Urban Livability, Sustainability & Resilience Dr. A. Emin Aktan Roebling Professor of Infrastructure Studies Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA

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1 Urban Livability, Sustainability & Resilience Dr. A. Emin Aktan Roebling Professor of Infrastructure Studies Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA

2 The Urban Engineer 1. URBANIZATION CHALLENGES 2. CRITICAL FOUNDATIONS of A CITY 3. VISION for a new URBAN SCIENCE 4. LIVABILITY, SUSTAINABILITY & RESILIENCE 5. VISION for CIVIL ENGINEERING CONVERGENCE FOR a new URBAN SCIENCE 7. SMART CITY CONCEPTS for LIVABILITY, SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE 8. EDUCATING new URBAN ENGINEER/SCIENTIST? ELECTED OFFICALS AND GOVERNMENT SERVICES

3 Challenges due to Urbanization Stratified growth and increasing inequality Environmental concerns (degradation/loss of natural assets, air/water pollution, energy demand, climate change, solid and liquid waste, ) Cost of urban services (Housing, Health, Schooling, etc.) Disutility of critical infrastructures and their services Cost of maintaining the deteriorating built environment Increasing complexity of natural and man-caused hazards due to climate change; population growth and accelerating urbanization UN Habitat 2016 Challenges to effective and good governance due to multiple levels of government, overlapping ownership and interdependent service providers with different org cultures

4 Complex Foundational Systems of a City Municipal Engineer Volume 165 Issue ME2 Resistance and Resilience Rogers, Bouch, Williams, et al (2011)

5 Urban Planning In 1898, Sir Ebenezer Howard started the garden-city movement in London. United States held its first urban planning conference in New York City, bringing together architects, public health officials, and social workers. Urban planning education continued to evolve from the interactions of civil engineering, architecture, medicine, public health, and sociology. By the 1960s, urban planning included social sciences and economics as well. Today, over 70 US Programs offer accredited degrees. Today urban planning and design is evolving into urban science, including urban informatics and smart-city technologies, GIS, urban modeling and simulation, and mobility. Solutions to noise, building energy, transportation, resilience, and hazards risks and emergency response are investigated.

6 URBAN GREAT BRITAIN Foresight Future of Cities ( ) Project UK Government Office for Science The project team visited 20 cities to understand and integrate the work of think-tanks, universities, research centers and lobby groups. Municipal Engineering Deals with municipal infrastructure and designs, constructs and maintains pavements, water supply networks, sewers, street lighting, municipal solid waste management, public parks, bicycle paths, etc. working closely with Urban Planners.

7 Livable, Sustainable and Resilient City United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). Our Common Future. Triple Bottom Line extended sustainability to Social, Environmental and Financial-economic bottom lines - Elkington (1994). NAE (2008). 14 Grand Challenges for Engineering in the 21st Century - Restore and Improve Urban Infrastructure. NAP (2012). Disaster resilience: A national imperative. The White House (2014). Smart Cities Initiative to Help Communities Tackle Local Challenges and Improve Services. Rockefeller Foundation (2015).100 Resilient Cities. Bloomberg Philanthropies (2015). What Works Cities. Habitat 2016 A New Urban Science. MILKEN INSTITUTE Best Cities for Successful Aging (2017) - highlight the nation s most livable metropolitan areas

8 The Vision for Civil Engineering By 2025 (ASCE) civil engineers serve competently, collaboratively, and ethically as master: planners, designers, constructors, and operators of society s economic and social engine--the built environment; stewards of the natural environment and its resources; innovators and integrators of ideas and technology across the public, private, and academic sectors; managers of risk and uncertainty caused by natural events, accidents, and other threats; and leaders in discussions and decisions shaping public environmental and infrastructure policy.

9 URBAN INFRASTRUCTURES - issues 1. Culture of ownership and organizational accountability; Process vs Performance based! 2. Finance and lifecycle revenue mechanisms 3. Project delivery mechanisms and lifecycle costs 4. Quality and robustness metrics for services 5. X-Sector Coordination for Asset Management 6. Innovative paradigms & technology 7. Managing the intersections & interdependency between infrastructures and services 8. Managing multi-hazards Risks, Emergencies and Resilience

10 PERFORMANCE and ASSET MANAGEMENT challenge OF THE BUILT URBAN ENVIRONMENT

11 Transforming the Practice of Engineering of Large Complex Systems Inter-Agency Working Group on the Engineering of Complex Systems Working Group included Directors from NSF, DOD, DOE, NASA, NIST & US Army Corps of Engineers Approved for public release by DOPSR on 11/27/ The complexity of engineered systems has swelled in the last several decades, and this trend is likely to continue for the foreseeable future. While projects are becoming more complex, current engineering practice has largely evolved from a top-down approach that is the legacy of past successes. A fundamental rethinking of engineering methodologies is urgently needed if our nation is to ensure that the large complex systems critical to our national security, economy, and quality of life are resilient in the face of natural disasters, creative adversaries, and an unforeseeable future.

