TABLE Distribution of Fen Site Associations by biogeoclimatic zone

Transcription

1 Chapter 5.2 Fens 79 TABLE Distribution of Fen Site Associations by biogeoclimatic zone BG BWBS SBPS PP SWB ESSF ICH IDF MS SBS CDF CWH MH Wf01 Water sedge Beaked sedge i Wf02 Scrub birch Water sedge Wf03 Water sedge Peat-moss Wf04 Barclay s willow Water sedge Glow mosss Wf05 Slender sedge Common hook-moss Wf06 Slender sedge Buckbean Wf07 Scrub birch Buckbean Shore sedge Wf08 Shore sedge Buckbean Hook-moss Wf09 Few-flowered spike-rush Hook-moss Wf10 Hudson Bay clubrush Red hook-moss Wf11 Tufted clubrush Star moss Wf12 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Marsh-marigold Wf13 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Shore sedge Wf50 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Peat-moss Wf51 Sitka sedge Peat-moss Wf52 Sweet gale Sitka sedge s Wf53 Slender sedge White beak-rush s = incidental; < 5% of wetlands = minor; 5 25% of wetlands = major; >25% of wetlands i = inland areas only s = southern subzones only

2 TABLE Fen Species Importance Table Species Wf01 Wf02 Wf03 Wf04 Wf05 Wf06 Wf07 Wf08 Shrubs Betula nana yzzz y yzzz Sali barclayi yzzzz Sali pedicellaris yz y y yzz y Spiraea douglasii Myrica gale Herbs Care utriculata yzzz yz y y yz and Care aquatilis yzzz yzz yzzz yzz yz yz Dwarf Comarum palustre y yz y y y yzz y Shrubs Calamagrostis canadensis y yzz Care lasiocarpa yzzzz yzzzz y Menyanthes trifoliata yzzz yzzz yzz Care limosa y yzz yzzz Care chordorrhiza y yz y Eleocharis quinqueflora Trichophorum alpinum Trichophorum cespitosum Eriophorum angustifolium y y y y Caltha leptosepala y y Care anthoanthea Equisetum fluviatile y y y y Care magellanica Care sitchensis y y yz yz Rhynchospora alba Care livida Eriophorum chamissonis Vahlodea atropurpurea Drosera anglica y Hypericum anagalloides Triantha glutinosa y Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Fauria crista-galli Senecio triangularis yz y Andromeda polifolia y y Kalmia microphylla Oycoccus oycoccos y Triglochin maritima y y Drosera rotundifolia Leptarrhena pyrolifolia y Platanthera dilatata y Sanguisorba canadensis y Utricularia intermedia y Viola palustris Lichens Sphagnum Group I y yz yzz yz and Aulacomnium palustre yz yz yzz Mosses Drepanocladus spp. yz y yzz yz yz yz Sphagnum Group II yz yz y Tomentypnum nitens yzz yz y yz y Philonotis fontana y yz Calliergon stramineum Scorpidium spp. y yzz y Campylium stellatum y y Warnstorfia spp. y yz y Meesia triquetra y y 80 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

3 Wf 01 Water sedge Beaked sedge Care aquatilis Care utriculata General Description The Water sedge Beaked sedge Fen Site Association is the most common and widespread Fen Site Association in the province. It occurs in all but the warmest and driest subzones from low to subalpine elevations on sites that are annually inundated by shallow, low-energy flood waters and that eperience some late-season drawdown. Wf01 fens are found in a wide variety of landscape positions but most commonly palustrine basins.they occupy wetter zones in larger peatland complees but also form etensive pure meadows. Species diversity is low; Care aquatilis and Care utriculata cover is often continuous, with scattered forbs, aquatics, and mosses in the understorey. On sites that dry out at the surface, Calamagrostis canadensis or C. stricta can become prominent, species diversity increases, and sites become more meadow-like. Peat depths range from 30 to > 300 cm. Common soil types include typic and terric Fibrisols and Mesisols. This Site Association tolerates variable hydrology. Characteristic Vegetation Tree layer ( ) Shrub layer ( ) Herb layer ( ) Care aquatilis, C. utriculata Moss layer ( ) Drepanocladus aduncus Comments Wetland Edatopic Grid Soil Nutrient Regime A B C D E F Sites dominated by C. utriculata and C. aquatilis but with mineral or humic soils are described by the Wm01. Because Wf 01 and Wm01 sites are species-poor and the two dominant sedge species have a wide ecological amplitude, the plant community poorly differentiates between sites on peat (Wf 01) and those on mineral soil (Wm01). Wf 01 sites typically have less C. utriculata and fewer aquatics than Wm01 sites.the Wf 01 develops from the Wm01 in most circumstances. Sites that are drier or at least have more pronounced microtopography than the Wf 01 are usually occupied by communities with low shrubs and high moss cover (most commonly, the Wf 02). However, at higher elevations few shrubs occur and only moss cover increases (Wf 03). Sites with greater waterflow are characterized by tall-shrub swamps dominated by willows or alders, and water sedges, and have mineral or humic peat soils. Soil Moisture Regime VM W VA MA SA N Ak ph VW St Sl Mo Dy VD Hydrodynamic Inde 82 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

