Thomas J Kelly. Fundamentals of Refrigeration. Sr. Engineering Instructor Carrier Corporation. August 20, Page number: 1.
|
|
- Ethelbert Fitzgerald
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Thomas J Kelly Sr. Engineering Instructor Carrier Corporation August 20,
2 SESSION OBJECTIVES At the conclusion of this session you should be able to: 1. Describe the basics principles of refrigeration systems operation 2. Understand 10 common refrigeration terms 3. Develop a PH diagram to use as a system analysis tool 4. Use a PH diagram to describe basic system operation in high temperature,medium temperature, low temperature and multi-stage refrigeration systems 5. Identify and place common system elements and components in the refrigeration system and understand their function in system operation 6. Understand basic system layouts associated with commercial store refrigeration 2
3 COMFORT VS. PROCESS The mechanical refrigeration process is used for two major types of market Comfort Cools and dehumidifies people Process Controls temperature and humidity for things The basic process is the same 3
4 THE REFRIGERATION MARKET CHAIN Food products depend on refrigeration for processing, storage and delivery - At the point of harvest - Warehousing - Delivery to the market - Market display and sale - Consumer storage 4
5 REFRIGERATION TERMS PH diagram Superheat Enthalpy Refrigeration Effect Flash Gas What is he talking about? Sub-cooling Vapor Quality High Side / Low Side Latent Heat Sensible Heat Saturated Suction Throttling Range Heat of Compression Expansion Device Heat of Rejection Refrigeration Effect 5
6 BASIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS Every system has 4 basic components Evaporator Absorbs the heat from the air or load Cold Mixture Air out: 59.7F DB / 57.3F WB 47 F 78 PSI EVAPORATOR Air in: 80F DB / 67F WB Cold Vapor 59 F 78 PSI 6
7 BASIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS Every system has 4 basic components Evaporator Hot Vapor 220 F 175PSI Compressor Raises the pressure from the evaporator pressure to the condensing temperature Air out: 59.7F DB / 57.3F WB 47 F 78 PSI EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR Air in: 80F DB / 67F WB Cold Vapor 59 F 78 PSI 7
8 BASIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS Every system has 4 basic components Evaporator 110 F 175PSI CONDENSER Air out: 95F DB Hot Vapor 220 F 175PSI Compressor Hot Liquid Air in: 95F DB Condenser COMPRESSOR Air out: 59.7F DB / 57.3F WB Rejects the heat from the load and system losses 47 F 78 PSI EVAPORATOR Air in: 80F DB / 67F WB 59 F 78 PSI 8
9 BASIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS Every system has 4 basic components Evaporator 110 F 175PSI CONDENSER Hot Liquid Air out: 95F DB 220 F 175PSI Compressor METERING DEVICE Air in: 95F DB Condenser Metering device Regulates the flow and decreases the pressure from condensing pressure to evaporator pressure Cold Mixture Air out: 59.7F DB / 57.3F WB 47 F 78 PSI EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR Air in: 80F DB / 67F WB 59 F 78 PSI 9
10 BASIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS High Side High Side CONDENSER Compressor discharge to Metering device METERING DEVICE Low Side COMPRESSOR Metering device to Compressor suction EVAPORATOR Low Side 10
11 4 LAW OF SYSTEM OPERATION 1. Heat only moves from higher temperature to a lower temperature NO FLOW 70º 70º 70º FLOW 32º 212º FLOW 70º 11
12 4 LAW OF SYSTEM OPERATION 1. Heat only moves from higher temperature to a lower temperature 2. Energy required to change of states of matter is large Sensible Heat 71 º F 70 º F 1 BTU / LB 12
13 4 LAW OF SYSTEM OPERATION 1. Heat only moves from higher temperature to a lower temperature 2. Energy required to change of states of matter is large Latent Heat SATURATED VAPOR 212ºF 212 º F 970 BTU / LB 13
14 4 LAW OF SYSTEM OPERATION 1. Heat only moves from higher temperature to a lower temperature 2. Energy required to change of states of matter is large 3. The temperature and energy required to change state are a function of pressure 190º F 9 PSIA 5 PSI 230º F 14
15 4 LAW OF SYSTEM OPERATION 1. Heat only moves from higher temperature to a lower temperature 2. Energy required to change of states of matter is large 3. The temperature and energy required to change state are a function of pressure 4. Fluid flow only occurs if a pressure difference exists 5 PSI 0 PSI 15
16 TEMPERATURE ENTHALPY PLOT R 718 ( Water) as an example TEMPERATURE ºF Enthalpy is the total heat content Enthalpy = Sensible + Latent 0 Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 16
17 TEMPERATURE ENTHALPY PLOT R 718 ( Water) as an example 1 pound at standard barometric pressure TEMPERATURE ºF ICE 16 Latent heat of Fusion 144 Btu/lb 160 LIQUID Sub-cooled Solid Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 17
18 TEMPERATURE ENTHALPY PLOT R 718 ( Water) as an example 1 pound at standard barometric pressure 256 Superheated Vapor VAPOR TEMPERATURE ºF Sub-cooled Liquid ICE LIQUID Enthalpy(Btu/lb) Latent heat of Vaporization Condensation 1 Btu/lb 970 Btu/lb 0.45 Btu/lb
19 TEMPERATURE ENTHALPY PLOT R 718 ( Water) as an example 1 pound at standard barometric pressure 256 Superheated Vapor VAPOR TEMPERATURE ºF Sub-cooled Liquid ICE LIQUID 100% Saturated Liquid 1 Btu/lb 970 Btu/lb 0.45 Btu/lb Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 100% Saturated Liquid
20 P H DIAGRAM Plots enthalpy vs. pressure P10 P9 Critical Point P8 PRESSURE PSIA P7 P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 Saturated Liquid Saturated Vapor P1 Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 20
21 P H DIAGRAM Take note the lines become closer at higher pressure less latent capacity P10 P9 Critical Point 422 PRESSURE PSIA P7 P6 P5 P Btu/lb P2 P1 Saturated Liquid 970 Btu/lb Saturated Vapor Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 21
22 P H DIAGRAM Vapor Quality is percentage of the mixture P10 P9 P8 Sub-cooled Liquid Critical Point PRESSURE PSIA P7 P6 P5 P4 P Superheated Vapor P2 P1 Vapor Quality Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 22
23 P H DIAGRAM Refrigerant Blends P10 P9 P8 Sub-cooled Liquid Critical Point PRESSURE PSIA P7 P6 P5 P4 P3 Bubble Point Blends Dew Point Superheated Vapor P2 P1 Vapor Quality Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 23
24 P H DIAGRAM Temperature Lines P10 PRESSURE PSIA ºF 450 ºF TEMPERATURE P1 Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 24
25 P H DIAGRAM Entropy Lines PRESSURE PSIA P ENTROPY 451 Btu/ºR 450 Btu/ºR P1 Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 25
26 P H DIAGRAM Specific Volume Lines P10 PRESSURE PSIA SPECIFIC VOLUME 1.1 ft 3 /lb 26.8 ft 3 /lb P1 Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 26