12 CHALLENGE: IDENTIFICATION, MODELING, SIMULATION and CONTROL OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS Thomas W. Peterson Former Asst. Director, NSF Provost at Univ of CAL Merced since 2012 ABET DOES NOT REQUIRE COVERING SYSTEMS LET ALONE COMPLEX SYSTEMS

13 HOW TO LEVERAGE DESIGN THINKING FOR LIVABLE SUSTAINABLE RESILIENT URBAN REGIONS IRVING WLADAWSKY-BERGER Nov 4, 2016 Wall Street Journal Design is no longer just for physical objects. Design thinking is now being applied to abstract entities, such as systems and services, as well as to devise strategies, manage change and solve complex problems. By now, it s been a generally accepted that design thinking can be applied to just about all disciplines and professions. One cannot design what one cannot imagine; therefore, enhancing creativity is an important precursor to effective design. Desirability is central to Design Thinking.

14 HAZARDS and INFRASTRUCTURE DISUTILITY RISK

15 Natural Hazards ATMOSPHERIC: Hail, Hurricane, Tornado, Lightning, Storm Surge, Flood/Flash Flood SEISMIC: Fault rupture, Ground shaking, Falling Debris, Fires, Liquefaction, Tsunami GEO: Avalanche, Expansive soils, Landslides, Mudslides, Rock falls, Subsidence, Slope Failures, Sinkholes HYDROLOGIC: Coastal flooding, River flooding, Erosion and sedimentation, Desertification, Salinization, Drought, Ice VOLCANIC: Tephra (ash, cinders, lapilli), Gases, Lava flows, Mudflows, Pyroclastic flows, Projectiles and lateral blasts WILDFIRE: Brush, Forest, Grass, Peat Manmade Hazards TERRORISM: Blast, Fire, Explosion, Implosion, Chem-Bio Agents, Poison Gas, Gunfire, Cyber POLITICAL: Decision-making driven mainly by politics w/o Impacts, Utility and Feasibility POLICY: A Lack of Policy (for innovation, accountability, responsibility), Bureaucracy, disconnected PLANNING vs EXECUTION KNOWLEDGE: Lack of Modeling, Research, Technology Tools for Sustainable Management of Complex Multi-Scale Socio-Tech Systems CULTURE: Societal valuation and commitment to quality of life? Quality of education? Public demanding performance from Government, Planners, Engineers and Managers? ACCIDENTS: Highway, Rail, Subway, Airplane accidents; Leaks; Spills; Cascading failures due to Interdependency; Epidemics;

16 HAZARDS, UNCERTAINTY, PLANNING, PREPARATION AND RESILIENCE Neon Swan Events: Immensely Important and Blindingly Obvious. Can be avoided if willed! Hazards with Very Important Consequences randomly occurring within established Return Periods. Risk may be mitigated by proper planning and preparation Black Swan Events: Highly Improbable with Significant Uncertainty. Difficult to Mitigate, Resilience is Essential Deterministic - Random - Epistemic INCREASING UNCERTAINTY

17 Livable, Sustainable and Resilient City US Smart and Connected Communities Framework (2015) DOE, DOT, NIFA, NIH, NIST, NSF, NASA The NSF Cyber-Physical Systems Group will coordinate efforts among Federal agency and with public-private partnerships for smart and connected communities. The relevant agency activities include: Performing foundational research and accelerating innovation and transition in scalable and replicable smart city solutions Applying advanced cyber-physical systems concepts, coupled with sociotechnical system understanding, to integrate city-scale IT and physical infrastructures Enabling replicable smart city solutions that provide powerful new safe, reliable, sustainable, resilient, secure, privacy-enhancing, and costsaving platforms and services Promoting discovery, innovation, and entrepreneurship in smart city technologies Facilitating the ability of communities to apply cyber-physical systems concepts to solutions that make them more livable, workable, safe, and sustainable and that support an informed and engaged populace

18 Technology and the Future of Cities (Feb 2016) President s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology

19 Vision 2025 Calls for a new Urban Civil Engineer: Understand the evolving concepts of Urban Livability, Sustainability and Resilience together with the complex systems that make up an urban region; Join Elected Officials, Urban Planners, Architects, Economists, Social Scientists, Public Health, Industry and Community Leaders: Preservation of Natural Assets and Ecosystems Infrastructure Owner/Manager Culture (Financing, Revenue & Organization), Performance and Preservation based on Lifecycle X- Sector Asset Management - including Sustainability & Social Equity Mitigate Disutility of Critical interdependent infrastructure services Reliability Evaluation and Smart Renewal of the Built Environment Identify and Mitigate Natural and Man-caused Hazards Risks and Design/Prepare Scenarios for Effective Emergency Response Planning Leverage Technology (e.g. Cyber-Infra Systems, UAV s, Data Analytics) for Innovating and Improving Urban Livability