The need for development of underground spaces of the historical fabric of city of Tehran

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1 The need for development of underground spaces of the historical fabric of city of Tehran Mohammad Mahdi Safaee 1 Kamelia Pourmakhdoomi 2 1 M. A. in Architecture, Academic Member of Islamic Azad University (IAU), South Tehran Branch, Iran 2 B.Sc. in Architecture, South Tehran Branch, Iran Abstract Historical fabric of old cities are the integral identity and natural wealth of them. Today because of mush room- like growth of the new construction in some cities the cultural identity and historical fabric of those cities are fading. The historical fabric of city of Tehran which becomes a center for whole sale of necessary equipment in Iran, after passing the immediate development; changed its feature when underground system was inaugurated in Tehran in 1998 and attracted a lot of people to go to city center and old bazaar of Tehran. Most tourist attractions lie in this part of city, and after the inauguration of this region, metro lines will attract more tourist to visit the museum and other historical centers in this part of this city. It also has become a district for social communication of Tehranis, their shopping and daily commuting. Gradually with the increasing of population of Tehran, and flourishing of these centers in the area of bazaar and the city center, the price of land and houses escalated ; at the same time with the centralization of different commodities in this area, trade centers and high rise commercial buildings have been constructed and have attracted the builders to compete for constructing huge and tall shopping malls and complexes which have no harmony with the other historical buildings around them. On the other hand municipality of Tehran is issuing permit for condense and disharmonized projects. This article deals with problems of urban space development, in this historical fabric with understanding of the real needs of metro Tehran and also realizing values of historical urban fabric of the city and it's urban feature; it also suggests the development of underground spaces as a good method of amalgamation of new and old building and preservation of urban feature and its historical frame work. Keywords: underground space, historical fabric, high rise buildings, urban feature Introduction Historical fabric is one of the most valuable frame work of identification of cities. Element, structures, their formation and road network in every historical fabric are indication of the social life of its inhabitants of that city. Ignoring the historical fabric and with the consideration of passing the long life of valuable buildings can destroy the culture and identity of a society. City of Tehran which developed from a two hundred year old historic core is not an exception from this role. New constructions, urban centers, highways, and also some of the projects which are responsible for the preservation of historical buildings; not only have they any harmonization with the existing historical fabric but somehow they seem strange. In fact this historical fabric itself suffers some shortages and It is feared that would change the face of Tehran's historic fabric and the few remaining hopes for reform and repair of this fabric to be converted in to unattainable wish Therefore, Considering the fact that historical fabric can function as motive for social, economic and cultural elements, cause us to find a solution. 1. Introducing city of Tehran Tehran is one of the largest city and the capital of Iran. Its population exceeds people 1 and it also is eighteenth over populated city in the world 2. This city is formed from 22 regional districts which covers 730 km². This city is one of the largest cites of west Asia and 27 th large city of the world 4. It is more than 150 years that Tehran is on the direction of modernization and acts as a most important economic, political and cultural center. 1-Statistics of "the largest city in the world revised Aug the 2009 revision population data base united nation 24 Feb "The area of vicinity of Tehran is 3 times more than city of Tehran itself" hamshahri online 1 st Oct The detailed result of public sensus and housing 2006 " internet base of Tehran governors general office reviewed 7 Aug IR top municipality of Tehran in 8 Aug 2011.

4-Largest cities of the world "Wikipedia free tes reviewed 7 July 2011 on the basis of city doilers. In the ruling of Safavi dynasty (1537A.D) the area of Tehran was 440 hectares 1.

