Tishk International University Civil Engineering Department Highway Engineering

Transcription

1 Tishk International University Civil Engineering Department Highway Engineering Historical Development of Highway Chapter -1- CE 426 Lecturer / Asmaa Abdulmajeed Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 1 GENERAL INFORMATION Spring Lecturer : Asmaa Abdulmajeed Research Assistant: Parwar Abdubakr Course Title : Highway Engineering Course Code : CE 426 Class No : S asmaa.abdulmajeed@ishik.edu.iq Credit : 3 Lecture : 2 hrs Theory + 2 hrs Practical or (Presentation) Website : Grade : 4 th Year : 2019 Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 2 1

2 Highway Engineering Course Text Book: Traffic and Highway Engineering, 4 th Edition, Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hoel, University of Virginia, Reference Books: Highway Engineering, 3 rd Edition by Martin Rogers Bernard Enright. The Handbook of Highway Engineering, Edited by T F Fwa, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, AASHTO, 6 th edition, Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 3 Contents: Highway Engineering Based Upon Students Presentation Historical Development of Highways (1 student) Factors Influencing Highway Design (1 student) Highway Functional Classification (1 student) Highway Design Standards (2 student) Highway Pavement Types (1 student) Distresses of Flexible Pavement (1 student) Distresses of Rigid Pavement (1 student) Bituminous Materials (1 student) Example of Sag Vertical Alignment (1 student) Example of Crest Vertical Alignment (1 student) Example of Horizontal Alignment (Simple Curve) (1 student) Example of Horizontal Alignment (Compound Curve) (1 student) Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 4 2

3 Highway Engineering Contents for this course: I. Historical Development of Highway II. Geometric Design of Highway Facilities, Design of Alignment A. Vertical Alignment Crest Vertical Curve Sag Vertical Curve Crest and Sag Curve Based on K factor B. Horizontal Alignment Simple Curves Compound Curves Reverse Curves III. Design of Pavement Flexible Pavement Design Rigid Pavement Design Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 5 Grading Policy 1. 5% = Presentation 2. 5% = Practical 3. 10% = Homework 4. 10% = Quiz 5. 30% = Midterm Exam 6. 40% = Final Exam Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 6 3

4 I. Historical Development of Highway Ancient Roads By foot These human pathways would have been developed for specie purposes leading to camp sites, food, streams for drinking water etc. The next major mode of transport was the use of animals For transporting both men and materials. Since these loaded animals required more horizontal and vertical clearances than the walking man, track ways emerged. The invention of wheel Led to the development of animal drawn vehicles. Then it became necessary that the road surface should be capable of carrying greater loads. Thus roads with harder surfaces emerged. Traces of such hard roads were obtained from various ancient civilization dated as old as 3500 BC. The earliest authentic record of road was found from Assyrian empire constructed about 1900 BC. Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 7 The earliest large scale road construction is attributed to Romans who constructed an extensive system of roads radiating in many directions from Rome. Roman roads were originally built for military needs to get messengers and troops to all parts of the empire in the shortest amount of time. Eventually they were used for trade and pleasure trips. Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 8 4

5 Roman roads were built as straight and flat as possible. The first Roman road, the Appian Way (Via Appia), was built by Appius Claudius in 312 B.C. Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 9 The Via Appia originally stretched from Rome to Capua (about 150 miles). Later it was extended to Brundisium (about 200 more miles) Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 10 5

6 Eventually nearly 100, 000 miles of Roman Roads stretched to Egypt, modern day Iran, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, and England. Many parts of these roads are still used today. Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 11 Valleys were crossed with arched bridges; Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 12 6

7 Hills were traversed with man-made terraces, cuts, or tunnels. Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 13 Features of Roman roads An earthed road with a graveled surface. They were build straight without any gradient. The soft soil from top was removed till the hard stratum was reached. The total thickness of road section worked out as high as 750 mm to 1200 mm. Roman roads Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 14 7

8 The final pavement was made of polygonal blocks. These were fitted together like a puzzle so that often the seams could not be detected. Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 15 B. French roads or Tresaguet road The next major development in the road construction occurred during the regime of Napoleon. He developed a cheaper method of construction than the locally unsuccessful revival of Roman practice. Smaller pieces of broken stones were then compacted into the spaces between larger stones to provide a level surface. Finally the running layer was made with a layer of 25 mm sized broken stone. French roads Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 16 8

9 C. Telford Construction The next development was done by Scottish engineer Thoms Telford ( ). The foundation was prepared for a road with width of 9 m and it was levelled. Large size stones of width equal to 40 mm and depth 170 to 220 mm were then laid. Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 17 D. British roads or Macadam Road The British engineer John Macadam introduced can be considered as the first scientific road construction method. Stone size was an important element of Macadam road. By empirical observation of many roads, he came to realize that 250 mm layers of well compacted broken angular stone would provide the same strength and stiffness and a better running surface than an expensive pavement founded on large stone blocks. Thus he introduced an economical method of road construction. A typical cross section of British roads is given in Figure. Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 18 9

10 E. Modern Road building, 18 th century Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 19 F. Plank Road Western US early 20 th century G. Plank Road China Note: difficult terrain Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 20 10

11 Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 21 I. Modern Rural Highway H. Early Highway US K. Modern Urban Highway J. Modern Urban Highway Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 22 11

12 References 1. Garber and Hoel -Traffic and Highway Engineering-4th edition Tishk International University Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 23 12