SOIL TAXONOMY ORDER (12)
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1 SOIL TAXONOMY ORDER (12) SUB ORDER (64) GREAT GROUP (>300) SUB GROUP (> 1,600) INCREASING WETNESS FAMILY (Numerous) SERIES (> 17,000)
2 TAXONOMIC NAMES SOIL ORDER NAME ENDS IN: SOIL ORDER NAME ENDS IN: Alfisols -Alf Inceptisols -Ept Andisols -And Mollisols -Oll Aridisols -Id Oxisols -Ox Entisols -Ent Spodosols -Od Gelisols -El Ultisols -Ult Histosols -Ist Vertisols -Ert
3 Soil Order Formative Terms Pronunciation Alfisols Alf, meaningless syllable Pedalfer Andisols Modified from ando Ando Aridisols Latin, aridies, dry Arid Entisols Ent, meaningless Recent Gelisols Latin gelare, to freeze Jell Histosols Greek, histos, tissue Histology Inceptisols Latin, incepum, beginning Inception Mollisols Latin, mollis, soft Mollify Oxisols French oxide Oxide Spodosols Greek spodos, wood ash Odd Ultisols Latin ultimus, last Ultimate Vertisols Latin verto, turn Invert
4 Formative Elements in Names of Suborders Names of Suborders have two syllables. The first suggests something about the soil and the second is the formative element from the Order (Udalf an Alfisol with a udic moisture regime). The wet Suborders begin with Aqu, Fibr, Hist, and Sapr and include Albolls. By adding the formative elements for the Orders we have the wet Suborders: Aqu + Alf = Aqualfs; similarly we arrive with Aquans, (no Aquids), Aquents, (no aquels or aquists), Aquepts, Aquolls, Aquoxs, Aquods, Aquults, and Aquerts. As well as Albolls. Fibr + ist = Fibrists; similarly we have Fibrels (for Gelisols), Hist + ist = Histists; Histrels, and Sapr + ist = Saprists; Saprels Therefore the wet Suborders are: Aquans, Aquents, Aquepts, Aquolls, Aquoxs, Aquods, Aquults, Aquerts, Fibrists, Fibrels, Histists, Histrels, Saprists, and Saprels Albolls are also wet. On the next slide are all the formative elements for all Suborders.
5 Formative Elements in Names of Soil Suborders Formative element Derivation Connotation Alb... L. albus, white... Presence of an albic horizon. Anthr... Modified from Gr. anthropos, human... Modified by humans. Aqu... L. aqua, water... Aquic conditions. Ar... L. arare, to plow... Mixed horizon. Arg... Modified from argillic horizon; L. argilla, white clay... Presence of an argillic horizon. Calc... L. calcis, lime... Presence of a calcic horizon. Camb... L. cambiare, to exchange... Presence of a cambic horizon. Cry... Gr. kryos, icy cold... Cold. Dur... L. durus, hard... Presence of a duripan. Fibr... L. fibra, fiber... Least decomposed stage. Fluv... L. fluvius, river... Flood plain. Fol... L. folia, leaf... Mass of leaves. Gyps... L. gypsum, gypsum... Presence of a gypsic horizon. Hem... Gr. hemi, half... Intermediate stage of decomposition. Hist... Gr. histos, tissue... Presence of organic materials. Hum... L. humus, earth... Presence of organic matter. Orth... Gr. orthos, true... The common ones. Per... L. per, throughout in time... Perudic moisture regime. Psamm... Gr. psammos, sand... Sandy texture. Rend... Modified from Rendzina... High carbonate content. Sal... L. base of sal, salt... Presence of a salic horizon. Sapr... Gr. saprose, rotten... Most decomposed stage. Torr... L. torridus, hot and dry... Torric moisture regime. Turb... L. turbidis, disturbed... Presence of cryoturbation. Ud... L. udus, humid... Udic moisture regime. Ust... L. ustus, burnt... Ustic moisture regime. Vitr... L. vitrum, glass... Presence of glass. Xer... Gr. xeros, dry... Xeric moisture regime.
