gilliam AL 2006 Over the top o injury or growth reduction at all x.pdf rates. Gilliam AL 2007 Over the top o injury or growth reduction at 0.5, i.pdf and 2 lb ai per acre. eal C 2006 Over the top o injury at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre g.pdf Villavicenci o CA 2012 Over the top Moderate necrosis and discoloration, and slight spotting with 2.64 lb per acre applied twice; no growth reduction b.pdf

13 Purple Coneflower (Echinacea sp.) E. purpurea Echinocactus grusonii (Echinocactus grusonii) Echinocactus grusonii (Echinocactus grusonii) Beech (Fagus sp.) Blue Fescue (Festuca ovina glauca) F. cinerea 'Sea Urchin' Blue Fescue (Festuca ovina glauca) F. ovina 'Elijah Blue' Golden Bells (Forsythia sp.) Witch Alder (Fothergilla gardenii) F. 'Mt. Airy' Blanket Flower (Gaillardia sp.) G. aristata Blanket Flower (Gaillardia sp.) G. x grandiflora Avens (Geum sp.) In- Ground Avens (Geum sp.) 'Mrs. Bradshaw' Derr VA 1993 Over the top Slight to moderate injury increasing with rate (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre) with reduction in stand; excellent control of spotted spurge and yellow woodsorrel. Villavicenci CA 2012 Over the top Slight spotting and necrosis with quick o recovery at 2.64 lb per acre applied Villavicenci o CA twice; no growth reduction Over the top Very minor injury (chlorosis) and no growth reduction with 0.66, 1.32 and 2.64 lb per acre applied twice. Freiberger J 2012 Over the top o sufficient data collected because plants never broke dormancy and died, or died before trial conclusion. Klett CO 1995 Over the top o injury with single application of 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; excellent control of purslane, common groundsel, barnyardgrass, yellow foxtail and annual bluegrass. Ahrens/ CT 1998 Broadcast o injury with 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb ai Mervosh per acre. Freiberger J 2012 Over the top o injury or growth reduction with 2.64 lb per acre. Mathers OH 2011 Over the top First application of 0.66, 1.32, 2.64 lb ai per acre significantly greater crop injury compared to control; ratings after 2nd application were unacceptable for control and treated 2WAT2. Klett CO 1994 Drench o injury with single application of 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; excellent control of purslane, common groundsel, barnyardgrass, yellow foxtail and annual bluegrass. Fare T 1997 Foliar o injury with single applicatin of 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre. Elmore CA 1993 Broadcast o injury with single application of 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; excellent broadleaved weed control. Klett CO 1992 Drench o injury at 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; excellent control of purslane, common groundsel, barnyardgrass, yellow foxtail and annual bluegrass. EPA File ame p.pdf b.pdf d.pdf q.pdf o.pdf a.pdf b.pdf r.pdf p.pdf q.pdf s.pdf

