The Climatelier- ideas and projects. Dr. Dipl. Ing. MA (AA) Sanda Lenzholzer Associate Professor Landscape Architecture Principal Investigator AMS

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1 The Climatelier- ideas and projects

2 1. Professional and academic background

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4 experience: the Canadaplein- project

5 Designing Atmospheres Research and Design for Thermal Comfort in Dutch Urban Squares

6 research and design in my project

7 Negative perception of public spaces

8 measurements with the mobile mini- weather station

9 mental maps of microclimate preference/ avoidance

10 interviews on microclimate and spatial perception Perception of the place: Do you think the proportions of this square are: Too wide good Too narrow How do you think about the openness of this square? (If people don t understand explain that there are not many elements on the square, e.g. furniture, trees etc.? I like it No opinion I do not like it If proportions/ openness is answered negatively: What would you change in the spatial setup? Which of the materials used in this square, in the facades, furniture, the floor etc. in your opinion have a warm and which have a cold appearance? where are they situated? General: Why have you come here? Were you outdoors 5 minutes ago? How frequently do you use the space? a) per day... b) per week. c) per month d) per year. Other remarks a) Yes b) No

11 analysis spatial patterns

12 analysis spatial patterns windy in front of tall buildings windy in middle of squares windy entrances of street canyons sunny fronts of lower buildings sunny semienclosed areas experience discomfort experience comfort

13 hypoth. 1: thermal discomfort can be influenced by wide proportions of a square

14 hypoth. 2: thermal discomfort can be influenced by a too open space in a square

15 hypoth. 3: thermal discomfort is influenced by the use of cold materials

16 spatial analysis materials and cold/ warm appearance striking differences in perception of materials and their spatial distribution in different squares

17 developing first design hypothesis from scientific literature solar radiation impact:/ shadow patterns wind protection patterns

18 testing and adjusting design hypothesis alternative 1 urban shelterbelt, 15 m high and 40 x 40 m grid 15 m high shadow trees projected on Grote Markt, Groningen

19 testing and adjusting design hypothesis alternative 2 urban shelterbelt, 25 m high and 25 x 25 m grid 15 m high shadow trees projected on Grote Markt, Groningen

20 testing and adjusting design hypothesis alternative 3 urban shelterbelt, 25 m high in 25 m sequence projected on Grote Markt, Groningen

21 Green infrastructure and thermal perception Objective and subjective approaches to thermal perception PhD project Wiebke Klemm

22 Scale level CITY Stad Utrecht (2011/2012) Empirical study I - CITY SCALE Utrecht (Rotterdam, Arnhem), the Netherlands

23 Mobile micrometeorological measurements Cargo-bicycles, equipped with sensors for - air temperature, - humidity, - wind and - radiation sensors. Calculating: Mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) Physiological equivalent temperature (PET) Micrometeorological measurements, (2 days, in July and August 2012, T a max 28.8 C and 32.0 C)

24 Results: Thermal performance PET and Tmrt (C ) Tair (C ) Tmrt PET Ta 12-17

25 Interviews with pedestrians: long-term (general) perceived thermal comfort in Utrecht, Arnhem and Rotterdam (the Netherlands) during summer days in 2011 and 2012 Surveys with passers-by (559 in total; Arnhem: 184, Utrecht: 181, Rotterdam: 194) Semi-structured interview including cognitive microclimate maps Descriptive analysis (SPSS 19) Interview locations Utrecht

26 Empirical study: park design 7 July July 2013

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29 Empirical study II - STREET SCALE Klemm, W., et al. (2015b). "Street greenery and its physical and psychological impact on thermal comfort." Landscape and UrbanLandscape Planning 138(0): Associate Professor Architecture

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31 Ta Ta SD Air temperature Street type Street type Street type Tmrt Tmrt SDall days Mean radiant temperature Street type Street type Street type Mean differences ( ) and standard errors (SD) of air temperature (T a ) and mean radiant temperature (T mrt ) for street type 2 (street trees on both sides) and street type 3 (street trees combined with front garden on both sides) in relation to street type 1 (no greenery), measured on 23, 25, 26 July (9:00-15:00 UTC), 18 and 19 August 2012 (10:00-14:00) in Utrecht, The Netherlands.