6 Formative Elements in Names of Great Groups The name of the Great Groups consist of the Suborder and a prefix that consists of one or two formative elements diagnostic properties (Paleudalf an old, deeply weathered Udalf). The wetter Great Groups begin with Aqu, and Hist. By adding the formative elements for great groups to the formative element for the Suborder and Order we have the Great Group. The only great groups with a high probability of being hydric are Aquisalids, Historthels, and Histoturbels great groups and all great groups in aquic suborders. On the next 2 slides are all the formative elements for great groups.
7 Formative Elements in Names of Soil Great Groups Formative element Derivation and Connotation Acr... Modified from Gr. arkos, at the end... Extreme weathering. Al... Modified from aluminum... High aluminum, low iron. Alb... L. albus, white... Presence of an albic horizon. Anhy... Gr. anydros, waterless... Very dry. Anthr... Modified from Gr. anthropos, human... An anthropic epipedon. Aqu... L. aqua, water... Aquic conditions. Argi... Modified from argillic horizon; L. argilla, white clay. Presence of an argillic horizon. Calci, calc... L. calcis, lime... A calcic horizon. Cry... Gr. kryos, icy cold... Cold. Dur... L. durus, hard... A duripan. Dystr, dys... Modified from Gr. dys, ill; dystrophic, infertile... Low base saturation. Endo... Gr. endon, endo, within... Implying a ground water table. Epi... Gr. epi, on, above... Implying a perched water table. Eutr... Modified from Gr. eu, good; eutrophic, fertile... High base saturation. Ferr... L. ferrum, iron... Presence of iron. Fibr... L. fibra, fiber... Least decomposed stage. Fluv... L. fluvius, river... Flood plain. Fol... L. folia, leaf... Mass of leaves. Fragi... Modified from L. fragilis, brittle... Presence of a fragipan. Fragloss... Compound of fra(g) and gloss... See the formative elements frag and gloss. Fulv... L. fulvus, dull brownish yellow... Dark brown color, presence of organic carbon. Glac... L. glacialis, icy... Ice lenses or wedges. Gyps... L. gypsum, gypsum... Presence of a gypsic horizon. Gloss... Gr. glossa, tongue... Presence of a glossic horizon. Hal... Gr. hals, salt... Salty. Hapl... Gr. haplous, simple... Minimum horizon development. Hem... Gr. hemi, half... Intermediate stage of decomposition. Hist... Gr. histos, tissue Presence of organic materials.
8 Formative Elements in Names of Soil Great Groups Formative element Derivation and Connotation Hum... L. humus, earth... Presence of organic matter. Hydr... Gr. hydor, water... Presence of water. Kand, kan... Modified from kandite... 1:1 layer silicate clays. Luv... Gr. louo, to wash... Illuvial. Melan... Gr. melasanos, black... Black, presence of organic carbon. Moll... L. mollis, soft... Presence of a mollic epipedon. Natr... Modified from natrium, sodium... Presence of a natric horizon. Pale... Gr. paleos, old... Excessive development. Petr... Gr. comb. form of petra, rock... A cemented horizon. Plac... Gr. base of plax, flat stone... Presence of a thin pan. Plagg... Modified from Ger. plaggen, sod... Presence of a plaggen epipedon. Plinth... Gr. plinthos, brick... Presence of plinthite. Psamm... Gr. psammos, sand... Sandy texture. Quartz... Ger. quarz, quartz... High quartz content. Rhod... Gr. base of rhodon, rose... Dark red color. Sal... L. base of sal, salt... Presence of a salic horizon. Sapr... Gr. saprose, rotten... Most decomposed stage. Somb... F. sombre, dark... Presence of a sombric horizon. Sphagn... Gr. sphagnos, bog... Presence of sphagnum. Sulf... L. sulfur, sulfur... Presence of sulfides or their oxidation products. Torr... L. torridus, hot and dry... Torric moisture regime. Ud... L. udus, humid... Udic moisture regime. Umbr... L. umbra, shade... Presence of an umbric epipedon. Ust... L. ustus, burnt... Ustic moisture regime. Verm... L. base of vermes, worm... Wormy or mixed by animals. Vitr... L. vitrum, glass... Presence of glass. Xer... Gr. xeros, dry... Xeric moisture regime.