14 Avens (Geum sp.) 'Mrs. Bradshaw' Baby's Breath (Gypsophila elegans) G. paniculata 'Pink Fairy' Baby's Breath (Gypsophila elegans) G. paniculata 'Snowflake' Daylily (Hemerocallis sp.) 'Stella de Oro' Coral Bells, Alumroot (Heuchera sanguinea) 'Ruby Bells' Japanese Kerria, Japanese Rose (Kerria japonica) K. japonica 'Pleniflora' Poker Plant, Red-Hot-Poker (Kniphofia sp.) K. caulescens Poker Plant, Red-Hot-Poker (Kniphofia sp.) K. caulescens Poker Plant, Red-Hot-Poker (Kniphofia sp.) K. 'Red Hot Poker' Poker Plant, Red-Hot-Poker (Kniphofia sp.) K. uvaria Poker Plant, Red-Hot-Poker (Kniphofia sp.) K. uvaria 'Alcazar' Golden-Rain Tree (Koelreuteria bipinnata) Varnish Tree (Koelreuteria paniculata) Shasta Daisy (Leucanthemum maximum) Linderman OR 1993 Foliar o injury with single application of 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre. Klett CO 1995 Over the top o injury at 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; excellent control of purslane, common groundsel, barnyardgrass, yellow foxtail and annual bluegrass. Ferree IL 1992 Broadcast o injury with single application at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb ai per acre. Ferree IL 1992 Broadcast o significant difference with 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb ai per acre. Beste/ Frank MD 2012 Moderate injury to severe injury with (ARS) plant death increasinf with rate (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb ai per acre). Senesac 2013 Over the top Minor injury with complete recovery with 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre applied twice. Klett CO 2010 Over the top Trial 1: no crop injury from 0.66, 1.32, 2.64 lb ai per acre. Treated containers had fewer weeds than weeded control. Klett CO 2010 Over the top Trial 2: no crop injury from 0.66, 1.32, 2.64 lb ai per acre. o differences among 1x,2x, 4x rates in height, width, dry mass or weed control compared to weeded control. Boydston WA 2011 Over the top o crop injury or reduction in growth Lieth CA with 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre Over the top o injury or growth reduction with 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre applied twice. Beste/ Frank (ARS) Beste/ Frank (ARS) Beste/ Frank (ARS) MD MD MD 2011 Over the top o significant injury or reduction of growth and flower number with 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre Over the top o significant injury or growth reduction with 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre applied twice; no reduction in marketability Over the top o significant injury or growth reduction with 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre applied twice; no reduction in marketability. Fare T 1996 Foliar Slight to severe injury (leaf distortion and stunting) increasing with rate (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre), but by 60 DAT plants had outgrown symptoms. EPA File ame r.pdf u.pdf t.pdf v.pdf e.pdf d.pdf a.pdf a.pdf a.pdf c.pdf c.pdf b.pdf c.pdf w.pdf

15 Shasta Daisy (Leucanthemum maximum) 'Alaska' Shasta Daisy (Leucanthemum maximum) 'Snow Lady' Statice (Limonium sp.) L. latifolia In- Ground Statice (Limonium sp.) L. latifolium Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) Fern, Ostrich (Matteuccia struthiopteris) Fern, Ostrich (Matteuccia struthiopteris) Fern, Ostrich (Matteuccia struthiopteris) Bayberry (Myrica pensylvanica) Fern, Sensitive (Onoclea sensibilis) Fern, Sensitive (Onoclea sensibilis) Hopflower Oregano (Origanum libanoticum) Hopflower Oregano (Origanum libanoticum) Fern, Cinnamon (Osmunda cinnamomea) Fern, Cinnamon (Osmunda cinnamomea) Fern, Cinnamon (Osmunda cinnamomea) Fern, Cinnamon (Osmunda cinnamomea) EPA File ame Klett CO 1992 Drench Significant injury with single f.pdf application at 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; mediocre weed control. Fare T 1997 Foliar Minor to moderate injury increasing s.pdf with rate (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre), but all plants marketable at 60 DAT. Ferree IL 1992 Broadcast o difference among treatments (0, y.pdf 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb ai per acre). Klett CO 1994 Drench o injury at 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; x.pdf excellent control of purslane, common groundsel, barnyardgrass, yellow foxtail and annual bluegrass. Mathers OH 2011 Although not statistically different all b.pdf plants treated with 0.66, 1.32, 2.64 lb ai per acre were smaller than control. 4x rate caused unacceptable injury. Derr VA 2006 Broadcast o growth reduction at all rates; stand m.pdf reduction at higher rates after second application eal C 2006 Over the top o injury at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre g.pdf Senesac 2006 Over the top Significant injury at all rates with b.pdf some recovery. Freiberger J 2012 Over the top o sufficient data collected because a.pdf plants never broke dormancy and died, or died before trial conclusion. Derr VA 2006 Over the top o stand or growth reduction at all m.pdf rates. eal C 2006 Over the top o injury at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre g.pdf Klett CO 2002 Directed Trial 1: o injury with single l.pdf application of 1, 2 and 4 lb ai per acre; good control of broadleaved weeds. Klett CO 2002 Directed Trial 2: o injury with single l.pdf application of 1, 2 and 4 lb ai per acre; good control of broadleaved weeds. Derr VA 2006 Over the top o stand or growth reduction at all m.pdf rates. Gilliam AL 2006 Over the top o injury or growth reduction at all x.pdf rates. eal C 2006 Over the top All plants grew poorly regardless of g.pdf treatment. Senesac 2006 Over the top o injury at all rates b.pdf