4 Chapter 5.2 Fens 79 TABLE Distribution of Fen Site Associations by biogeoclimatic zone BG BWBS SBPS PP SWB ESSF ICH IDF MS SBS CDF CWH MH Wf01 Water sedge Beaked sedge i Wf02 Scrub birch Water sedge Wf03 Water sedge Peat-moss Wf04 Barclay s willow Water sedge Glow mosss Wf05 Slender sedge Common hook-moss Wf06 Slender sedge Buckbean Wf07 Scrub birch Buckbean Shore sedge Wf08 Shore sedge Buckbean Hook-moss Wf09 Few-flowered spike-rush Hook-moss Wf10 Hudson Bay clubrush Red hook-moss Wf11 Tufted clubrush Star moss Wf12 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Marsh-marigold Wf13 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Shore sedge Wf50 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Peat-moss Wf51 Sitka sedge Peat-moss Wf52 Sweet gale Sitka sedge s Wf53 Slender sedge White beak-rush s = incidental; < 5% of wetlands = minor; 5 25% of wetlands = major; >25% of wetlands i = inland areas only s = southern subzones only

5 TABLE Fen Species Importance Table Species Wf01 Wf02 Wf03 Wf04 Wf05 Wf06 Wf07 Wf08 Shrubs Betula nana yzzz y yzzz Sali barclayi yzzzz Sali pedicellaris yz y y yzz y Spiraea douglasii Myrica gale Herbs Care utriculata yzzz yz y y yz and Care aquatilis yzzz yzz yzzz yzz yz yz Dwarf Comarum palustre y yz y y y yzz y Shrubs Calamagrostis canadensis y yzz Care lasiocarpa yzzzz yzzzz y Menyanthes trifoliata yzzz yzzz yzz Care limosa y yzz yzzz Care chordorrhiza y yz y Eleocharis quinqueflora Trichophorum alpinum Trichophorum cespitosum Eriophorum angustifolium y y y y Caltha leptosepala y y Care anthoanthea Equisetum fluviatile y y y y Care magellanica Care sitchensis y y yz yz Rhynchospora alba Care livida Eriophorum chamissonis Vahlodea atropurpurea Drosera anglica y Hypericum anagalloides Triantha glutinosa y Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Fauria crista-galli Senecio triangularis yz y Andromeda polifolia y y Kalmia microphylla Oycoccus oycoccos y Triglochin maritima y y Drosera rotundifolia Leptarrhena pyrolifolia y Platanthera dilatata y Sanguisorba canadensis y Utricularia intermedia y Viola palustris Lichens Sphagnum Group I y yz yzz yz and Aulacomnium palustre yz yz yzz Mosses Drepanocladus spp. yz y yzz yz yz yz Sphagnum Group II yz yz y Tomentypnum nitens yzz yz y yz y Philonotis fontana y yz Calliergon stramineum Scorpidium spp. y yzz y Campylium stellatum y y Warnstorfia spp. y yz y Meesia triquetra y y 80 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

6 Wf 05 Slender sedge Common hook-moss Care lasiocarpa Drepanocladus aduncus General Description Slender sedge Common hook-moss fens are common throughout the Interior at elevations below 1400 m. These fens occur on peat flats surrounding small lakes and ponds or in infilled palustrine basins. Prolonged shallow surface flooding and continual surface peat saturation are typical. Care lasiocarpa and Drepanocladus aduncus are constant dominants. Other large water sedges, such as C. aquatilis and C. utriculata, are also common. There can be a very sparse shrub cover of Sali pedicellaris, S. candida, or Betula nana. The moss layer is usually well developed but is occasionally absent. Hookmosses usually dominate with occasional inclusions of other brown mosses. Deep peat deposits are common but some sites may occur on thin organic veneers. Mesisols are the most common soil type but Humisols and Fibrisols also occur. Characteristic Vegetation Tree layer ( ) Shrub layer ( ) Herb layer ( ) Care aquatilis, C. lasiocarpa, C. utriculata Moss layer ( ) Drepanocladus aduncus Comments Some Wf 05 sites are marsh-like with deep flooding, low diversity, and virtually no moss layer.the related Wf 06 occurs on floating mats with a more equable water regime and hummock/hollow topography. Slendersedge fens (Wf 05, Wf 06) occur in locations similar to the Wf 01 but seem to represent sites with longer surface saturation and more basic soil water. Similar sites in coastal areas are described by the Wf53. Soil Moisture Regime VM W VW Wetland Edatopic Grid Soil Nutrient Regime A B C D E F VA MA SA N Ak ph St Sl Mo Dy VD Hydrodynamic Inde 86 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