27 P H DIAGRAM Time to test your skill SATURATED LIQUID SATURATED VAPOR SUBCOOLED LIQUID SATURATED MIXTURE SUPERHEATED VAPOR 27
28 PH DIAGRAM FOR R-22 TEMPERATURE ENTROPY PRESSURE PSIA SPECIFIC VOLUME R Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 28
29 BASIC SYSTEM ON THE PH DIAGRAM PRESSURE PSIA EXPANSION DEVICE CONDENSER EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR R Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 29
30 EVAPORATOR TYPES Air cooled Water cooled (cooler) 30
31 EVAPORATOR PROCESS Two processes 1. Evaporation change the mixture of gas and liquid refrigerant to all vapor 2. Superheating Increase temperature above saturated suction Superheat is required to assure vapor at the compressor But has negative impact on total system efficiency Cold Mixed Phase Saturated Vapor Cold Superheated Vapor Evaporation Superheat 31
32 EVAPORATOR OPERATION Flash Gas - Vapor quality entering evaporator Refrigeration Effect Total heat absorbed by evaporator 47 F 78 PSI EVAPORATOR Air out: 59.7F DB / 57.3F WB Air in: 80F DB / 67F WB 59 F 78 PSI Cold Mixed Phase 47F - 78PSI Flash Gas Refrigeration Effect Cold Superheated Vapor 59F 78PSI 32
33 COMPRESSOR TYPES Reciprocating Scroll Screw Rotary Centrifugal 33
34 COMPRESSOR PROCESS One process 1. Raise the pressure of the superheated gas from saturated suction temperature to a pressure which corresponds to saturated condensing - Decreases the volume Increases the pressure Increases the temperature - The compression process adds considerably more superheat Hot Superheated Vapor Saturated Vapor Compression Cold Superheated Vapor 34
35 COMPRESSSOR OPERATION Heat of Compression Heat added from the compression process Compression Ratio Discharge pressure / suction pressure EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR 50 F 55PSI 220 F 175PSI Hot Superheated Vapor 220F 175PSI Compression Ratio Compression Heat of Compression Cold Superheated Vapor 59F 78PSI 35
36 ROTARY COMPRESSORS Used in : Small AC units Appliances Uses rotating piston and a sliding vane 36
37 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS Used in : AC, Refrigeration & Appliances Uses reciprocating piston and reed valves 37
38 SCROLL COMPRESSOR Used in : AC, Refrigeration & Appliances Uses a stationary scroll and a rotating scroll and has no valves 38
39 SCREW COMPRESSOR Used in : AC & Refrigeration Uses a stationary screw and a rotating screw and a slide valve 39
40 CONDENSER TYPES Air cooled Water cooled 40
41 CONDENSER PROCESS Three processes 1. De-Superheating Lower temperature to saturated condensing temp. 2. Condensing Condense vapor to liquid 3. Sub-cool the liquid below saturated condensing temperature, sub-cooling: - Is required to assure liquid at the expansion device - Has positive impact on total system efficiency Sub-cooling Condensing Hot Superheated Vapor 220F 175PSI Hot Sub-cooled Liquid 110F 175PSI Saturated Vapor De-superheating 41
42 CONDENSER OPERATION Heat of Rejection Refrigerant effect plus heat of compression 110 F 175PSI CONDENSER Air out: 95F DB 220 F 175PSI EVAPORATOR Air in: 95F DB COMPRESSOR Heat of Rejection Hot Superheated Vapor Hot Sub-cooled Liquid 42
43 EXPANSION DEVICES TYPES Fixed Metering TXV Floats 43
44 EXPANSION DEVICE PROCESS Two processes 1. Create a pressure drop Decreasing the temperature below saturated suction, Flashing part of the liquid into vapor to cool the mixture of vapor and liquid to saturated suction temperature 2. Meter the flow of refrigerant Hot Sub-cooled Liquid 110F 175PSI Expansion Device Cold Mixed Phase 47F 70PSI 44
45 EXPANSION DEVICE OPERATION Throttling Range Pressure drop available across the metering device METERING DEVICE CONDENSER 110 F 175PSI 47 F 78 PSI EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR Hot Hot Sub-cooled Sub-cooled Liquid Liquid 110F 175PSI Expansion Device Throttling Range Cold Mixed Phase 47F 70PSI 45
46 PH DIAGRAM - SYSTEM INEFFICIENCIES Liquid Line P Condenser Coil P Discharge Line P Evaporator Coil P Suction Line P 46
47 P H DIAGRAM FOR R-134A REFRIGERANT PRESSURE PSIA R R Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 47
48 R-22 VS. R-134A REFRIGERANT CYCLE PRESSURE PSIA R-22 R Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 48
49 P H DIAGRAM FOR R-404 REFRIGERANT PRESSURE PSIA R-22 R Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 49
50 R-22 VS. R-404 REFRIGERANT CYCLE PRESSURE PSIA R-22 R Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 50
51 THE BASIC REFRIGERATION SYSTEM Basic System LIQUID LINE DRIER MOISTURE LIQUID INDICATOR EXPANSION VALVE CONDENSER RECIEVER EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR SUCTION ACCUMULATOR Basic Refrigeration System Same system with a few special features 51
52 PH DIAGRAM - HIGH TEMPERATURE CONDENSER PRESSURE PSIA TXV TR=202 PSI THR = 81 BTU/# EVAPORATOR RE = 67 BTU/# COMPRESSOR CR=3.2 R Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 52
53 REFRIGERATION SYSTEM TYPES Self Contained Condensing units Rack systems 53
54 TYPICAL LARGER MARKET LAYOUT MEAT-DELI AIR COOLED CONDENSER WALK-IN COOLER MEDIUM TEMP RACK LOW TEMP RACK MULTI DECK DELI/DAIRY SINGLE DECK MEAT DISPLAY WALK-IN FREEZER REACH IN FROZEN FOOD FROZEN FOOD 54
55 TYPICAL SMALLER MARKET LAYOUT AIR COOLED CONDENSER WALK-IN COOLER MEDIUM/LOW TEMP RACK MEAT/DELI MULTI DECK DELI/DAIRY FROZEN FOODS 55
56 CONVENIENCE STORE LAYOUT LOW MED MED TEMP COND UNIT MULTI DECK DELI/DAIRY MEAT/DELI FROZEN FOODS 56
57 MEDIUM TEMPERATURE REFRIGERATION Typical Cases 15F to 35F PRODUCE AND DELI LIQUID LINE DRIER MOISTURE LIQUID INDICATOR EXPANSION VALVE CONDENSER RECIEVER EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR SUCTION ACCUMULATOR 57
58 PH DIAGRAM - MEDIUM TEMPERATURE CONDENSER THR = 94 BTU/# PRESSURE PSIA TXV TR=236 PSI 20 EVAPORATOR RE = 70 BTU/# COMPRESSOR CR=5.1 R Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 58
59 LOW TEMPERATURE REFRIGERATION Typical Cases -15F to -30F FROZEN FOOD AND ICE CREAM LIQUID LINE DRIER MOISTURE LIQUID INDICATOR EXPANSION VALVE CONDENSER RECIEVER EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR SUCTION ACCUMULATOR 59
60 PH DIAGRAM - LOW TEMPERATURE CONDENSER THR = 96 BTU/# TXV TR=276 PSI PRESSURE PSIA EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR CR=17.2 RE = 63 BTU/# R Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 60
61 REFRIGERATION EVAPORATORS Cases Ice Cream Air SST -25F -35F Produce Air SST +33F 20F Meat Air SST 27F 15F Frozen Food Air SST -15F -25F Dairy Air SST 25F 15F 61
62 REFRIGERATION EVAPORATORS Unit Coolers Reach in Walk In Blast freezers 62
63 EVAPORATOR DEFROST Air Defrost Electric Defrost Hot Gas Reverse Cycle Three pipe Drain pan heaters 63