2 4-Largest cities of the world "Wikipedia free tes reviewed 7 July 2011 on the basis of city doilers. In the ruling of Safavi dynasty (1537A.D) the area of Tehran was 440 hectares 1. In the Ghajar kingdom this city was selected as the capital of Iran and its population has changed in people in the year 1785 exceed to more than 8 million in the year and its expansion from 4.4 km² to more than 730 km². 3 Principal changes for the expansion of city of Tehran in 1920 s and 1930 s in the period of Razashah. In this period a new architecture appeared in Tehran which was in the modern frame work but the designs decoration inspired from traditional ancient architecture style of Iran.The most significant examples of this architecture can be found in building of Tehran police castle( located in " Mashgh " square), the building of telegraph and telephone and army academy, Melli bank of Iran 4. Today this city is still developing and in most district of the city phenomena of density and space development do not stop. Figure 1: Physical expansion of Tehran Historical fabric of the city of Tehran Most of historical roots of Tehran is located in district 12. This includes central part of city of Tehran which consist of ancient and valuable region which has cultural identity and makes it distinguished and different from other regions, this area ends from north to Enghelab Ave, and from east to 17 th Shahrivar Ave, and from south to Shoosh Ave, and from west to Avenue of Hafez and Vahdat Eslami. This area consist of 1600 hectares and it has 593 hectares destroyed area, %35 of total district. Belong to this part. Number of inhabitants of this district is nearly thousand people but it also has floating population which exceeds 2/500/000 people. This great difference between the population of day and night causes some problems in town planning. In city of Tehran more than %50 of commuting of the inhabitants to this central is for jobs they have. And the second daily commuting is for shopping. There for the fluctuation of commuting causes a decrease night life in this area. 1- "Tehran in remote past" municipality of Tehran 24 Feb IR top 6 Tehran municipality reviewed in 8 Aug history of Tehran second revise. Tehran. Institute of Geography and cartography, 2008

4-"Beginning of modernism in Tehran architecture" Iranian engineer's club, Oct 1 2008 Figure 2: Map of Tehran, District 12 Following a sudden development and fast growth and the need for the

3 4-"Beginning of modernism in Tehran architecture" Iranian engineer's club, Oct Figure 2: Map of Tehran, District 12 Following a sudden development and fast growth and the need for the modernization of city of Tehran, the relation between the past and present of historical fabric of the city disconnected. The change in the social and economic system and its effects on the development of the city caused the following disharmonies. The change in the use of properties and disorganizing the social organization and values. Disharmony between population density and commercial density in historical fabric. Lack of especial rules in city landscape and its ill-effects high rise building the fabric and agley look of the city views. Density, crowd and disorganization in the frame work of the city historical fabric such as narrow streets, crooked side streets made reaching the inner part of the fabric difficult. Lack of connection between this area to high way network and lack of predevelopment of subway. Environmental problems because of the centralization commercial, workshops and also terminals and ware houses and other crowded traffic in the city fabrics air and noise pollution increase. Lack of suitable connecting systems inside the fabric for offering city services. 3. Development of commercial and administrative spaces in the historical fabric Before the sudden development of the city the historical fabric of Tehran had a suitable connection with the other parts of the city, but today it is facing with change in deferent utilization and most city spaces have become and changed into unprofitable. The central park of city of Tehran has changed in to an unusable place specially at night because of some administrative building surrounding it. and also Lalehzar Ave which was the cultural center of the city has now changed in to center of electronic business of Tehran.(Figure 3)

Figure 3: cure of number of the unite of the present activities in district 12 of Tehran. Source: detail plan of district12 of Tehran. bavand consult.

There is always a fear that lacks of proper policy in connection with this historic fabric may change the identity of city feature.

since living in historical fabric of Tehran has decrease and generally has administrative and commercial use; it took the shape of center for exchange commercial commodities.

4 Figure 3: cure of number of the unite of the present activities in district 12 of Tehran. Source: detail plan of district12 of Tehran. bavand consult. Now a day's high-rise building of commercial center in this district is changing the feature of Tehran's historical fabric. There is always a fear that lacks of proper policy in connection with this historic fabric may change the identity of city feature. Construction of cultural commercial centers is necessary for the preservation and dynamism of population. since living in historical fabric of Tehran has decrease and generally has administrative and commercial use; it took the shape of center for exchange commercial commodities. Because of this many commercial spaces are being constructed and it is being developed. This historical fabric has capability of changing in to a usable and vital with the expansion of city bus services and compelition of Tehran subway system (consisting of connection of subway system of central Tehran to other lines which pass through this district ) we can see the day by day flourishing of this historic fabric of the city. Specially after opening subway line 1 in the year 1998 presents of more people in Tehran Bazaar, the city feature has gradually changed and from on administrative and whole sailing changed in to a place for moving of city dwellers and social relations and daily shopping 1. mean time the need for development of culture, commercial and shopping center,entertainment center become more than before.for the preservation of this valuable historical fabric, development of sight seining, cultural and entertainment beside them is suggested. This way the population show interest for living in this historical fabric. In this limit of historical fabric we can see some valuable cultural building detached or attached to other which indicates the identity of this region Building such as Golestan place, National Garden, Department of justice and Telegraph Telephone and Tehran Bazaar. (Figure 4) Bagh melli old Bazaar of Tehran Shamsolemare(part of Golestan Palace)

constructions and buildings which are not valuable enough to be added to the historical fabric. Although these buildings have potentiality to be added to the existing fabric if they are reconstructed.