7 Chapter 5.4 Swamps 125 TABLE Distribution of Swamp Site Associations by biogeoclimatic zone BG BWBS SBPS PP SWB ESSF ICH IDF MS SBS CDF CWH MH Ws01 Mountain alder Skunk cabbage Lady fern w Ws02 Mountain alder Pink spirea Sitka sedge w Ws03 Bebb s willow Bluejoint Ws04 Drummond s willow Beaked sedge Ws05 MacCalla s willow Beaked sedge Ws06 Sitka willow Sitka sedge w Ws07 Spruce Common horsetail Leafy moss Ws08 Subalpine fir Sitka valerian Common horsetail Ws09 Black spruce Skunk cabbage Peat-moss w Ws10 Western redcedar Spruce Skunk cabbage Ws11 Spruce Subalpine fir Skunk cabbage w Ws50 Pink spirea Sitka sedge w Ws51 Sitka willow Pacific willow Skunk cabbage Ws52 Red alder Skunk cabbage Ws53 Western redcedar Sword fern Skunk cabbage Ws54 Western redcedar Western hemlock Skunk cabbage Ws55 Yellow-cedar Mountain hemlock Skunk cabbage = incidental; < 5% of wetlands = minor; 5 25% of wetlands = major; >25% of wetlands w = wet subzones only = very dry subzones only

8 TABLE Swamp Species Importance Table Species Ws03 Ws04 Ws05 Ws02 Ws06 Ws07 Ws08 Ws01 Trees Picea X yzzz yzzz yz Picea mariana Abies lasiocarpa y yzzzz y Tsuga heterophylla Thuja plicata Picea sitchensis Alnus rubra Acer macrophyllum Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Tsuga mertensiana Abies amabilis Shrubs Sali bebbiana yzzzz Sali drummondiana yzzz Sali maccalliana yzzzz Alnus incana yzz yzzz yz yz yzzzz Lonicera involucrata yz y y y y yzz y yz Spiraea douglasii y yzz y yzz Cornus stolonifera yz y y y Vaccinium alaskaense/ovalifolium y Sali sitchensis y yzzzz Sali lucida Rubus spectabilis Sambucus racemosa Gaultheria shallon Ribes bracteosum Elliottia pyroliflorus Herbs Calamagrostis canadensis yzzz yz yzz yzz yz y y yz and Care aquatilis/sitchensis yzz yzz yzzzz yzzz y Dwarf Care utriculata yz yzz yzzz y yz Shrubs Gymnocarpium dryopteris y y y Valeriana sitchensis yzz Scirpus microcarpus yz Equisetum arvense yzz y yzz yzzzz yzzz yz Lysichiton americanus y yzzzz Athyrium fili-femina y yzzz Tiarella trifoliata y y Streptopus lanceolatus Maianthemum dilatatum Oenanthe sarmentosa Polystichum munitum Equisetum telmateia Blechnum spicant Veratrum viride y Fauria crista-galli Mosses Drepanocladus spp. yzz and Mnium spp. yz y yz yz y yzzz yzzz yzz Lichens Aulacomnium palustre y yz yzz yzz Sphagnum spp. Hylocomium splendens yzz Pleurozium schreberi yz y Eurhynchium praelongum Rhytidiadelphus loreus 126 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

9 Drummond s willow Beaked sedge Ws04 Sali drummondiana Care utriculata General Description Drummond s willow Beaked sedge swamps/fens are common in the Central and Sub-Boreal Interior in back-levee depressions of low-gradient creeks or channel margins in peatland streams. Ws04 sites can be deeply flooded during the spring freshet and after drawdown maintain a high watertable due to fine-tetured soils or lowlying position relative to the watertable. Sali drummondiana dominates these sites, with other shrubs such as Lonicera involucrata and Spiraea douglasii common in the lowshrub layer. The herb layer is moderately well developed and predominantly Care aquatilis and C. utriculata. Sedge peat veneers or blankets over fine- to medium-tetured fluvial or lacustrine materials are typical. Flooding can result in buried organic layers, peat and mineral miing, or reduced surface organic accumulation. Characteristic Vegetation Tree layer ( ) Shrub layer ( ) Lonicera involucrata, Sali drummondiana, Spiraea douglasii Herb layer ( ) Calamagrostis canadensis, Care aquatilis/sitchensis, C. utriculata Moss layer ( ) Mnium spp. Comments Wetland Edatopic Grid Soil Nutrient Regime A B C D E F In wetter climates of the Interior, the Ws04 is replaced by the Ws06. The Ws04 occurs along open water channels adjacent to Wf 01 and Wm01 units. It also occurs in low sites along sluggish streams adjacent to the Fl05. Drummond s willow is well adapted to fluvial sites; twigs and branches have brittle bases that readily break during flood events.these whips will readily root in mineral soils. Soil Moisture Regime VM W VA MA SA N Ak ph VW St Sl Mo Dy VD Hydrodynamic Inde Chapter 5.4 Swamps 131