64 DEFROST DIFFERENTIAL VALVES Defrost with Differential Regulating Valve Liquid line Discharge Line 64
65 DEFROST DIFFERENTIAL VALVES Defrost with Differential Regulating Valve CONDENSER LIQUID LINE DRIER MOISTURE LIQUID INDICATOR LIQUID DIFFERENTIAL VALVE SOLENOID VALVE SOLENOID VALVE CHECK VALVE EVAPORATOR EXPANSION VALVE RECIEVER DISCHARGE DIFFERENTIAL VALVE EVAPORATOR SOLENOID VALVE COMPRESSOR SUCTION ACCUMULATOR EVAPORATOR PRESSURE REGULATOR 65
66 Evaporator Pressure Regulators Maintains constant pressure in the evaporator 66
67 Evaporator Pressure Regulators LIQUID LINE DRIER MOISTURE LIQUID INDICATOR EXPANSION VALVE CONDENSER RECIEVER EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR EVAPORATOR PRESSURE SUCTION REGULATOR ACCUMULATOR 67
68 Evaporator Pressure Regulator Multiple Evaporator systems with common suction Maintains stable evaporator pressure to control temperature Common Suction Header 10 F 44 psig Receiver 15 F 20 F 68
69 PH DIAGRAM MULTIPLE EVAPORATORS CONDENSER TXV PRESSURE PSIA MEDIUM STAGE LOW STAGE EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR R Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 69
70 SUCTION ACCUMULATOR Protects the compressor from liquid Separates vapor from liquid Provides for oil return Oil Return Orifice IN Fusible Plug 70
71 RECIEVERS Provide storage volume for excess refrigerant Pump down storage 71
72 REFRIGERATION COMPRESSORS Self Contained Condensing Units Rack Systems 72
73 REFRIGERATION COMPRESSORS Scroll 1 to 15 HP Refrigeration duty differences Vapor Injection Liquid Injection Applications Self contained Condensing units Rack systems 73
74 REFRIGERATION COMPRESSORS CONDENSER TXV PRESSURE PSIA GAIN INJECTION LOW STAGE EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR R Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 74
75 REFRIGERATION COMPRESSORS Reciprocating Hermetic 1 to 5 HP Refrigeration duty differences Applications Self contained Condensing units Rack systems 75
76 REFRIGERATION COMPRESSORS Reciprocating Semi-Hermetic 3 to 60 HP Refrigeration duty differences Cooling fans Compound cooling Applications Stand alone Condensing units Rack systems 76
77 REFRIGERATION COMPRESSORS Reciprocating Semi-Hermetic Typical low temperature De-superheating valve 77
78 COMPOUND COMPRESSORS Single compressor Multiple compressor 78
79 COMPOUND COOLING CONDENSER TXV PRESSURE PSIA MEDIUM STAGE LOW STAGE EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR R Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 79
80 REFRIGERATION COMPRESSORS Screw Compressor 20 to 140 HP Refrigeration duty differences Oil control system Liquid injection Applications Condensing units Rack systems Built up system 80
81 Crankcase Pressure Regulator Prevents over-pressurization of Two-Stage Compressor crankcase CONDENSER TXV PRESSURE PSIA MEDIUM STAGE LOW STAGE EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR R Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 81
82 Crankcase Pressure Regulator On two-stage compressors systems and Low Temperature - - Compression Ratio > 10:1 Discharge of One Cylinder is De- Superheated and Used as Suction for Another Cylinder to Limit the Heat of Compression. Results: Excessively High Suction Pressures after -Pull-Down or Defrost Cycles, can Cause Motor Overload. 82
83 CAPACITY CONTROL Why? Prevent the Compressor from Short Cycling Prevent Compressor from Operating with Too Low Suction Pressures Prevent Evaporating Coil Icing OPTIONS: 1. Multiple Units 2. Single Units with Multiple Compressors. 3. Variable Speed Compressors 4. Compressor Cylinder Unloading 5. Hot Gas Bypass 83
84 CAPACITY CONTROL 1. Multiple Units 2. Single Units with Multiple Compressors. 3. Variable Speed Compressors 84
85 CAPACITY CONTROL 4. Compressor Cylinder Unloading 85
86 HOT GAS BYPASS CONTROL LIQUID LINE DRIER MOISTURE LIQUID INDICATOR EXPANSION VALVE CONDENSER RECIEVER EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR EVAPORATOR PRESSURE SUCTION REGULATOR ACCUMULATOR 86
87 Hot Gas Bypass Regulators 87
88 Hot Gas Bypass Bypasses High Pressure Refrigerant to the System s Low Pressure Side. Regulates to Maintain a Set Minimum Suction Pressure. De-Superheating TXV Bypass to Suction Bypass to Evaporator Inlet 88
89 BYPASS TO SUCTION WITH SUCTION ACCUMULATOR BYPASS SOLENOID BYPASS REGULATOR LIQUID INJECTION THERMO VALVE LIQUID INJECTION SOLENOID VALVE SUCTION ACCUMULATOR SUCTION UPSTREAM OF ACCUMULATOR 89
90 BYPASS TO SUCTION WITH SUCTION ACCUMULATOR BYPASS SOLENOID BYPASS REGULATOR LIQUID INJECTION THERMO VALVE LIQUID INJECTION SOLENOID VALVE OUTLET OF ACCUMULATOR UPSTREAM OF ACCUMULATOR SUCTION * IF A BOILOUT ACCUMULATOR IS USED, LOCATE LCL BULB UPSTREAM 90
91 BYPASS TO SUCTION WITH SUCTION ACCUMULATOR BYPASS SOLENOID BYPASS REGULATOR LIQUID INJECTION THERMO VALVE Constant head pressure is required during periods of bypass. LIQUID INJECTION SOLENOID VALVE SUCTION SUCTION ACCUMULATOR 91
92 BYPASS TO EVAPORATOR INLET BYPASS TO EVAPORATOR INLET BYPASS SOLENOID DIRECT ACTING BYPASS REGULATOR ADVANTAGES: Provides a False Load Defrost the Coil, A/C Evaporator serves as mixing chamber Minimizes components Excellent Oil Return THERMO VALVE LIQUID LINE SOLENOID VALVE EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR 92
93 BYPASS TO EVAPORATOR INLET BYPASS TO EVAPORATOR INLET BYPASS SOLENOID DIRECT ACTING BYPASS REGULATOR With the evaporator BELOW the compressor, bypass to evaporator inlet assures proper oil return at low loads. COMPRESSOR THERMO VALVE LIQUID LINE SOLENOID VALVE EVAPORATOR 93
94 REFRIGERATION CONDENSERS Air Cooled Water Cooled 94
95 Head Pressure Control Why? Maintain Liquid Sub-Cooling and Prevent liquid line flash gas. Provide sufficient pressure drop across TXV. Properly operate systems with hot gas defrost, hot gas bypass or heat reclaim systems. How? hvariable Condenser Fan Speed Control hwater regulating valve hcondenser Fan Cycling hvane / Damper Control System hsplit Condenser System h Flooded Head Pressure Control 95
96 Head Pressure Control Air Cooled Units Fan Cycling HEAD PRESSURE Fan on Fan off TIME 96
97 Head Pressure Control Air Cooled Units Variable Speed Fan Water Cooled Units Water regulating Valve 97
98 HEAD PRESSURE CONTROL CONSTANT LOAD AT REDUCED CONDENSING TEMPERATURE CONDENSER TXV PRESSURE PSIA MEDIUM STAGE LOW STAGE EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR R Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 98