9 Formative Elements in Names of Subgroup The name of the Subgroup consists of the Great Group modified by one or more adjectives. The formative elements for Subgroup are Typic (implying the central concept for the great group) and names which imply an intergrading toward another great group, suborder, or order. Rarely are soils that begin to show wetness at the subgroup level hydric soils. Most all hydric soils are wet enough that wetness is implied at a higher category. Exceptions could be soils on flood plains such as Aquic Dystrochreps, Aquic Eutrochrepts, and Aquic Udifluvents.
10 Interpreting Taxonomic Names Subgroup - Great Group, Suborder, Order Vertic Udifluvent 4 - Vertic subgroup - invert, shrink-swell, high clay (intergrading toward a Vertisol) 3 - Udi(c) great group - humid climate 2 - Fluv(ic) suborder - floodplain 1 - Ent(isol) order - little soil development
11 Example of Subgroup Typic Fluvaquents Typical Entisols with aquic moisture regimes 3 that occur on floodplains. 1. Order 3. Great Group 2. Suborder 4. Subgroup (the typical concept of Fluvaquents
12 Water Table Depths Typic subgroup of an aquic suborder: Typic aqu wettest Aeric subgroup of an aquic suborder: Aeric aqu better aerated Aquic subgroup: Aquic driest From Mausbach 1992
13 Landscape Hydrology Indicators: Familiarity with redoximorphic processes and recognizing their morphological expressions in soils facilitates on-site determination of depth of seasonal high saturation and, in some cases the probability of inundation.
14 In the absence of hydrologic modifications the morphology of soils give evidence of seasonal high saturation or inundation as follows : Soils with the 14 following hydric soil indicators have seasonal high saturation to the surface or inundation above the soil surface: A1 (Histosol or Histel), A2 (Histic Epipedon), A3 (Black Histic), A4 (Hydrogen Sulfide), A7 (5 cm Mucky Mineral), A8 (Muck Presence), A9 (1 cm Muck), A10 (2 cm Muck), A12 (Thick Dark Surface), S1 (Sandy Mucky Mineral), F1 (Loamy Mucky Mineral), F10 (Marl), F11 (Depleted Ochric), F16 High Plains Depression).
15 Hydric Soils with the following 12 hydric soil indicators have seasonal high saturation at the depth where all requirements of the indicator are met. Seasonal high saturation is always within 15 cm of the soil surface; on certain landforms, there may be inundation above the surface. A5 (Stratified Layers), A6 (Organic Bodies), A16 (Coast Prarie Redox), S2 (2.5 cm Mucky Peat or Peat), S3 (5cm Mucky Peat or Peat), S4 (Sandy Gleyed Matrix), S5 (Sandy Redox), S6 (Stripped Matrix), S7 (Dark Surface), S8 ( Polyvalue Below Surface), S9 (Thin Dark Surface), F13 (Umbric Surface).
16 Hydric Soils with the following 10 hydric soil indicators have seasonal high saturation at the depth where all requirements of the indicator are met. Seasonal high saturation is always within 30 cm of the soil surface; on certain landforms there may be inundated above the surface. A11 (Depleted Below Dark Surface), A13 (Alaska Gleyed), A14 (Alaska Redox), A15 (Alaska Gleyed Pores). F2 (Loamy Gleyed Matrix), F3 (Depleted Matrix), F6 (Redox Dark Surface), F7 (Depleted Dark Surface), F17 (Delta Ochric), F20 (Anomalous Bright Loamy Soils).
17 Hydric Soils with the following 5 hydric soil indicators have inundation above the soil surface. These indicators are poor indicators of soil saturation. F8 (Redox Depressions), F9 (Vernal Pools), F12 (Iron/Manganese Masses), F18 (Reduced Vertic), F19 (Piedmont Flood Plain Soils) These HS indicators occur only on depressions or flood plains.
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