10 Chapter 5.3 Marshes 105 TABLE Distribution of Marsh Site Associations by biogeoclimatic zone BG BWBS SBPS PP SWB ESSF ICH IDF MS SBS CDF CWH MH Wm01 Beaked sedge Water sedge Wm02 Swamp horsetail Beaked sedge Wm03 Awned sedge Wm04 Common spike-rush Wm05 Cattail s Wm06 Great bulrush Wm07 Baltic rush Wm50 Sitka sedge Hemlock-parsley Wm51 Three-way sedge = incidental; < 5% of wetlands = minor; 5 25% of wetlands = major; >25% of wetlands s = southern subzones only

11 TABLE Marsh Species Importance Table Species Wm01 Wm02 Wm03 Wm04 Wm05 Herbs Care utriculata yzzz yzzz y and Care aquatilis yzz y Dwarf Equisetum fluviatile yzzzz Shrubs Comarum palustre y y Sium suave y Care esiccata Care atherodes yzzzz Polygonum amphibium y Eleocharis palustris yzzzz Potamogeton richardsonii yz Typha latifolia yzzzz Schoenoplectus acutus Menyanthes trifoliata Utricularia macrorhiza Juncus balticus Hordeum jubatum Potentilla anserina Calamagrostis canadensis y y Cicuta douglasii Lysichiton americanus Oenanthe sarmentosa Galium trifidum Spiraea douglasii Care sitchensis Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala Dulichium arundinaceum Mosses Drepanocladus spp. y y y Warnstorfia spp. 106 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

12 Wm01 Beaked sedge Water sedge Care utriculata Care aquatilis General Description Beaked sedge Water sedge marshes constitute the most common and widespread Marsh Site Association in the province. The Wm01 occurs in all subzones from low to subalpine elevations on sites that are inundated by shallow, low-energy floodwaters and that eperience some late-season drawdown. These marshes are found in a wide variety of landscape positions including flooded beaver ponds, lake margins, floodplains, and palustrine basins. Species diversity is low and plant cover is strongly dominated by Care utriculata and C. aquatilis with scattered forbs, aquatics, and mosses. On sites eperiencing significant surface drying, species diversity increases and sites become more meadow-like. Species such as Calamagrostis canadensis, Geum macrophyllum, or Deschampsia cespitosa can become prominent. The Wm01 occurs over a wide range of site conditions on mineral substrates with thin peat veneers. Common soil types include Gleysols and Terric Humisols. Characteristic Vegetation Tree layer ( ) Shrub layer ( ) Herb layer ( ) Care aquatilis, C. utriculata Moss layer ( ) Comments Wetland Edatopic Grid Soil Nutrient Regime A B C D E F The Wf 01 and Wm01 have similar plant communities, but, because these units are VW species-poor and the two dominant sedge species have a wide ecological amplitude, the plant community poorly differentiates between sites on peat (Wf 01) and those on mineral soil (Wm01). In general, the Wm01 is more deeply flooded, has more dynamic hydrology, and has a higher cover of C. utriculata. The Wm02 is another similar community that occurs on more hydrologically dynamic locations such as lake margins or floodplains. In cooler climates the Wm01 frequently develops into Wf 01 on sites with less dynamic hydrology. Some Wm01 sites have scattered tall shrubs; those sites supporting > 10% shrub cover are described by Swamp Site Associations (Section 5.4). Soil Moisture Regime VM W VA MA SA N Ak ph St Sl Mo Dy VD Hydrodynamic Inde 108 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

13 Chapter 5.2 Fens 79 TABLE Distribution of Fen Site Associations by biogeoclimatic zone BG BWBS SBPS PP SWB ESSF ICH IDF MS SBS CDF CWH MH Wf01 Water sedge Beaked sedge i Wf02 Scrub birch Water sedge Wf03 Water sedge Peat-moss Wf04 Barclay s willow Water sedge Glow mosss Wf05 Slender sedge Common hook-moss Wf06 Slender sedge Buckbean Wf07 Scrub birch Buckbean Shore sedge Wf08 Shore sedge Buckbean Hook-moss Wf09 Few-flowered spike-rush Hook-moss Wf10 Hudson Bay clubrush Red hook-moss Wf11 Tufted clubrush Star moss Wf12 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Marsh-marigold Wf13 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Shore sedge Wf50 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Peat-moss Wf51 Sitka sedge Peat-moss Wf52 Sweet gale Sitka sedge s Wf53 Slender sedge White beak-rush s = incidental; < 5% of wetlands = minor; 5 25% of wetlands = major; >25% of wetlands i = inland areas only s = southern subzones only