99 CONDENSER HEAD PRESSURE CONTROL CONDENSER TEMPERATURE CONTROL HEAD PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE LIQUID LINE DRIER MOISTURE LIQUID INDICATOR FAN CYCLING CONTROL SOLENOID VALVE EXPANSION VALVE OIL SEPERATOR OIL FILTER CONDENSER COMPRESSOR OIL LEVEL CONTROL OIL PRESSURE SAFETY CONTROL RECIEVER BALL VALVE SUCTION FILTER -DRIER LOW PRESSURE CONTROL SOLENOID VALVE HOT GAS BYPASS REGULATOR HIGH -LOW PRESSURE CONTROL SUCTION ACCUMULATOR EVAPORATOR PRESSURE REGULATOR EVAPORATOR EVAPORATOR TEMPERATURE CONTROL 99
100 Flooded Condenser Condenser Bypass Receiver Condenser Outlet 100
101 FLOODED CONDENSER CONTROL 101
102 METERING DEVICES IN REFRIGERATION Expansion Valves - -Equalizer - Constant pressure valves Hand Valves 102
103 OPR Manual Adjustment Outlet Pressure regulators Inlet Pressure Regulated Outlet Pressure 103
104 IPR Manual Adjustment Inlet Pressure Regulators Outlet Pressure Regulated Inlet Pressure 104
105 DESUPERHEATERS Reduce compressor superheat CONDENSER TXV PRESSURE PSIA DE-SUPERHEATER LOW STAGE EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR R Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 105
106 REFRIGERATION SYSTEM VALVES Control Isolation CONDENSER TEMPERATURE CONTROL LIQUID LINE DRIER MOISTURE LIQUID INDICATOR FAN CYCLING CONTROL SOLENOID VALVE EXPANSION VALVE OIL SEPERATOR OIL FILTER CONDENSER COMPRESSOR OIL LEVEL CONTROL OIL PRESSURE SAFETY CONTROL RECIEVER BALL VALVE SUCTION FILTER -DRIER LOW PRESSURE CONTROL SOLENOID VALVE HOT GAS BYPASS REGULATOR HIGH -LOW PRESSURE CONTROL SUCTION ACCUMULATOR EVAPORATOR PRESSURE REGULATOR EVAPORATOR EVAPORATOR TEMPERATURE CONTROL 106
107 SOLENOIDS VALVES Provide Control Function - On / Off Control - Normally Open / Normally closed Used -Pump down - Circuit isolation -Hot Gas isolation - Defrost Isolation 107
108 REFRIGERATION VALVES Ball Valves Diaphragm Valves Packed Angle Valves Globe Valves Pressure Relief Valves - Condensers - Pressure Vessels Check Valves 108
109 REFRIGERATION SYSTEM PROTECTORS Moisture Liquid Indicators Filter Driers CONDENSER TEMPERATURE CONTROL LIQUID LINE DRIER MOISTURE LIQUID INDICATOR FAN CYCLING CONTROL SOLENOID VALVE EXPANSION VALVE OIL SEPERATOR OIL FILTER CONDENSER COMPRESSOR OIL LEVEL CONTROL OIL PRESSURE SAFETY CONTROL RECIEVER SOLENOID VALVE BALL VALVE SUCTION FILTER -DRIER LOW PRESSURE CONTROL SUCTION ACCUMULATOR HOT GAS BYPASS REGULATOR HIGH -LOW PRESSURE CONTROL EVAPORATOR PRESSURE REGULATOR EVAPORATOR EVAPORATOR TEMPERATURE CONTROL 109
110 SIGHT GLASSES MOISTURE INDICATORS Provide an indication of refrigerant flow & moisture content Provide an indication of system charge Locations : Liquid line - Between liquid line filterdrier outlet & TXV inlet Oil Line - On oil separator or reservoir outlet 110
111 LIQUID LINE FILTER - DRIER Removes contaminants and chemical reaction products Filter-Driers remove Particles Water Acids Removes Solid and Sludge 111
112 SUCTION LINE FILTER - DRIER Suction line filter - Driers 112
113 OIL CONTROL SYSTEMS Oil system controls CONDENSER TEMPERATURE CONTROL LIQUID LINE DRIER MOISTURE LIQUID INDICATOR FAN CYCLING CONTROL SOLENOID VALVE EXPANSION VALVE OIL SEPERATOR OIL FILTER CONDENSER COMPRESSOR OIL LEVEL CONTROL OIL PRESSURE SAFETY CONTROL RECIEVER SOLENOID VALVE BALL VALVE SUCTION FILTER -DRIER LOW PRESSURE CONTROL SUCTION ACCUMULATOR HOT GAS BYPASS REGULATOR HIGH -LOW PRESSURE CONTROL EVAPORATOR PRESSURE REGULATOR EVAPORATOR EVAPORATOR TEMPERATURE CONTROL 113
114 OIL CONTROL SYSTEMS PROTECTS THE COMPRESSORS TO CONTROL PROPER OIL LEVEL SYSTEM -Oil level control -Oil separator -Oil sight glass -Oil line filter -Oil reservoir -Check valve TO CONDENSER OIL LINE FILTER CHECK VALVE OIL RESERVOIR DISCHARGE HEADER SUCTION HEADER OIL SEPARATOR OIL LEVEL CONTROL 114
115 OIL CONTROL SYSTEMS Low Pressure Oil Management System High Pressure Oil Management System SYSTEM -Oil level control -Oil separator -Oil sight glass -Oil line filter -Oil reservoir -Check valve TO CONDENSER OIL LINE FILTER OIL SEPARATOR TO CONDENSER CHECK VALVE OIL RESERVOIR DISCHARGE HEADER OIL LEVEL CONTROL OIL LINE FILTER DISCHARGE HEADER SUCTION HEADER SUCTION HEADER OIL SEPARATOR RESERVOIR OIL LEVEL CONTROL 115
116 TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE CONTROLS Temperature Controls Pressure Controls CONDENSER TEMPERATURE CONTROL LIQUID LINE DRIER MOISTURE LIQUID INDICATOR FAN CYCLING CONTROL SOLENOID VALVE EXPANSION VALVE OIL SEPERATOR OIL FILTER CONDENSER COMPRESSOR OIL LEVEL CONTROL OIL PRESSURE SAFETY CONTROL RECIEVER SOLENOID VALVE BALL VALVE SUCTION FILTER -DRIER LOW PRESSURE CONTROL SUCTION ACCUMULATOR HOT GAS BYPASS REGULATOR HIGH -LOW PRESSURE CONTROL EVAPORATOR PRESSURE REGULATOR EVAPORATOR EVAPORATOR TEMPERATURE CONTROL 116
117 TEMPERATURE CONTROL APPLICATIONS Evaporator temperature sensing Discharge air temperature sensing Product temperature sensing Return air temperature sensing Evaporator coil freeze protection Defrost termination 117
118 PRESSURE CONTROL APPLICATIONS Low Pressure Controls - Temperature control - Pump down control - High Temperature alarm - Defrost termination - Low pressure limit / alarm - Capacity control High Pressure Controls - High pressure cut-out - High pressure alarm - Condenser head pressure control Oil Pressure Controls - Oil pressure safety 118
119 ECONOMIZER CYCLE Improving Stage efficiency CONDENSER TXV PRESSURE PSIA ECONOMIZER LOW STAGE EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR R Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 119
120 HEAT RECLAIM SYSTEMS Recovery of Condenser heat for space heating HEAT RECLAIM COIL LIQUID LINE DRIER MOISTURE LIQUID INDICATOR LIQUID DIFFERENTIAL VALVE SOLENOID VALVE CONDENSER SOLENOID VALVE CHECK VALVE EVAPORATOR EXPANSION VALVE HEAT RECLAIM VALVE DISCHARGE DIFFERENTIAL VALVE COMPRESSOR RECIEVER SUCTION ACCUMULATOR EVAPORATOR EVAPORATOR PRESSURE REGULATOR SOLENOID VALVE 120
121 SYSTEM TYPES Direct Refrigerant runs directly to cases Indirect Secondary cooling circuit is used 121
122 Practice Example PH chart example, Let s look at a refrigeration example and plot a low temperature system 122
123 SUMMARY The P H Diagram is good tool to use to understand system operation and performance PRESSURE PSIA It can be used for -Design -Understanding new system concepts -Troubleshooting A knowledge of basic refrigeration system principles helps in the evaluation of refrigeration systems R Enthalpy(Btu/lb) 123
124 Thank you Questions? 124
Energy Use in Refrigeration Systems
2012 Rocky Mountain ASHRAE Technical Conference Energy Use in Refrigeration Systems PRESENTED BY: Scott Martin, PE, LEED AP BD+C Objectives Understand mechanical refrigeration terms Describe how heat is
More informationSection 1: Theory of Heat Unit 3: Refrigeration and Refrigerants
Section 1: Theory of Heat Unit 3: Refrigeration and Refrigerants Unit Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss applications for high-, medium-, and low temperature refrigeration.