16 Fern, Royal (Osmunda regalis) Fern, Royal (Osmunda regalis) Chinese Pennisetum (Pennisetum alopecuroides) 'Hamelin' Beard-Tongue (Penstemon sp.) P. digitalis 'Husker's Red' Beard-Tongue (Penstemon sp.) 'Prairie Dusk' Ribbon-Grass, Gardeners-Garters (Phalaris arundinacea) 'Picta' Mock Orange (Philadelphus sp.) Palm, Pygmy Date (Phoenix roebelinii) Spruce, White; Cat (Picea glauca) Pine, White (Pinus strobus) Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis) 'Challenger' Fern, Christmas (Polystichum acrostichoides) Fern, Christmas (Polystichum acrostichoides) Fern, Christmas (Polystichum acrostichoides) Fern, Christmas (Polystichum acrostichoides) Fern, Christmas (Polystichum acrostichoides) Fern, Tassel (Polystichum polyblepharum) Fern, Tassel (Polystichum polyblepharum) Fern, Tassel (Polystichum polyblepharum) EPA File ame Derr VA 2006 Over the top o stand or growth reduction at all m.pdf rates. eal C 2006 Over the top o injury at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre g.pdf Ahrens/ CT 1998 Over the top o injury with single application of Mervosh 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre. Senesac 1996 Over the top Slight to moderate injury increasing with rate (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre). Beste/ Frank MD 2012 Over the top Slight injury, no growth reduction with (ARS) 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre applied twice; all plants marketable. Ahrens/ CT 1998 Broadcast o injury with single application of Mervosh 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre. Freiberger J 2012 Over the top Inconclusive results because plants died off early in both treated and control plants. Broschat FL 1999 Foliar o injury with single application of 1 and 2 lb ai per acre. Freiberger J 2012 Over the top o sufficient data collected because plants never broke dormancy and died, or died before trial conclusion. Freiberger J 2012 Over the top o sufficient data collected because plants never broke dormancy and died, Turf Klett CO or died before trial conclusion Over the top o injury at 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; excellent control of pigweed, purslane, common groundsel, barnyardgrass, yellow foxtail and annual bluegrass t.pdf z.pdf d.pdf u.pdf v.pdf a.pdf Derr VA 2006 Over the top o stand reduction but growth reduced m.pdf at all rates. Gilliam AL 2006 Over the top o injury or growth reduction at all x.pdf rates. Gilliam AL 2007 Over the top o injury or growth reduction at 0.5, i.pdf and 2 lb ai per acre. eal C 2006 Over the top o injury at 0.5 and 1.0 lb ai per acre, g.pdf but slight injury with 2.0 lb ai per acre. Senesac 2006 Over the top Slight, transient injury at all rates b.pdf Derr VA 2006 Over the top o stand or growth reduction at all m.pdf rates. Gilliam AL 2006 Over the top Slight injury (browning) at all rates; no x.pdf growth reduction. eal C 2006 Over the top o injury at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre g.pdf