14 TABLE Fen Species Importance Table Species Wf01 Wf02 Wf03 Wf04 Wf05 Wf06 Wf07 Wf08 Shrubs Betula nana yzzz y yzzz Sali barclayi yzzzz Sali pedicellaris yz y y yzz y Spiraea douglasii Myrica gale Herbs Care utriculata yzzz yz y y yz and Care aquatilis yzzz yzz yzzz yzz yz yz Dwarf Comarum palustre y yz y y y yzz y Shrubs Calamagrostis canadensis y yzz Care lasiocarpa yzzzz yzzzz y Menyanthes trifoliata yzzz yzzz yzz Care limosa y yzz yzzz Care chordorrhiza y yz y Eleocharis quinqueflora Trichophorum alpinum Trichophorum cespitosum Eriophorum angustifolium y y y y Caltha leptosepala y y Care anthoanthea Equisetum fluviatile y y y y Care magellanica Care sitchensis y y yz yz Rhynchospora alba Care livida Eriophorum chamissonis Vahlodea atropurpurea Drosera anglica y Hypericum anagalloides Triantha glutinosa y Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Fauria crista-galli Senecio triangularis yz y Andromeda polifolia y y Kalmia microphylla Oycoccus oycoccos y Triglochin maritima y y Drosera rotundifolia Leptarrhena pyrolifolia y Platanthera dilatata y Sanguisorba canadensis y Utricularia intermedia y Viola palustris Lichens Sphagnum Group I y yz yzz yz and Aulacomnium palustre yz yz yzz Mosses Drepanocladus spp. yz y yzz yz yz yz Sphagnum Group II yz yz y Tomentypnum nitens yzz yz y yz y Philonotis fontana y yz Calliergon stramineum Scorpidium spp. y yzz y Campylium stellatum y y Warnstorfia spp. y yz y Meesia triquetra y y 80 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

15 Barclay s willow Water sedge Glow moss Wf 04 Sali barclayi Care aquatilis Aulacomnium palustre General Description Barclay s willow Water sedge Glow moss fen/swamps are common at subalpine elevations of the Sub-Boreal Interior, Southern Interior Mountains, and Northern Boreal Mountains. They occur on subalpine seepage slopes, along glacier-fed creeks, and in frost-prone basins. Sali barclayi dominates the shrub layer with a scattering of other low shrub species. Care aquatilis dominates the herb layer but is often accompanied by scattered high-elevation species such as Caltha leptosepala, Eriophorum angustifolium, and Leptarrhena pyrolifolia. The moss layer can be absent or moderately well developed. Continuous (often copious) groundwater or snowmelt seepage is typical, and soils are cold. Peat is often shallow because of low biomass production but occasionally deep sedge peat deposits are encountered. Common soil types include terric Mesisols, Humisols, and Fibrisols Characteristic Vegetation Tree layer ( ) Shrub layer ( ) Sali barclayi Herb layer ( ) Calamagrostis canadensis, Care aquatilis, C. sitchensis Moss layer ( ) Aulacomnium palustre, Mnium spp., Philonotis fontana Comments Wf 04 can occur alone or surrounding sedge or cotton-grass fens (Wf 03 or Wf12), or in wet depressions within forb-rich subalpine meadows or carrs.the similar Sc03 is also common at high elevations in the Interior. However, the Sc03 s low shrub physiognomy is the result of cold-air drainage not wet soils, and it is characterized by subalpine forbs with few hydrophytes. Soil Moisture Regime VM W VW Wetland Edatopic Grid Soil Nutrient Regime A B C D E F VA MA SA N Ak ph St Sl Mo Dy VD Hydrodynamic Inde Chapter 5.2 Fens 85

16 Chapter 5.2 Fens 79 TABLE Distribution of Fen Site Associations by biogeoclimatic zone BG BWBS SBPS PP SWB ESSF ICH IDF MS SBS CDF CWH MH Wf01 Water sedge Beaked sedge i Wf02 Scrub birch Water sedge Wf03 Water sedge Peat-moss Wf04 Barclay s willow Water sedge Glow mosss Wf05 Slender sedge Common hook-moss Wf06 Slender sedge Buckbean Wf07 Scrub birch Buckbean Shore sedge Wf08 Shore sedge Buckbean Hook-moss Wf09 Few-flowered spike-rush Hook-moss Wf10 Hudson Bay clubrush Red hook-moss Wf11 Tufted clubrush Star moss Wf12 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Marsh-marigold Wf13 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Shore sedge Wf50 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Peat-moss Wf51 Sitka sedge Peat-moss Wf52 Sweet gale Sitka sedge s Wf53 Slender sedge White beak-rush s = incidental; < 5% of wetlands = minor; 5 25% of wetlands = major; >25% of wetlands i = inland areas only s = southern subzones only

17 TABLE Fen Species Importance Table Species Wf01 Wf02 Wf03 Wf04 Wf05 Wf06 Wf07 Wf08 Shrubs Betula nana yzzz y yzzz Sali barclayi yzzzz Sali pedicellaris yz y y yzz y Spiraea douglasii Myrica gale Herbs Care utriculata yzzz yz y y yz and Care aquatilis yzzz yzz yzzz yzz yz yz Dwarf Comarum palustre y yz y y y yzz y Shrubs Calamagrostis canadensis y yzz Care lasiocarpa yzzzz yzzzz y Menyanthes trifoliata yzzz yzzz yzz Care limosa y yzz yzzz Care chordorrhiza y yz y Eleocharis quinqueflora Trichophorum alpinum Trichophorum cespitosum Eriophorum angustifolium y y y y Caltha leptosepala y y Care anthoanthea Equisetum fluviatile y y y y Care magellanica Care sitchensis y y yz yz Rhynchospora alba Care livida Eriophorum chamissonis Vahlodea atropurpurea Drosera anglica y Hypericum anagalloides Triantha glutinosa y Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Fauria crista-galli Senecio triangularis yz y Andromeda polifolia y y Kalmia microphylla Oycoccus oycoccos y Triglochin maritima y y Drosera rotundifolia Leptarrhena pyrolifolia y Platanthera dilatata y Sanguisorba canadensis y Utricularia intermedia y Viola palustris Lichens Sphagnum Group I y yz yzz yz and Aulacomnium palustre yz yz yzz Mosses Drepanocladus spp. yz y yzz yz yz yz Sphagnum Group II yz yz y Tomentypnum nitens yzz yz y yz y Philonotis fontana y yz Calliergon stramineum Scorpidium spp. y yzz y Campylium stellatum y y Warnstorfia spp. y yz y Meesia triquetra y y 80 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