More informationREFRIGERATION CYCLE Principles of Mechanical Refrigeration Level 2: Cycle Analysis
REFRIGERATION CYCLE Principles of Mechanical Refrigeration Level 2: Cycle Analysis Technical Development Program Technical Development Programs (TDP) are modules of technical training on HVAC theory, system
More informationB. A. T. Basic Appliance Training
B. A. T. Basic Appliance Training BASIC REFRIGERATION presented by Phil Whitehead Program Objective The objective of this program is to give you some of the basic elements that are essential to understanding
More informationRefrigeration Systems and Accessories
As with the Chapter Review Tests and the Final Exam, the tests your understanding of the materials underlying the learning objectives. After you ve reviewed your answers to the Chapter Review Tests, try
More informationPRESSURE-ENTHALPY CHARTS AND THEIR USE By: Dr. Ralph C. Downing E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. Freon Products Division
INTRODUCTION PRESSURE-ENTHALPY CHARTS AND THEIR USE The refrigerant in a refrigeration system, regardless of type, is present in two different states. It is present as liquid and as vapor (or gas). During
More informationChapter-8 Capacity Control of Refrigeration Systems
Chapter-8 Capacity Control of Refrigeration Systems Chapter-8 Capacity Control of Refrigeration Systems ၈.၁ Compressor Control Chiller Control and Chilled Water Plant Control Refrigeration system control
More informationInstructors: Contact information. Don Reynolds Doug McGee Factory Tech Support
Contact information Instructors: Don Reynolds 616-560-9903 Doug McGee 517-294-3932 Factory Tech Support 888-593-9988 Product Improvements for 2017 Todays Objectives Job Site Information Sheets Low Ambient
More informationTo accomplish this, the refrigerant fi tis pumped throughh aclosed looped pipe system.
Basics Refrigeration is the removal of heat from a material or space, so that it s temperature is lower than that of it s surroundings. When refrigerant absorbs the unwanted heat, this raises the refrigerant
More informationAIR CONDITIONING. Carrier Corporation 2002 Cat. No
AIR CONDITIONING Carrier Corporation 2002 Cat. No. 020-016 1. This refresher course covers topics contained in the AIR CONDITIONING specialty section of the North American Technician Excellence (NATE)
More informationAir Conditioning Components
Air Conditioning Components Agenda AC Components Compressor & Clutch Condenser Receiver-drier or Accumulator Expansion Valve or Orifice Tube Evaporator Compressor 2 primary purposes Increase pressure &
More informationDhulapally, Secunderabad Subject: REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING QUESTION BANK
St.MARTIN S ENGINEERING COLLEGE Dhulapally, Secunderabad-500 014 Subject: REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING Class : ECE III 1 Define Unit of refrigeration. 2 Define C.O.P. QUESTION BANK 3 What is the
More informationMath. The latent heat of fusion for water is 144 BTU s Per Lb. The latent heat of vaporization for water is 970 Btu s per Lb.
HVAC Math The latent heat of fusion for water is 144 BTU s Per Lb. The latent heat of vaporization for water is 970 Btu s per Lb. Math F. to C. Conversion = (f-32)*(5/9) C. to F. Conversion = C * 9/5 +
More informationCO2 TRANSCRITICAL BOOSTER SYSTEMS
CO2 TRANSCRITICAL BOOSTER SYSTEMS William Katz Sr. Technical Writer Hillphoenix 2016 Gees Mill Road Conyers, GA 30013 Tel: 678-613-9364 Email: william.katz@hillphoenix.com Refrigeration systems for supermarkets
More informationMASS. MARITIME ACADEMY
MASS. MARITIME ACADEMY REFRIGERATION LAB OUTLINE Rev.3 Fall 2015 Table of Content Page Lab #1: Introduction to refrigeration system components, tools and procedures 1 Lab #2: Familiarization, operation,
More informationCase 15 Refrigeration System for Chemical Fertilizer Plant Ammonia Storage
Case 15 Refrigeration System for Chemical Fertilizer Plant Ammonia Storage Copy Right By: Thomas T.S. Wan ) Dec. 28, 2012 All Rights Reserved Case Background: Ammonia is one of the important elements to
More information: REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING COURSE CODE : 6023 COURSE CATEGORY : A PERIODS/ WEEK : 6 PERIODS/ SEMESTER : 90 CREDIT : 6 TIME SCHEDULE
COURSE TITLE : REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING COURSE CODE : 6023 COURSE CATEGORY : A PERIODS/ WEEK : 6 PERIODS/ SEMESTER : 90 CREDIT : 6 TIME SCHEDULE MODULE TOPIC PERIODS 1 Introduction. Applications
More informationTechnical Development Program. COMMERCIAL HVAC PACKAGED EQUIPMENT Split Systems PRESENTED BY: Ray Chow Sigler
Technical Development Program COMMERCIAL HVAC PACKAGED EQUIPMENT Split Systems PRESENTED BY: Ray Chow Sigler Menu Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Introduction System
More informationBASE LEVEL AUDIT REQUIREMENTS REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS 1. SITE DATA COLLECTION. Business Name. Site physical address (Street, Suburb, City)
BASE LEVEL AUDIT REQUIREMENTS REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS 1. SITE DATA COLLECTION Business Name Site physical address (Street, Suburb, City) Nature of site / business operation Electricity Supplier Power factor
More informationHeat Reclaim. Benefits,Methods, & Troubleshooting By Dave Demma, Manager Supermarket Sales, Sporlan Division - Parker Hannifin Corporation
Form 30-217 / January 2007 Heat Reclaim Benefits,Methods, & Troubleshooting By Dave Demma, Manager Supermarket Sales, Sporlan Division - Parker Hannifin Corporation While the vapor-compression cycle has
More informationINSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
1 P a g e INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous) Dundigal, Hyderabad -00 043 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING QUESTION BANK Name : REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING Code : A60334 Class : III B. Tech
More informationSome of these procedures need to be performed to conform to requirements of the Clean Air Act.
Leak Detection, Recovery, Evacuation and Charging Four basic service procedures used to repair and maintain a mechanical refrigeration system are leak detection, evacuation, recovery, and refrigerant charging.
