THE TORONTO PATTERN Planning + Unplanning The City. CanU6 : Cities At The Edge

Transcription

1 THE TORONTO PATTERN Planning + Unplanning The City CanU6 : Cities At The Edge John van Nostrand - Architect + Planner 18 September 2014

2 Preface gradually from the first small clearings, but it was not, as some may suppose, a haphazard growth, depending on the enterprise and choice of the individual settler. From the first, the government exercised a fairly rigid control over settlement and was, on the whole, successful in preventing random squatting. Verschoyle Benson Blake / Ralph Greenhill, in Rural Ontario, UofT Press, 1969 Press, 1969

3 Preface they citizens must as be a legible able to read one, it as at least one, but preferably several, superimposed and easily recognizable patterns. Joseph Rykwert in The Idea of a Town, The MIT Press, 1995 Joseph Rykwert in The Idea of a Town, The MIT Press, 1995

4 THE PATTERNS SO FAR THE PATTERNS SO FAR

5 Pre-Contact up to 1840 Colonial Unplanned Fully Planned Unplanned + Planned Unplanned + Planned

6 PRE-CONTACT PATTERNS up to 1840 PRE-CONTACT PATTERNS up to 1840

7 Source: Ontario s History in Maps, UofT Press, 1984

8 THE COLONIAL PATTERN

9 Source: Instructions to Surveyors, Quebec, 1789

10 Source: Instructions to Surveyors, Quebec, 1790

11 Central Upper Canada, Tremaine s Map, 1862

12 Settlement, 1793

13 Early Farm in Upper Canada

14 The Farm Landscape,

15 Crop Rotation, circa 1875 Source: Historical Atlas of York County, 1874

16 Landscape Legacy of The Colonial Pattern Source: Verschoyle Benson Blake / Ralph Greenhill, in Rural Ontario, UofT Press, 1969

17 Landscape Legacy of The Colonial Pattern

18 Landscape Legacy of The Colonial Pattern

19 York Town, 1790

20 Whitevale, Pickering, 1874

21 Plan for Town of York (Toronto), 1788

22 Views of York Harbour and Don Valley, circa 1793

23 Plan for Town of York (Toronto), 1793

24 York Waterfront, 1804

25 THE UNPLANNED PATTERN

26 Philpot's Plan, Toronto, 1818

27 Typical 19 th Century Housing + Street

28 Evolution of North Jarvis Community, Toronto, 1978

29 Evolution of North Jarvis Community, Toronto, 1978

30 Yorkville + Vicinity and Jarvis Residence on Park Lot Six

31 Toronto, 1858

32 The Park Lots, Town of York (Toronto), 1978

33 Spring Thaw, Earlscourt, Lawren Harris, circa 1915

34 Spring Thaw, Earlscourt, Lawren Harris, circa 1915

35 Earlscourt, Toronto, circa 1915 Source: Richard Harris; Unplanned Suburbs, John Hopkins Press, 1996

36 Informal Subdivision Source: Richard Harris; Unplanned Suburbs, John Hopkins Press, 1996

37 Coxwell Avenue Source: Richard Harris; Unplanned Suburbs, John Hopkins Press, 1996

38 Coxwell Avenue Source: Richard Harris; Unplanned Suburbs, John Hopkins Press, 1996

39 Earlscourt Housing as a process Source: Toronto Archives

40 Earlscourt Today

41 The Geography of Building Regulation Source: Richard Harris; Unplanned Suburbs, John Hopkins Press, 1996

42 Goodyear Tire Plant and Employee Residences Source: Richard Harris; Unplanned Suburbs, John Hopkins Press; 1996

43 Summerhill Gardens, Toronto Net density: 30 units per acre 75 persons/hectare

44 THE FULLY PLANNED PATTERN

45 Plan for Metropolitan Toronto, 1943

46 Toronto Metropolitan Area, 1945

47 Plan for Metropolitan Toronto, 1943

48 Thorncrest Village, Toronto, 1945

49 Central Etobicoke, 1960

50 Don Mills, Toronto, 1954

51 North-Eastern Metropolitan Toronto, 1975

52 Toronto-Centered Region Plan, 1971

53 Toronto-Centered Region Plan (Pre-Studies), Ontario Department of Municipal Affairs; 1966

54 THE ENERGING TORONTO PATTERN: PLANNED + UNPLANNED

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56 Key Elements of Regional Structure (Source: Neptis Foundation; ; The Evolving Physical Condition of the Greater Toronto Area: Space, Form and Change; Robert M. Wright; February, 2000)

57 Urban Expansion, (Source: Neptis Foundation; ; The Evolving Physical Condition of the Greater Toronto Area: Space, Form and Change; Robert M. Wright; February, 2000)

58 Priority Neighbourhoods Priority + High-Rise Neighbourhoods

59 The Growth Plan, 2007 Priority Neighbourhoods Priority + High-Rise Neighbourhoods

60 Growth Plan Terminology: 1. Urban Growth Centres - for medium and large urban centres 2. Major Transit Hubs - around GO Stations 3. Intensification Corridors - along main streets, arterial roads 4. Other Intensification Areas - brownfields, greyfields 5. Elsewhere in the Built-Up Areas - strip malls, big-box conversions, employment areas 6. Greenfield Developments - new residential neighbourhoods

61 Planned Urban Structure Malone Given Parsons; July 19, 2010!

62 Markham City Vaughan Richmond Hill / Langstaff North York Scarborough Yonge-Eglinton Centre Downtown Toronto Mississauga Etobicoke Toronto Within The Growth Plan!