18 Wf09 Wf10 Wf11 Wf12 Wf13 Wf50 Wf51 Wf52 Wf53 Common Name y scrub birch Barclay s willow y bog willow yz pink spirea yzzzz yz sweet gale y y beaked sedge yz y yz water sedge y yz y marsh cinquefoil y y y y bluejoint reedgrass yz y yzzz slender sedge yzzz yz y buckbean yz yzz yz yzz shore sedge yzz cordroot sedge yzzzz few-flowered spike-rush yzzzz Hudson Bay clubrush yzzzz yz tufted clubrush yz yz yzzzz yzzz yzzzz y narrow-leaved cotton-grass y yzz yz white mtn. marsh-marigold y yellow-flowered sedge swamp horsetail yz poor sedge y yzzzz yzzz Sitka sedge y yzz white beak-rush y pale sedge y Chamisso s cotton-grass y y mountain hairgrass yzz y y great sundew bog St. John s-wort yz y y y sticky asphodel y great bulrush yz deer-cabbage arrow-leaved groundsel yz bog-rosemary y yz western bog-laurel yz y bog cranberry yz seaside arrow-grass y y round-leaved sundew y y leatherleaf saifrage y y fragrant white rein orchid y y Sitka burnet y flat-leaved bladderwort y marsh violet y y yz yzz yzz peat-moss Group I y yz yz y y glow moss yz y y hook-mosses y yz yz yzz peat-moss Group II yz yz y golden fuzzy fen moss y yz spring moss y yz y straw spear-moss y yzz sausage-moss yzzz yzzz y yellow star-moss y y hook-mosses y three-ranked hump-moss Chapter 5.2 Fens 81

19 Wf 09 Few-flowered spike-rush Hook-moss Eleocharis quinqueflora Drepanocladus General Description The Few-flowered spike-rush Hook-moss Fen Site Association occurs on small sloping peatlands at high elevations (mostly above 1200 m) throughout the Sub-Boreal, Central, and Southern Interior. It is rare throughout most of its range, occurring only in slope positions with continual slow surface seepage. Plant diversity is low; Eleocharis quinqueflora is the site dominant, with lesser amounts of Care limosa, Eriophorum angustifolium, and other forbs occasionally occurring. Hookmosses such as Homatocaulis vernicosus, Scorpidium revolvens, and Drepanocladus aduncus usually comprise the moss layer but other brown mosses such as Meesia triquetra and Tomentypnum nitens can occur in high abundance. Peat forms as a characteristically dense and tenacious mesic peat. Peat depths are frequently shallow but can be up to 2 m. Terric Mesisols and Humisols are common soil types. Characteristic Vegetation Tree layer ( ) Shrub layer ( ) Herb layer ( ) Care limosa, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Eriophorum angustifolium Moss layer ( ) Drepanocladus spp.,tomentypnum nitens Comments VW The Wf 09 unit is similar in structure and hydroedatopic position to the Wf11 of lower elevations. Wf 09 commonly occurs without adjacent wetland Site Associations or in comple with cotton-grass fens (Wf12 or Wf13). The tenacious peat of this unit is typically of similar composition throughout the profile, suggesting that this ecosystem can be stable and long-lived. Wetland Edatopic Grid Soil Nutrient Regime A B C D E F Peat is sufficiently dense on Wf 09 sites that soil water movements are impeded and most waterflow is at the surface as sheet flow.the specific conditions that give rise to the Wf 09 rather than other high-elevation fens are not well understood but may be partly initiated and maintained by the dense stems and roots of Eleocharis quinqueflora. Soil Moisture Regime VM W VA MA SA N Ak ph St Sl Mo Dy VD Hydrodynamic Inde 90 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