More informationPressure Enthalpy Charts
Pressure Enthalpy Charts What is a p-h Diagram? A p-h diagram is a diagram with a vertical axis of absolute pressure and a horizontal axis of specific enthalpy. "Enthalpy is the amount of energy in a substance
More informationYOUR BASIC REFRIGERAION SYSTEM SVASD MAY 26, 2011
YOUR BASIC REFRIGERAION SYSTEM SVASD MAY 26, 2011 Today s Goal Is to Understand the basic function of a refrigeration system Refrigeration The concept of refrigeration went unchanged for 2000+ years until
More informationThe Refrigeration Cycle. Jerry Cohen President Jacco & Assoc.
The Refrigeration Cycle Jerry Cohen President Jacco & Assoc. Basic Refrigerant Cycle P/h Chart Compressor Options Condenser Options Head Pressure Control Thermal Expansion Evaporator Options Lift Evaporative
More informationService Step by Step Trouble-Shooting Check-List
WARNING: Only Data Aire trained technician or experience technicians should be working on Data Aire Equipment. Protect yourself at all times and work safe. Date: Dates at the job site: From: to Job#: Serial#:
More information3. (a) Explain the working of a rotary screw compressor. [10] (b) How the capacity control is achieved in refrigerant compressor?
Code No: RR410305 Set No. 1 IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2006 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING (Mechanical Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All
More informationUse this Construction/HVAC Glossary to answer the questions below.
www.garyklinka.com Page 1 of 21 Instructions: 1. Print these pages. 2. Circle the correct answers and transfer to the answer sheet on the second last page. 3. Page down to the last page for the verification
More informationCondensing Unit Installation and Operating Instructions
Bulletin ACU_O&I 02 August 2016 Condensing Unit Installation and Operating Instructions ACU Air Cooled Condensers Table of Contents Section 1. General Information... 2 Section 2. Refrigeration Piping...
More informationThe Saturation process
SOUTH METROPOLITAN TAFE WA The Saturation process Dennis Kenworthy 8/5/2016 A student study guide to measuring and interpreting the saturation process of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment System
More informationApplication Engineering
Revised September, 2006 ECONOMIZED VAPOR INJECTION (EVI) COMPRESSORS INDEX SECTION PAGE 1. Introduction... 1 2. Theory of Operation... 1 3. Nomenclature... 3 4. ARI Low Temperature Ratings... 3 5. Approved
More informationRSES Technical Institute Training Manual 1 70 hours, 70 NATE CEHs, 7.2 CEUs
Lesson 1 - Introduction to Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Define refrigeration. Identify the basic components of a refrigeration cycle. Identify the various gas laws and their importance to a basic
More informationRSES Technical Institute Training Manual 2 72 hours, 72 NATE CEHs, 7.2 CEUs
Lesson 1 - Trade Tools Explain the importance of using proper tools and test instruments. List the various types of wrenches and describe their use. Describe the proper procedures for bending, flaring,
More informationA Treatise on Liquid Subcooling
A Treatise on Liquid Subcooling While the subject of this article is Liquid Refrigerant Subcooling, its affect on the operation of the thermostatic expansion valve (TEV), and ultimately on system performance
More informationSECTION 5 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 22 CONDENSERS UNIT OBJECTIVES UNIT OBJECTIVES 3/22/2012
SECTION 5 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 22 CONDENSERS UNIT OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the reader should be able to explain the purpose of the condenser in a refrigeration system. describe differences
More informationHEAT PUMPS. Carrier Corporation GT72-01 Cat. No
HEAT PUMPS Carrier Corporation 2003 GT72-01 Cat. No. 020-018 1. This refresher course covers topics contained in the HEAT PUMPS specialty section of the North American Technician Excellence (NATE) certification
More information500 EX Fusion Compressor Series
500 EX Fusion Compressor Series R404A M/T R404A L/T Capacity RANGE 13.8kW - 20.4kW 7.7kW -11.2kW Copeland Fusion Semi-Hermetic Horizontal Scroll Compressors For Medium and Low Temperature Applications
More informationJCseries EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER. engineering data
JCseries EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER engineering data Recold JC Series Evaporative Condenser Contents 2 Construction... 3 Schematic... 4 Engineering Data... 5 Selection Procedure... 6-9 Multi-Circuited Selection
More informationMidwest Industrial Initiative Webinar: Industrial Refrigeration
Midwest Industrial Initiative Webinar: Industrial Refrigeration Opportunities for Energy Efficiency and Cost Savings Thursday, June 6, 2013 www.kw-engineering.com Bryan Hackett, PE kw Engineering What
More informationHVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field CALCS-PLUS
HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This presentation used CASE* studies from the following *CASE Copy And Steal Everything HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This
More informationTechnical Development Program
Technical Development Program COMMERCIAL HVAC CHILLER EQUIPMENT Water-Cooled Chillers PRESENTED BY: Omar Rojas Sales Engineer Menu Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7
More informationCondensing Unit Installation and Operating Instructions
Bulletin WCU_O&I 01 June 2003 Condensing Unit Installation and Operating Instructions WCU Air Cooled Condensing Unit Table of Contents Section 1. Section 2. Section 3. Section 4. Section 5. Section 6.
More informationSECTION 5 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 21 EVAPORATORS AND THE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM UNIT OBJECTIVES 3/22/2012 REFRIGERATION
SECTION 5 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 21 EVAPORATORS AND THE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM UNIT OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the reader should be able to Define high-, medium-, and low-temperature refrigeration.
More informationCollege of Technological Studies Department of Power & Refrigeration Technology. Course Contents
College of Technological Studies Department of Power & Refrigeration Technology Course Contents Course Designation: Air Conditioning Control systems Course No. : 272 0463 Credit Hrs.: 3 Lecture Hrs.: 2
More informationOtherwise, you can continue reading the file on the following pages.
If you d like to be able to print this file out to study off-line or use on the job, a printable version is available for an administrative fee of $3.97 USD. To download the unlocked file, click here.
More informationEvaporative Condenser Engineering Manual
TECHNICAL RESOURCES Evaporative Condenser Engineering Manual Introduction The objective of a mechanical refrigeration system is to remove heat from a space or product, and to reject that heat to the environment
More information10/4/2013. The Changing State of Refrigerants
10/4/2013 The Changing State of Refrigerants Refrigerant Chemistry CFC = Chlorofluorocarbon Rapid phase-out Stopped U.S. production in 1996 R-11, R-12, R-113, R-114, R-500, R-502 HCFC = Hydrochlorofluorocarbon
More informationClass 1: Basic Refrigera0on Cycle. October 7 & 9, 2014
Class 1: Basic Refrigera0on Cycle October 7 & 9, 2014 Refrigeration Cycle 4 key components needed in a basic refrigera0on cycle: 1. Compressor 2. Condenser 3. Evaporator 4. Metering Device Compressor Compressor
More informationAir-Cooled Condensing Units with Screw Compressors. Technical Bulletin Low Temperature Models SSV DSV
LK-LTSCUTB BN-LTSCUTB OCTOBER OCTOBER 2017 2017 Air-Cooled Condensing Units with Screw s Technical Bulletin Low Temperature s SSV DSV Table of Contents Nomenclature Chart... 2 Features and Benefits...3
More informationR07. Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks *****
Set No: 1 III B.Tech. II Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2013 REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING (Mechanical Engineering) Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions
More informationNational Maritime Center
National Maritime Center Providing Credentials to Mariners U.S.C.G. Merchant Marine Exam (Sample Examination) Page 1 of 26 Choose the best answer to the following Multiple Choice Questions. 1. If a condenser
More informationORTEC HIGH CAPACITY REFRIGERATED AIR/GAS DRYERS
ORTEC Compressed Air, Gas & Fluid Technologies HIGH CAPACITY REFRIGERATED AIR/GAS DRYERS Energy Lean Planet Green Cycling and Non-Cycling Design Energy Efficient s Fluctuating and Intermittent Loads Capacity,0
More informationCalhoon MEBA Engineering School. Study Guide for Proficiency Testing Refrigeration
Calhoon MEBA Engineering School Study Guide for Proficiency Testing Refrigeration 1. To prevent an injury when working with refrigerants, what safety precautions are necessary? 2. When halogens are in
More informationIntermediate Refrigeration Systems for Operators
Intermediate Refrigeration Systems for Operators A web-based course conducted by the www.irc.wisc.edu Intermediate Refrigeration Systems for Operators This class is designed to build upon and extend the
More informationCase 13 Food Storage & Processing Center
Case 13 Food Storage & Processing Center Copy Right By: Thomas T.S. Wan ( ) Feb. 2, 2002 All Rights Reserved Case Background: The refrigeration system is for a food processing and storage facility. The
More informationHVAC/R Refrigerant Cycle Basics
HVAC/R Refrigerant Cycle Basics This is a basic overview of the refrigeration circuit and how it works. It isn t a COMPLETE description by any means, but it is designed to assist a new technician or HVAC/R
More informationSECTION 2 SAFETY, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT, SHOP PRACTICES UNIT 10 SYSTEM CHARGING
SECTION 2 SAFETY, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT, SHOP PRACTICES UNIT 10 SYSTEM CHARGING UNIT OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the reader should be able to Describe how refrigerant is charged into systems in
More information2. CURRICULUM. Sl. No.