17 Fern, Tassel (Polystichum polyblepharum) Cinquefoil (Potentilla sp.) P. Intabernaemontani Ground Oak (Quercus sp.) Q. palustris Rose (Rosa sp.) 'Radrazz' Coneflower (Rudbeckia sp.) R. fulgida 'Golstrum' Fern, Leatherleaf (Rumohra adiantiformis) Butchers Broom, Israeli Ruscus (Ruscus aculeatus) Sage (Salvia daghestanica) Sage (Salvia daghestanica) Pasture Sage (Salvia nemorosa) Pasture Sage (Salvia nemorosa) S. sylvestris 'Blue Hill' Little Blue Stem (Schizachyrium scoparium) Little Blue Stem (Schizachyrium scoparium) 'Blaze' Little Blue Stem (Schizachyrium scoparium) 'Blaze' EPA File ame Senesac 2006 Over the top Slight, transient injury at all rates b.pdf Klett CO 1993 Drench o injury at 1 and 2 lb ai per acre b.pdf Freiberger J 2012 Over the top o sufficient data collected because plants never broke dormancy and died, or died before trial conclusion. Freiberger J 2012 Over the top Very minor injury, no growth reduction with 2.64 lb per acre. Klett CO 1992 Drench o visible injury with 1 and 2 lb ai per Greenhouse Stamps FL 1992 Foliar acre. Transient injury to immature fronds, but no impact on leatherleaf fern yield at 1 and 2 lb ai per acre with 4 applications over 2 years. Greenhouse Stamps FL 1992 Foliar o injury at 1 and 2 lb ai per acre with 4 applications over 2 years. Klett CO 2002 Directed Trial 1: o visible injury but 1 and 2 lb ai per acre did shorten treated plants; good control of broadleaved weeds, but poor control of grassy weeds. Klett CO 2002 Directed Trial 2: o visible injury but 1 and 2 lb ai per acre did moderately stunt treated plants; good control of broadleaved weeds, but poor control of grassy weeds. Peachey OR 2013 Over the top Moderate injury and slight growth reduction with 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre applied twice. Senesac 2013 Over the top Minor injury with 0.5, moderate with 1 and 2, lb ai per acre applied twice. Lieth CA 2011 Over the top o injury or significant growth reduction with 0.5, 1 and 2 lb ai per acre applied twice. Klett CO 2010 Broadcast Trial 1: no crop injury with 0.66, 1.32, 2.64 lbs ai/a. o differences in height, width, dry mass or efficacy between treated and weeded check. Klett CO 2010 Broadcast Trial 2: no crop injury with 0.66, 1.32, 2.64 lbs ai/a. o differences in height, dry mass or efficacy between treated and weeded check a.pdf a.pdf c.pdf d.pdf e.pdf e.pdf f.pdf b.pdf d.pdf c.pdf a.pdf a.pdf

18 Skullcap (Scutellaria racemosa) Skullcap (Scutellaria racemosa) Stonecrop (Sedum sp.) S. acre In- Ground Stonecrop (Sedum sp.) S. Spurium 'Red Carpet' Lamb's-Ears (Stachys byzantina) Lamb's-Ears (Stachys byzantina) Lamb's-Ears (Stachys byzantina) In- Ground Lamb's-Ears (Stachys byzantina) Lamb's-Ears (Stachys byzantina) In- 'Silver Carpet' Ground Stokes Aster (Stokesia sp.) S. laevis In- 'Blue Danube' Ground Stokes Aster (Stokesia sp.) S. laevis 'Blue Danube' Lilac (Syringa sp.) Arborvitae (Thuja sp.) Thyme (on-bearing) (Thymus sp.) T. pseudolanuginosus Speedwell, Brooklime (Veronica sp.) V. incana Arrowwood (Viburnum sp.) EPA File ame Klett CO 2002 Directed Trial 1: Crop injury could not be g.pdf evaluated due to crop failure; good control of broadleaved weeds. Klett CO 2002 Directed Trial 2: o injury at 1 and 2 lb ai per h.pdf acre; good control of broadleaved weeds. Klett CO 1993 Drench o significant injury at 1 and 2 lb ai f.pdf per acre. Klett CO 2012 Over the top o injury but slight plant growth b.pdf reduction with 2 lb ai per acre applied twice. Fare T 1995 Over the top Significant injury even mortality i.pdf increasing with rate (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre); suppression of mare's tail germination, but not crabgrass. Fare T 1996 Over the top Significant injury increasing with rate j.pdf (0.5, lb ai per acre) with some plants dying at the 2.0 lb ai per acre rate. Talbert AR 1993 Broadcast Minor to significant injury increasing k.pdf with rate (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre. Talbert AR 1993 Over the top Mortality at all tested rates (0.5, 1.0, h.pdf 2.0 lb ai per acre). Ferree IL 1993 Broadcast Some potential negative impact, but g.pdf overall growing conditions were poor for this trial. Ferree IL 1993 Broadcast Slight injury increasing with rate (0.5, l.pdf 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre). Klett CO 1992 Drench o injury at 1 and 2 lb ai per acre m.pdf Freiberger J 2012 Over the top o injury or growth reduction with 2.64 lb per acre. Freiberger J 2012 Over the top o injury or growth reduction with 2.64 lb per acre. Klett CO 1993 Drench Moderate to significant injury increasing with rate (1, 2 lb ai per acre). Klett CO 1994 Drench o injury at 1 and 2 lb ai per acre; excellent control of pigweed, purslane, common groundsel, barnyardgrass, yellow foxtail and annual bluegrass. Freiberger J 2012 Over the top o injury or growth reduction with 2.64 lb per acre a.pdf a.pdf n.pdf o.pdf a.pdf