20 Chapter 5.2 Fens 79 TABLE Distribution of Fen Site Associations by biogeoclimatic zone BG BWBS SBPS PP SWB ESSF ICH IDF MS SBS CDF CWH MH Wf01 Water sedge Beaked sedge i Wf02 Scrub birch Water sedge Wf03 Water sedge Peat-moss Wf04 Barclay s willow Water sedge Glow mosss Wf05 Slender sedge Common hook-moss Wf06 Slender sedge Buckbean Wf07 Scrub birch Buckbean Shore sedge Wf08 Shore sedge Buckbean Hook-moss Wf09 Few-flowered spike-rush Hook-moss Wf10 Hudson Bay clubrush Red hook-moss Wf11 Tufted clubrush Star moss Wf12 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Marsh-marigold Wf13 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Shore sedge Wf50 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Peat-moss Wf51 Sitka sedge Peat-moss Wf52 Sweet gale Sitka sedge s Wf53 Slender sedge White beak-rush s = incidental; < 5% of wetlands = minor; 5 25% of wetlands = major; >25% of wetlands i = inland areas only s = southern subzones only

21 TABLE Fen Species Importance Table Species Wf01 Wf02 Wf03 Wf04 Wf05 Wf06 Wf07 Wf08 Shrubs Betula nana yzzz y yzzz Sali barclayi yzzzz Sali pedicellaris yz y y yzz y Spiraea douglasii Myrica gale Herbs Care utriculata yzzz yz y y yz and Care aquatilis yzzz yzz yzzz yzz yz yz Dwarf Comarum palustre y yz y y y yzz y Shrubs Calamagrostis canadensis y yzz Care lasiocarpa yzzzz yzzzz y Menyanthes trifoliata yzzz yzzz yzz Care limosa y yzz yzzz Care chordorrhiza y yz y Eleocharis quinqueflora Trichophorum alpinum Trichophorum cespitosum Eriophorum angustifolium y y y y Caltha leptosepala y y Care anthoanthea Equisetum fluviatile y y y y Care magellanica Care sitchensis y y yz yz Rhynchospora alba Care livida Eriophorum chamissonis Vahlodea atropurpurea Drosera anglica y Hypericum anagalloides Triantha glutinosa y Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Fauria crista-galli Senecio triangularis yz y Andromeda polifolia y y Kalmia microphylla Oycoccus oycoccos y Triglochin maritima y y Drosera rotundifolia Leptarrhena pyrolifolia y Platanthera dilatata y Sanguisorba canadensis y Utricularia intermedia y Viola palustris Lichens Sphagnum Group I y yz yzz yz and Aulacomnium palustre yz yz yzz Mosses Drepanocladus spp. yz y yzz yz yz yz Sphagnum Group II yz yz y Tomentypnum nitens yzz yz y yz y Philonotis fontana y yz Calliergon stramineum Scorpidium spp. y yzz y Campylium stellatum y y Warnstorfia spp. y yz y Meesia triquetra y y 80 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

22 Wf09 Wf10 Wf11 Wf12 Wf13 Wf50 Wf51 Wf52 Wf53 Common Name y scrub birch Barclay s willow y bog willow yz pink spirea yzzzz yz sweet gale y y beaked sedge yz y yz water sedge y yz y marsh cinquefoil y y y y bluejoint reedgrass yz y yzzz slender sedge yzzz yz y buckbean yz yzz yz yzz shore sedge yzz cordroot sedge yzzzz few-flowered spike-rush yzzzz Hudson Bay clubrush yzzzz yz tufted clubrush yz yz yzzzz yzzz yzzzz y narrow-leaved cotton-grass y yzz yz white mtn. marsh-marigold y yellow-flowered sedge swamp horsetail yz poor sedge y yzzzz yzzz Sitka sedge y yzz white beak-rush y pale sedge y Chamisso s cotton-grass y y mountain hairgrass yzz y y great sundew bog St. John s-wort yz y y y sticky asphodel y great bulrush yz deer-cabbage arrow-leaved groundsel yz bog-rosemary y yz western bog-laurel yz y bog cranberry yz seaside arrow-grass y y round-leaved sundew y y leatherleaf saifrage y y fragrant white rein orchid y y Sitka burnet y flat-leaved bladderwort y marsh violet y y yz yzz yzz peat-moss Group I y yz yz y y glow moss yz y y hook-mosses y yz yz yzz peat-moss Group II yz yz y golden fuzzy fen moss y yz spring moss y yz y straw spear-moss y yzz sausage-moss yzzz yzzz y yellow star-moss y y hook-mosses y three-ranked hump-moss Chapter 5.2 Fens 81

