Panic and. footbridges: liaison dangereuse? 1 /10. Luca Bruno. Vehicular Traffic and Crowd Dynamics

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1 1 Vehicular Traffic and Crowd Dynamics Panic and footbridges: a liaison dangereuse? Luca Bruno Politecnico di Torino Department of Architecture and Design

2 2 Case study #1: Jamarat footbridge A. Johansson, D. Helbing, H. Al- Abideen, S. Al-Bosta, From crowd dynamics to crowd safety: A video-based analysis, Advances in Complex Systems 11 (2008) Where: Mina/Makkah, Saudi Arabia When: January 12, 2006 (last day of the Hajj, muslim pilgrimage) Panic triggering: stop-and-go waves, crowd turbulence; Who: 346 deaths, 289 injuries Ped density: global density 8 ped/m 2, local density 10 ped/m 2 Remedial measure: surveillance cameras, reshaping of the Jamarahs and footbridge

3 3 Case study #2: the Akashi footbridge Akashi_pedestrian_bridge_accident Where: Railway's Asagiri Station, Akashi, Japan When: July 21, 2001 (fireworks during a summer festival) Panic triggering: youths attempted to move toward the station against a large crowd heading in the opposite direction after the fireworks; Who: 10 deaths Ped density: 5 ped/m 2 Remedial measure: none

4 4 Case study #3: the Mihong footbridge.1 W. Zhen, L. Maoa, Z. Yuan, Analysis of trample disaster and a case study Mihong bridge fatality in China in 2004, Safety Science 46 (2008) Where: Mihong Park, Miyun County, Beijing, China When: February 4, 2004 (fireworks during Lantern festival) Panic triggering: rushing to the bridge from both entrances; people standing at the top to see the spectacle. Deformable side barriers on both sides of the bridge slanted outside, twisted or broken Who: 37 deaths, 15 injuries Ped density: 4 ped/m 2, local density 7.5 ped/m 2 Remedial measure: none

5 5 Case study #3: the Mihong footbridge.2 4 footbridge crossing Canal Grande Venezia (designer S. Calatrava) suspected oligo-cyclic fatigue failure for spectators bouncing on the footbridge, used as a point of view towards Piazzale Roma

6 6 Case study #4: Aaimma bridge BBC News, August 31, 2005 Where: Baghdad, Iraq When: August 31, 2005 (Shiite annual commemoration) Panic triggering: rumors that a suicide bomber was among the pilgrims. Deformable side barriers on both sides of the broken, hundreds of people fell into the water; Who: 965 deaths, 465 injuries Ped density: n.a., 1 million pilgrims in the bridge neighborhoods Remedial measure: none

7 7 Case study #5: the Koh Pich footbridge.1 BBC News, November 22, 2010 Where: Phnom Penh, Cambodia When: November 22, 2010, during the Khmer Water Festival. The footbridge has been opened for the festival; Who: 347 deaths, at least 755 injuries, Ped density: about 9.40 ped/m 2, around 4 million people attended the festival. Pedestrian flow bounded and disturbed by stiff side barriers.

8 8 Case study #5: the Koh Pich footbridge.2 Why: vibrations, a rumor that the Bridge was going to collapse; multicoloured lights strung from the suspension ropes began sparking Designed as a one-way system, from the island to the city. a second bridge, which was 200 metres to the south, form the city to the island. Rainbow Bridge closer to the boat race, regulations relaxed Koh Pich bridge Swan bridge Remedial measure: the footbridge is dismantled (April 2012)

9 9 Case study #6: the Brooklyn bridge The New York Times. May 31, 1883 When: May 24, 1883 (six days after its opening); Panic triggering: vibrations, a rumor that the Bridge was going to collapse; Who: 12 deaths Ped density: n.a., people crossing the bridge in one day Remedial measure: a parade of 21 elephants, Jumbo included, organised by the Barnum circus to squelch doubts about the bridge's stability.

10 10 Case study #7: the Sindh River Bridge When: October 13, 2013 (religious festival); Where: Ratangarh temple, Datia district, Madhya Pradesh Panic triggering: a rumor that the Bridge was going to collapse; Who: 115 deaths, 100 injuries, a number fallen into the water Ped density: pilgrims on the bridge, 7 m width