19 13443 Palm, Mexican Fan (Washingtonia robusta) Japanese Zelkova (Zelkova serrata) Broschat FL 1999 Foliar o injury with single application of 1 and 2 lb ai per acre. DeFrancesco OR 2010 Over the top Slight crop injury predominately on youngest foliage with one or two applications at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 lb ai per acre increasing with rate. EPA File ame w.pdf b.pdf 19

20 Label Suggestions For Gallery 75DF, it is suggested that the following three crop species exhibiting no injury in the testing with over-the-top applications of Gallery 75DF be placed on the label. Dryopteris ludoviciana Limonium latifolium Ruscus aculeatus Schizachyrium scoparium It is advisable to list the following crops as sensitive to isoxaben treatment. Astilbe sp. Athyrium filix-femina Buddleia davidii Dendranthema x morifolium Digitalis purpurea Stachys byzantina Thymus sp 20

21 Appendix 1: Contributing Researchers Dr. John Ahrens (retired) Dr. Ed Beste Dr. Rick Boydston Dr. Timothy Broschat (retired) Dr. Rakesh S. Chandran Dr. Joe DeFrancesco Dr. Jeff Derr Dr. Clyde Elmore (retired) Mr. Glenn Fain Ms. Donna Fare Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory 153 Cook Hill Road, P.O. Box 248 Windsor, CT University of Maryland LESREC Salisbury Facility anticoke Road Salisbury, MD USDA-ARS IAREC Bunn Road Prosser, WA University of Florida 3205 College Ave Ft Lauderdale, FL West VirginiaUniversity 1076 Agricultural Science Building P. O. Box 6108 Morgantown, WV Western ion IPM Integrated Plant Protection Center Oregon State University 2057 Cordley Hall Corvallis OR Dept. of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University HRAREC, Virginia Beach, VA University of California, Davis Weed Science Program Davis, CA Mississippi State University Truck Crops Experiment Station P.O. Box 231 Crystal Springs, MS UT-OHLD 21

22 (retired) P.O. Box 1071 Knoxville, Ms. Rhonda J. Ferree (retired) Mr. Ben Fraelich Dr. Ray Frank Mr. Tom Freiberger Dr. Charles Gilliam Dr..C. Glaze (retired) Dr. James Klett Dr. Heiner Lieth Dr. Bob Linderman (retired) Dr. Hannah Mathers University of Illinois 1031 Plant Science Lab 1201 S. Dorner Dr Urbana, IL USDA-ARS CPES P.O. Box 748 Tifton, GA Boyers Mill Road ew Market, MD Rutgers University Cream Ridge Experiment Station 283 Rt. 539 Cream Ridge, J Auburn University Department of Horticulture 101 Funchess Hall Auburn, AL University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station and USDA, SEA-AR Tifton, GA Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Colorado State University CD 1173 Fort Collins, CO Department of Plant Sciences University of California One Shield Avenue Davis, CA Horticultural Crops Research Lab USDA-ARS 3420 W Orchard Ave. Corvallis, OR The Ohio State University 22

23 Dept. Hort. and Crop Science 2001 Fyffe Ct. Columbus, OH Dr. Todd Mervosh Dr. Joe eal Dr. Edward Peachey Dr. Brent Pemberton Dr. Andy Senesac Dr. Bob Stamps (retired) Dr. Ronald Talbert (retired) Mr. Buzz Uber Dr. Lucia Villavicencio Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory 153 Cook Hill Road, P.O. Box 248 Windsor, CT orth Carolina State University Department of Horticultural Science 262 Kilgore Hall Raleigh, C Dept. of Horticulture Oregon State University 4017 Ag. and Life Sciences Bldg. Corvallis, OR Texas A & M University Agricultural Research and Education Center P. O. Box E Overton, TX Long Island Horticultural Research Center Cornell University 3059 Sound Avenue Riverhead, University of Florida Central Florida Research & Education Center 2807 Binion Rd Apopka, FL University of Arkansas 276 Altheimer Drive Fayettteville, AR Crop Inspection Service Hilltop Drive Valley Center, CA Center for Applied Horticultural Research 3742 Blue Bird Canyon Road Vista, CA