Most of the remaining building but reaching the real needs requires building with higher density, on the other hand constructing these high-rise buildings damages the landscapes and views of

( Figure 6,7) Figure 6: a sample of unsuitable construction with fabric of the district.

5 1- Mm. Safaee, The effect of underground subway development on the rehabilitation of historical urban places, 11th ACUUS Conference, 2007 Among this existing and valuable elements there are some constructions and buildings which are not valuable enough to be added to the historical fabric. Although these buildings have potentiality to be added to the existing fabric if they are reconstructed. We have to consider the fact that these repairs and reconstructions should not have much disharmony with the old frame work. Most of the remaining building but reaching the real needs requires building with higher density, on the other hand constructing these high-rise buildings damages the landscapes and views of historical fabric of Tehran. So we have to find solutions for these problems which may cause disharmony in the city.( Figure 6,7) Figure 6: a sample of unsuitable construction with fabric of the district. Figure 7:a sample of new construction which is suitable with the fabric of the district according to the cooler's and materials. 4. Function of underground spaces Using underground spaces can keep originality of the city views and also can provide the necessary spaces which are required for the historical fabric functions of underground spaces. Underground spaces are important part of town planning. Now a days all over the world underground spaces are good solutions for solving difficulties of cities and towns. Countries such as china, America and japan have good experience in using the underground spaces in solving urban problems Some advantages and disadvantages of underground spaces: to provide necessary spaces in dense area of the city. to provide safe spaces like bomb shelters in case of military attucks, earth quick's and storms. to prevent energy exchange and saving energy to strengthen the building and their better connection with the ground. Confronting ecological condition of the region such as subterranean water. High expenses for the underground constructions. High humidity and lack of natural air circulation. People's disregards to enter underground spaces because of fear, closed places, and laziness. 1- The Civil and Mineral Engineering building- University of Minnesota in United State of America, Source: J. Carmody and Raymond L. Sterling, "Design Strategies to Alleviate Negative Psychological and Physiological Effects in Underground", Tunneling and underground Technology,1987

6 and Underground Mall Development Around Yokohama Station, Source: T. Tatsukami, Case Study of an Underground Shopping Mall in Japan the East Side of Yokohama Station 5. Conclusion To understand the technical problems of the underground spaces and to logically propose solutions to remove most of those problems such as architecture, structure and installations, these underground spaces can be ideal place to replace over ground massive building which is destroying the views of historical fabric of Tehran. : Refrences:.1 سازمان نوسازی شهر تهران,"نوسازی بافت های فرسوده",(2006).A Andalib, 2. Hughes, 1987, "The use of simulated natural light in the Design of the Eartg-sheltered enviroment", "Tunelling and underground space technology", vol2, pp Rongh, (2009), " A study of elements for the success of underground shopping mall in china", "Tunelling and underground space technology", vol24 4. Sterling, R. (1992), " case study of life safety standards for a large mind underground space facility in minneapolice, Minnesota", "Tunelling and underground space technology", vol7, No 2, pp انتشارات مرکز مطالعات و تحقیقات شهر سازی و معماری ایران,"طراحی شهری در بخش مرکزی تهران ",1997.M Tavasoli,.6 ساخت و ساز در مرکز تاریخی تهران,2006,مجموعه مقاالت دومین سمینار ساخت و ساز در پایتخت.7 طرح تفصیلی شهر تهران منطقه, 12 مهندسین مشاور باوند.8 مطالعات آماری شهرداری منطقه 12 تهران

IJBPAS, September, 2015, 4(9), Special Issue:

IJBPAS, September, 2015, 4(9), Special Issue: : 306-314 ISSN: 2277 4998 REVIEWING HISTORICAL VALUES OF THE URBAN DAMAGED AREA AND REVITALIZATION STRATEGIES BY USING SWOT TECHNIQUES (CASE STUDY OF MARVI ALLEY AND TEHRAN S GRAND BAZZAR) ELNAZ JAZAYERI