32 People feel more thermally comfortable in green streets Evaluation of the momentary microclimate conditions How do you experience the microclimate at this moment in this street? 0.80 Response frequency Streets without greenery Streets with trees Streets with trees combined with front gardens

33 Research through design to test design guidelines

34 Triangulation of three methods Plan analysis Observations during design processes Survey with designers

35 Plan analysis

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40 CLIMADAPTOOL Project

41 Urban climate creates increasing problems Wind climate is often uncomfortable or even dangerous Urban heat islands create unhealthy conditions indoors and outdoors: lower work productivity, heat strokes, cardiovascular problems, higher mortality. More need for cooling = waste of fossil fuels

42 Stimulating urban climate adaptation Lowering outdoor temperatures during urban heat waves Creating comfortable wind climates Indirectly: regulating indoor temperatures

43 We know a lot about urban microclimate

44 We know where the problems are

45 Climate responsive urban design Wind problems... and solutions... Heat problems also: integrated solutions

46 Bridging the awareness action gap

47 ... Not only for urban planners but all people Easily accessible in everyday life Easily understandable Clear information Linking useful information

48 Our answer: the

49 Co-creation with our stakeholder panel

50 The development process Develop UC maps Basic app architecture Adjust UC maps ecommen-dation catalogue Advanced app architecture First beta version Final beta version Stakeholders set the brief Stakeholders evaluate UC maps Stakeholders evaluate app General public evaluates app

51 What s behind: Local Climate Zone Map

52 Adaptation measures fit local climate zones Afremmen of vermijden van wind Straten laten verspringen Algemene info met voor- en nadelen Straten met zuidwestoriëntatie (dus parallel met de sterkste wind in NL), waar verblijf, wandelen en fietsen plaats vinden worden bij voorkeur van meet af aan met substantiële verspringingen in de oriëntatie voorzien. Op die manier wordt het kanaliseringseffect gebroken. Een optimaal breken van de windkanalisering wordt bereikt als de straatlengte na circa tien tot twintig keer de gemiddelde gebouwhoogte verspringt. Effectiviteit: XXX Onderhoud: hangt af van lengte en bouwmateriaal straat/ gebouwen Relatieve kosten: hangt af van lengte en bouwmateriaal straat/ gebouwen Wind-geoptimaliseerde pleinen Algemene info met voor- en nadelen Bij nieuwbouw van een wijk kunnen pleinen zo worden vormgegeven dat de kans op windoverlast klein is. Deze regel heeft een simpele formule: oppervlakte plein (in m 2 )/gemiddelde hoogte omringende bebouwing (in m) moet kleiner of gelijk zijn aan 6. Hierbij kan de ontwerper met de gebouwhoogtes en/of de grootte van het pleinoppervlak spelen om tot goede proporties te komen. Ook moet niet meer dan een kwart van de pleinomvang open zijn. Effectiviteit: XXX Onderhoud: hangt af van grootte en soort plein Relatieve kosten: hangt af van grootte en soort plein Temperatuur Behoud van groene stadsranden Algemene info met voor- en nadelen Groene open gebieden aan de rand van de stad zorgen voor een verkoelende invloed op bebouwde gebieden aan de stadsranden. Bestaande open gebieden moeten worden behouden. Bij voorkeur worden ook vingervormige open zones richting stadscentrum aangelegd die als ventilatieopeningen voor de stad fungeren. De uitbreiding van de stad kan hierdoor belemmerd worden, maar er staan veel voordelen tegenover. Deze gebeden zijn belangrijk voor recreatie, stadslandbouw, biodiversiteit, waterbuffering en nog veel meer ecosysteemdiensten. Effectiviteit:

53 Addressing different target groups: urban designers/ government and private people

54 Showing the status quo of urban climate in a neighbourhood

55 Adaptation tips to improve microcli-mate for private open spaces

56 Adaptation tips to improve microcli-mate for private open spaces

57 Beta version done: lots of publicity

58 The evaluation from the general public... Develop UC maps Basic app architecture Adjust UC maps ecommen-dation catalogue Advanced app architecture First beta version Final beta version Stakeholders set the brief Stakeholders evaluate UC maps Stakeholders evaluate app General public evaluates app

59 Conclusions Outcomes The beta-version of the app works well and provides useful information Much interest from scientific community for the smartphone app has arisen App is mentioned on highest political levels as a means to offer solutions Little interest from the general public, despite lots of publicity in the media Increasing smartphone app fatigue of people was not taken into account Learnings Stakeholder involvement is of paramount importance to guarantee sufficient feedback For the information provided it s not necessary to have a smartphone app: no right here/ right now information In the future, provide this as a web-application and not a smartphone app

60 Check out for more information: climatelier.net