. CURRICULUM Sl. No. Code Title No. of Lecture Hours 1 RAC 001 Fundamentals of Refrigeration and Air 60 conditioning RAC 00 Psychrometry, Heat load Estimation for 70 Air conditioning and Refrigeration
More informationProduct Data. Features/Benefits. 38AH Commercial Air-Cooled Condensing Units 50/60 Hz. 20 to 130 Nominal Tons (63 to 390 Nominal kw)
Product Data 38AH024-134 Commercial Air-Cooled Condensing Units 50/60 Hz 20 to 130 Nominal Tons (63 to 390 Nominal kw) a38-4143ef 38AH044-134 These dependable split systems match Carrier s 40RM or 39 Series
More informationRDT Refrigeration Book
RDT Refrigeration Book Indoor / Outdoor Air-Cooled Systems Indoor Air-Cooled Systems 1. Shorter line runs. 2. Systems located off roof or dock space. 3. Weather covers are not required (saves cost). 4.
More informationAir Conditioning Clinic. Absorption Water Chillers One of the Equipment Series TRG-TRC011-EN
Air Conditioning Clinic Absorption Water Chillers One of the Equipment Series TRG-TRC011-EN Absorption Water Chillers One of the Equipment Series A publication of The Trane Company Worldwide Applied Systems
More informationThe Refrigeration Cycle
Job Sheet 4 The Refrigeration Cycle OBJECTIVES In this job sheet, you will plot the refrigeration cycle on a pressure-enthalpy diagram using pressures and temperatures measured on your training system.
More informationThermodynamic Calculations of Two-Stage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle with Flash Chamber and Separate Vapor Mixing Intercooler
Thermodynamic Calculations of Two-Stage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle with Flash Chamber and Separate Vapor Mixing Intercooler Author: Volodymyr Voloshchuk Vl.volodya@gmail.com Introduction In
More informationLK-TSSTB July 2009 FPO HP Two Stage Condensing Units and Systems Technical Guide. with Bitzer Compressors.
LK-TSSTB July 2009 FPO 5-30 HP Two Stage Condensing Units and Systems Technical Guide with Bitzer s www.larkinproducts.com Table of Contents Standard Features... 2 Nomenclature... 2 Condensing Unit Capacity...
More informationCascade Refrigeration System for LPG Subcooling. Related Technical Data and Information for the Case:
Case-16 Cascade Refrigeration System for LPG Subcooling Copy Right By: Thomas T.S. Wan ( ) Mar. 28, 2003 All Rights Reserved Case Background: This is a case of using a cascade refrigeration system to subcool
More informationMECHANICAL ENGINEERING ME.2017 FUNDAMENTAL OF REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING. Sample Questions and Answers
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ME.2017 FUNDAMENTAL OF REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING Sample Questions and Answers CHAPTER 5 EVAPORATORS 1. What is Evaporator? Classify the various types of evaporator. Evaporator
More informationThe Refrigeration Cycle
Job Sheet 4 The Refrigeration Cycle OBJECTIVES In this job sheet, you will plot the refrigeration cycle on a pressure-enthalpy diagram using pressures and temperatures measured on your training system.
More informationSession: HVAC 101 HVAC 101. Steve Sain Sain Engineering Associates, Inc. August 9, Rhode Island Convention Center Providence, Rhode Island
Session: HVAC 101 HVAC 101 Steve Sain Sain Engineering Associates, Inc. August 9, 2016 Rhode Island Convention Center Providence, Rhode Island Why? 2 Acknowledgements 3 Disclaimer I m gonna shoot down
More informationRefrigeration Technology in Building Services Engineering
Unit 70: Unit code: T/600/0459 QCF Level: 3 Credit value: 10 Guided learning hours: 60 Unit aim Refrigeration Technology in Building Services Engineering This unit develops an understanding of the principles,
More informationRefrigeration and Air Conditioning
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 1. Pick up the wrong statement. A refrigerant should have (a) Tow specific heat of liquid (b) high boiling point (c) high latent heat of vaporisation (d) higher critical
More informationProduct Data. Features/Benefits. GEMINI 38AKS Commercial Air-Cooled Split Systems 50/60 Hz. 25 to 40 Nominal Tons (82.8 to 127.