63 Hypothetical Streetscapes: 50P+J/Ha!

64 INTENSIFICATION AREAS: The remaining 40% of all new development will take place within existing built-up areas 150 r+j/ha 200 r+j/ha 400 r+j/ha 400 r+j/ha

65 Intensification Along an Arterial Road!!

66 Conversion of a Strip Mall to Mid-rise Mixed-Use!!

67 Higher Density, Mixed-Use Redevelopment Around a Major Transit Station!!

68 Railway Lands, Toronto

69 Langstaff, Markham 407 / Transitway + Yonge Subway 1,000 persons + jobs / hectare

70 PUBLIC CONTROL PRIMARY DEVELOPER OWNER BUILDING RELATION WITH NATURE ATTITUDE TO HISTORY PHYSICAL FORM MOVEMENT COLONIAL High Government Moderate Subversive Rejected Grid Pedestrian Horse-drawn UNPLANNED Low Individual Landowners/ Small Builders High Ignored Incorporated Grid Pedestrian Public transit FULLY PLANNED High Corporate Developers Not permitted Begins to integrate Eliminated Curvilinear or Grid Mostly Vehicular Segregated Pedestrian PLANNED + UNPLANNED Moderate / High Combined Public / Corporate Low Fully Integrated Underlay Curvilinear and Grid Combined Pedestrian, Vehicular, Transit Comparative Analysis of Urban Patterns

71 Where is Planning at in Toronto Today? John van Nostrand The Toronto Plan Group April 2008

72 Current Situation in Toronto Toronto continues to Grow and will increase from 2.5 to 3.0 million by 2030 Greater Golden Horseshoe (from Cobourg to Niagara Falls) will increase from 7.7 to 11.5 million City of Toronto to grow from 2.5 to 3.0 million Second fastest growing region in North America John van Nostrand...growth not going to Slow Down The Toronto Plan Group April 2008

73 Toronto Official Plan, 2007

74 Toronto Official Plan Downsview Area, 2007

75 Typical Secondary Plan, Downsview KEELE ST

76 Secondary Plans Completed To 2007 KEELE ST

77 Neighbourhood Change Studies, UofT Centre for Urban and Community Studies

78 Neighbourhood Change Studies, UofT Centre for Urban and Community Studies

79 Neighbourhood Change Studies, UofT Centre for Urban and Community Studies

80 Plan for Metropolitan Toronto, 1943

81 Distribution of Ford Vote in 2010 Municipal Election Globe & Mail; 28 October 2010

82 Shaping The Toronto Region: Past, Present + Future Zack Taylor with John van Nostrand; Neptis Foundation, Involved mapping and quantifying land use components for similar selected urban areas 2. Net density of residential component has increased over time, leading to opportunities for intensification 3. Results will form part of a basis for a critique of Places to Grow and its implications for future growth

83 Research Approach In the context of the Growth Plan 1 Analyze 16 GTA districts 2 Test 24 development scenarios 3 Relate to academic & profession al literature 4 Interpret and draw conclusion s density land use housing stock provision of parks and schools street network configuration residents travel behaviour

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85 Metrolinx The Big Move, 2008 Priority Neighbourhoods Priority + High-Rise Neighbourhoods

86 from Shaping The Toronto Region: Past, Present and Future, Zack Taylor with John van Nostrand; Neptis Foundation,2008

87 Density and Period of Development

88 Density and Housing Stock

89 Street Networks

90 Unmixing Newer Districts Have Fewer Jobs

91 Car, Motorcycle, and Taxi Trips to Work

92 Car, Motorcycle, and Taxi Trips for Shopping

93 Implications for Policy Density Is Not The Only Issue For Policy To Consider Other Issues Include: housing mix household size natural heritage protection Setting Minimum Densities Over Large Planning Areas and Mixing Employment and Residential Densities Is Complicated May Need To Set Minimum Densities For Individual Plans of Subdivision (As In UK)

94 Implications for Planning Need to consider Growth Over Time Plan for Evolution Plan new Greenfields areas for future Intensification Problem of the middle ring - between the mixed prewar City and the new urban frontier which separated uses and froze development as these will decline and are difficult to retrofit

95 Implications for Planning Need To Develop New Relationships With Natural Areas Which are becoming A Focus As Opposed To A Backdrop Need To Plan Rural And Urban Simultaneously With Emphasis On Near-urban Agriculture Genuine New Urbanism Should Mean Less Planning Not More Less Planning = Infrastructure + Basic Rules Planning in Both 2D + 3D Simultaneously

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