23 Wf11 Tufted clubrush Star moss Trichophorum cespitosum Campylium stellatum General Description The Tufted clubrush Star moss Fen Site Association is scattered throughout the Interior at middle to subalpine elevations, most commonly in regions underlain with base-rich parent materials. These fens occur on level and gently sloping, groundwater-fed peatlands that are permanently saturated but rarely inundated. Sites have smooth, ribbed, or slightly hummocked topography and any depressions are water-filled. Trichophorum cespitosum and Campylium stellatum are constant dominants and occur mainly on drier microsites. Menyanthes trifoliata and calcium-encrusted Scorpidium scorpioides and Scorpidium revolvens are commonly found in very shallow pools. Most sites have a distinct dense and tenacious turfy peat. Deep peat is typical (to 5 m) but occasionally thin peat veneers occur. Fibrisols and Mesisols are typical soil types. Characteristic Vegetation Tree layer ( ) Shrub layer ( ) Herb layer ( ) Care limosa, Eriophorum angustifolium, Menyanthes trifoliata, Trichophorum cespitosum Moss layer ( ) Campylium stellatum, Sphagnum Group II Comments Soil Nutrient Regime A B C D E F The Wf11 occurs where etremely high ph limits the availability of phosphorous, making these sites nutrient-poor even though they have an abundance of cations.tufted clubrush dominated wetlands are also found in regions underlain by base-poor granitic parent material, such as coastal British Columbia, where phosphorus is also limited.these communities lack minerotrophic site indicators and have a Sphagnum-dominated moss layer. Tufted clubrush Peat-moss ecosystems (Wb52) are very common in coastal British Columbia but several sites have been observed in interior locations where the local geology is of igneous intrusive origin (e.g., Monashee Ranges). Soil Moisture Regime VM W VA MA SA N Ak ph VW Wetland Edatopic Grid St Sl Mo Dy VD Hydrodynamic Inde 92 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

24 Chapter 5.3 Marshes 105 TABLE Distribution of Marsh Site Associations by biogeoclimatic zone BG BWBS SBPS PP SWB ESSF ICH IDF MS SBS CDF CWH MH Wm01 Beaked sedge Water sedge Wm02 Swamp horsetail Beaked sedge Wm03 Awned sedge Wm04 Common spike-rush Wm05 Cattail s Wm06 Great bulrush Wm07 Baltic rush Wm50 Sitka sedge Hemlock-parsley Wm51 Three-way sedge = incidental; < 5% of wetlands = minor; 5 25% of wetlands = major; >25% of wetlands s = southern subzones only

25 TABLE Marsh Species Importance Table Species Wm01 Wm02 Wm03 Wm04 Wm05 Herbs Care utriculata yzzz yzzz y and Care aquatilis yzz y Dwarf Equisetum fluviatile yzzzz Shrubs Comarum palustre y y Sium suave y Care esiccata Care atherodes yzzzz Polygonum amphibium y Eleocharis palustris yzzzz Potamogeton richardsonii yz Typha latifolia yzzzz Schoenoplectus acutus Menyanthes trifoliata Utricularia macrorhiza Juncus balticus Hordeum jubatum Potentilla anserina Calamagrostis canadensis y y Cicuta douglasii Lysichiton americanus Oenanthe sarmentosa Galium trifidum Spiraea douglasii Care sitchensis Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala Dulichium arundinaceum Mosses Drepanocladus spp. y y y Warnstorfia spp. 106 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

26 Wm06 Wm07 Wm50 Wm51 Common Name beaked sedge water sedge swamp horsetail y y marsh cinquefoil hemlock water-parsnip y inflated sedge awned sedge water smartweed common spike-rush Richardson s pondweed common cattail yzzzz great bulrush y buckbean greater bladderwort yzzzz Baltic rush yz fotail barley yz common silverweed bluejoint Douglas water-hemlock y skunk cabbage yzz Pacific water-parsley yz small bedstraw y pink spirea yzzzz yz Sitka sedge yz yellow pond-lily yzzzz three-way sedge hook-mosses: intermediate hook-mosses: poor Chapter 5.3 Marshes 107

27 Great bulrush Wm06 Schoenoplectus acutus General Description Great bulrush marshes occur widely in subzones with warm and dry summers. Wave-eposed lake embayments with significant water movements, and grassland potholes with occasional substrate eposure (conditions that provide abundant aeration and limit organic accumulations), are the most common locations for this Site Association. Plant diversity is low; typically, Schoenoplectus acutus is the only species with significant cover. Bulrush marshes are usually adjacent to open water in wetland mosaics and can sometimes be found in comple with the Wm05. Floodwaters to 1.5 m depth in the spring are typical, with significant growing-season drawdown occurring in potholes. Great bulrush is tolerant of alkali soils and often dominates in brackish potholes. Soils are mostly Gleysols and Humic Gleysols, though Terric Humisols occasionally occur. Characteristic Vegetation Tree layer ( ) Shrub layer ( ) Herb layer ( ) Schoenoplectus acutus Moss layer ( ) Comments The Wm06 includes marshes dominated by S. tabernaemontani (soft-stemmed bulrush). On wave-eposed lake shorelines or where sites are more brackish, S. acutus is more frequent, while in protected waters and potholes with mucky substrates, S. tabernaemontani is typical. Wetland Edatopic Grid Soil Nutrient Regime A B C D E F Site conditions for Wm05 and Wm06 overlap. S. acutus dominates on sites with alkaline mineral soils, greater wave eposure, or pronounced surface drying. Where marshes are heavily grazed by Muskrat, S. acutus is often favoured over Typha latifolia because it stores nutrients in the root mass and recovers more rapidly from grazing. Soil Moisture Regime VM W VA MA SA N Ak ph VW St Sl Mo Dy VD Hydrodynamic Inde Chapter 5.3 Marshes 113