Product Data GEMINI 38AKS028-044 Commercial Air-Cooled Split Systems 50/60 Hz 25 to 40 Nominal Tons (82.8 to 127.0 kw) These dependable split systems match Carrier s indoor-air handlers with outdoor condensing
More informationCOLD STORAGE WAREHOUSE, USING DIRECT EXPANSION AMMONIA REFRIGERANT Ray Clarke ISECO Consulting Services Pty Ltd
COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSE, USING DIRECT EXPANSION AMMONIA REFRIGERANT Ray Clarke ISECO Consulting Services Pty Ltd Abstract This paper presents the design approach adopted for the expansion of a large existing
More informationME 410 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS LABORATORY MASS & ENERGY BALANCES IN PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES EXPERIMENT 3
ME 410 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS LABORATORY MASS & ENERGY BALANCES IN PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES EXPERIMENT 3 1. OBJECTIVE The objective of this experiment is to observe four basic psychrometric processes
More informationRefrigeration Systems
Refrigeration Systems COP COP = coefficient of performance Air conditioners, refrigerators: COP=QL/Wnet Heat pumps: COP=QH/Wnet Energy balance: Wnet+QL=QH From Cengel, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach,
More informationS.A. Klein and G.F. Nellis Cambridge University Press, 2011
12.A-1 A mixture of helium and water vapor is flowing through a pipe at T= 90 C and P = 150 kpa. The mole fraction of helium is y He = 0.80. a.) What is the relative humidity of the mixture? b.) What is
More informationInstitute of Aeronautical Engineering (Autonomous) Dundigal, Hyderabad B.Tech (III II SEM) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering (Autonomous) Dundigal, Hyderabad- 500 043 B.Tech (III II SEM) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING Prepared by, Dr. CH V K N S N Moorthy, Professor
More informationSIDDHARTH GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS :: PUTTUR Siddharth Nagar, Narayanavanam Road AUTONOMOUS QUESTION BANK (DESCRIPTIVE) UNIT I
SIDDHARTH GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS :: PUTTUR Siddharth Nagar, Narayanavanam Road 517583 AUTONOMOUS QUESTION BANK (DESCRIPTIVE) Subject with Code : Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (16ME8806) Course & Branch:
More informationRecommendations to retrofit positive existing installations running with HFCs (R404A & R507) RETROFIT POSITIVE & MEDIUM REFRIGERATING SYSTEMS
COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION RETROFIT POSITIVE & MEDIUM REFRIGERATING SYSTEMS www.tecumseh.com Recommendations to retrofit positive existing installations running with HFCs (R404A & R507) 1-HCFCs & HFCs Retrofit
More informationAir Cooled Packaged Systems AIRAH Back to Basics
Air Cooled Packaged Systems AIRAH Back to Basics What s changed? New Refrigerants R410a MEPS EER / AEER / SEER Manufacturing Technologies Research, Development and Testing New technologies, controls, reliability
More informationSECTION 8 AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS UNIT 43 AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS
SECTION 8 AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS UNIT 43 AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS UNIT OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the reader should be able to Describe the operation of reverse-cycle refrigeration (heat pumps) Explain
More informationHVAC Service Technicians Training Center
HVAC Service Technicians Training Center 48-03 32 nd Place, Long Island City, NY 11101 Tel: (718) 472-0404 (718) 472-0414 Fax: (718) 433-0676 Introduction to the Refrigeration Cycle: Part 1 (AC/R-1) This
More informationHVAC Fundamentals & Refrigeration Cycle
HVAC Fundamentals & Refrigeration Cycle Change of State of Water & the Refrigeration Cycle Change of State Water The Basic Refrigeration Cycle Types of DX Systems The Chilled water System The Cooling Tower
More informationTHERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVES Part 1
Refrigeration Service Engineers Society 1666 Rand Road Des Plaines, Illinois 60016 THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVES Part 1 Revised by Loren Shuck, CMS INTRODUCTION The thermostatic expansion valve (frequently
More informationSustainable Techniques in Refrigerated Space
Sustainable Techniques in Refrigerated Space Sustainability and high performance of refrigerated space used for the preservation of perishable product capitalizes on conservation techniques which reduce
More informationCase 8 Basic Performance of Screw Compressor
Case 8 Basic Performance of Screw Compressor Copy Right By: Thomas T.S. Wan ) June 24, 2010 All Rights Reserved Case Background: The basic rating and performance given by a compressor manufacturer is usually
More informationTechnical Information
Date of last update: May-12 Ref: : Application Engineering Europe ENHANCED VAPOUR INJECTION (EVI) FOR ZH*KVE SCROLL COMPRESSORS 1 Introduction... 2 2 Principle of operation... 2 3 Capacity effect... 3
More informationAIM: TO STUDY THE PERFORMANCE OF THE DOMESTIC REFRIGERATION RIG.
AIM: TO STUDY THE PERFORMANCE OF THE DOMESTIC REFRIGERATION RIG. Page1 CONTENT: 1. Product Description 2. Product Specifications 3. Operating Procedure 4. Observation Table 5. Calculations 6. Result Page2
More informationChillers CA Series: 35º 55º LCT CF Series: 35º 55º LCT CE Series: 35º 55º LCT CLH Series: 15º -15º LCT CLM Series: -10º -70º LCT
Products Chillers CA Series: 35º 55º LCT CF Series: 35º 55º LCT CE Series: 35º 55º LCT CLH Series: 15º -15º LCT CLM Series: -10º -70º LCT s s s s s CA-10-W CA-10-R CF-3-W CF-3-A CE-3-W CE-3-A CLH-6-W CLH-3-A
More informationcommercial refrigeration products
commercial refrigeration products Evaporators Condensing Units Condensers Air Handlers Fluid Coolers Coils NOTHING BEATS A BALLY Evaporators EC MOTORS Available Half Round Low velocity Two-way low profile
More informationFor an administrative fee of $9.97, you can get an un-locked, printable version of this book.
The System Evaluation Manual and Chiller Evaluation Manual have been revised and combined into this new book; the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration System Evaluation Guide. For an administrative fee of
More informationCommercial CO2 Refrigeration Systems. Guide for Subcritical and Transcritical CO2 Applications
Commercial CO2 Refrigeration Systems Guide for Subcritical and Transcritical CO2 Applications 2 Contents Chapter 1. Introduction 4 Chapter 2. CO 2 Basics and Considerations as a Refrigerant 5 Section 1.
More informationMechanical Engineering Laboratory
Mechanical Engineering Laboratory MEE 416 Professor H. Ezzat Khalifa Syracuse University http://lcs.syr.edu/faculty/khalifa/mee416/ MEE416 1 A. Experiment 1 Air-Conditioning: Air-side Experiment 0031 Link
More informationREFRIGERANT CHANGEOVER
Date of last update: Dec-17 Ref: CC7.26.5/0117-1217/E Application Engineering Europe REFRIGERANT CHANGEOVER FROM HFC R134a TO HFC/HFO R450A & R513A WARNING Use only Emerson approved refrigerants and lubricants
More informationWarm Case Troubleshooting Guide 9/18/2014
Introduction Warm cases can be caused by various problems which require thorough troubleshooting. Begin the investigation with questions to store personnel asking for information such as when the last
More information(2) 325 tpd York Chlorine Liquefier Systems
(2) 325 tpd York Chlorine Liquefier Systems The liquefier is a split bundle and serves as both the primary liquefier and the secondary liquefier. The total for each York system is 325 tons liquid Cl2,
More informationRefrigeration and Air Conditioning Mechanic (Residential) Level 2
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Mechanic (Residential) Level 2 A10 Pipe Threading and Assembly Duration: 20 hours 4 hours 16 hours Upon completion of this unit of instruction the apprentice will demonstrate
More informationORTEC INDUSTRIAL FLUID CHILLERS FC SERIES ( TONS) Compressed Air, Gas & Fluid Technologies. i e n d. l y. t a. R e. f r. i g e.
ORTEC Compressed Air, Gas & Fluid Technologies t a l r o n m e n i l y E n v F r i e n d t r a n l y R e i g e f r INDUSTRIAL FLUID CHILLERS FC SERIES (0-00 TONS) Application Flexibility Nortec Industrial
More informationSECTION 7 AIR CONDITIONING (COOLING) UNIT 40 TYPICAL OPERATING CONDITIONS
SECTION 7 AIR CONDITIONING (COOLING) UNIT 40 TYPICAL OPERATING CONDITIONS UNIT OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the reader should be able to Explain what conditions will cause the evaporator pressure
More informationSECTION 7 AIR CONDITIONING (COOLING) UNIT 40 TYPICAL OPERATING CONDITIONS UNIT OBJECTIVES
SECTION 7 AIR CONDITIONING (COOLING) UNIT 40 TYPICAL OPERATING CONDITIONS UNIT OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the reader should be able to Explain what conditions will cause the evaporator pressure
More informationBASIC HEAT PUMP THEORY By: Lloyd A. Mullen By: Lloyd G. Williams Service Department, York Division, Borg-Warner Corporation
INTRODUCTION In recent years air conditioning industry technology has advanced rapidly. An important byproduct of this growth has been development of the heat pump. Altogether too much mystery has surrounded
More information