TABLE Distribution of Flood Site Associations by biogeoclimatic zone

Transcription

1 Chapter 5.7 Flood associations 177 TABLE Distribution of Flood Site Associations by biogeoclimatic zone BG BWBS SBPS PP SWB ESSF ICH IDF MS SBS CDF CWH MH Fl01 Mountain alder Common horsetail Fl02 Mountain alder Red-osier dogwood Lady fern w Fl03 Pacific willow Red-osier dogwood Horsetail Fl04 Sitka willow Red-osier dogwood Horsetail w Fl05 Drummond s willow Bluejoint Fl06 Sandbar willow Fl07 Water birch Rose h Fm01 Cottonwood Snowberry Rose Fm02 Cottonwood Spruce Red-osier dogwood Fm03 Cottonwood Subalpine fir Devil s club w Fl50 Sitka willow False lily-of-the-valley Fl51 Red alder Salmonberry Horsetail Fm50 Cottonwood Red alder Salmonberry oc = incidental; < 5% of flood sites = minor; 5 25% of flood sites = major; >25% of flood sites w = wet/very wet subzones only h = warm/hot subzones only oc = not on outer coast (hypermaritime)

2 TABLE Flood Species Importance Table Species Fl04 Fl05 Fl06 Fl03 Fl07 Fl01 Fl02 Trees Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa yz y Picea X y y Abies lasiocarpa Alnus rubra Picea sitchensis Shrubs Sali sitchensis yzzzz y Sali drummondiana yz yzzzz Sali eigua yzzzz y Sali lucida y yzzzz Betula occidentalis yzzzz Sali bebbiana yz Alnus incana y y yzzz y yzzzz yzzzz Cornus stolonifera yzz yzzzz yz y yzz Lonicera involucrata yz yzz yz yzz Rosa woodsii yzz Rosa nutkana y Symphoricarpos albus yz Acer glabrum y Rosa acicularis y Oplopana horridus Rubus parviflorus y Viburnum edule y Sambucus racemosa y yz Rubus spectabilis Ribes bracteosum Herbs Calamagrostis canadensis y yzzz y y y and Equisetum arvense yzz y yzz y yzzz yzz Dwarf Equisetum hyemale yzz Shrubs Athyrium fili-femina y yz yzz Urtica dioica y yzz Heracleum maimum y yz yz Matteuccia struthiopteris yzzz Poa pratensis yz Osmorhiza berteroi Pyrola asarifolia Actaea rubra y Gymnocarpium dryopteris yz y Circaea alpina y Streptopus ampleifolius y y Aster subspicatus Stachys meicana Elymus glaucus Maianthemum dilatatum Mosses Brachythecium spp. y yz y and Mnium spp. y y yz yz Lichens Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus 178 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

3 Fl01 Mountain alder Common horsetail Alnus incana Equisetum arvense General Description Mountain alder Common horsetail low benches are common throughout the Interior at elevations below 1500 m. They occur on gravel or sand bars adjacent to relatively high-gradient creeks and streams that can have a flashy flood regime. Flood events are short during annual spring flooding and occur occasionally during summer storms. Alnus incana is the dominant shrub and forms a continuous canopy on most sites. The understorey can be well developed or sparse depending on recent flood history, but Equisetum arvense usually persists. The moss layer is often very sparse or absent because of high litterfall and recurring sediment deposition. Soils are coarse-tetured, often gravelly, Cumulic Regosols and Rego Gleysols. Characteristic Vegetation Tree layer ( ) Shrub layer ( ) Alnus incana, Lonicera involucrata Herb layer ( ) Athyrium fili-femina, Equisetum arvense, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Heracleum maimum Moss layer ( ) Brachytheciumspp., Mnium spp. Wetland Edatopic Grid Comments Soil Moisture Regime M VM W VW Soil Nutrient Regime A B C D E F In wetter subzones, Alnus incana stands that occur on fine-tetured soils usually have an abundance of Athyrium fili-femina or Matteuccia struthiopteris and are described by the Fl02. Alder sites are replaced by willowdominated Site Associations, such as the Fl05,on lower-gradient streams where fine-tetured soils and longer flooding create conditions more favourable to willows. 180 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

4 Chapter 5.2 Fens 79 TABLE Distribution of Fen Site Associations by biogeoclimatic zone BG BWBS SBPS PP SWB ESSF ICH IDF MS SBS CDF CWH MH Wf01 Water sedge Beaked sedge i Wf02 Scrub birch Water sedge Wf03 Water sedge Peat-moss Wf04 Barclay s willow Water sedge Glow mosss Wf05 Slender sedge Common hook-moss Wf06 Slender sedge Buckbean Wf07 Scrub birch Buckbean Shore sedge Wf08 Shore sedge Buckbean Hook-moss Wf09 Few-flowered spike-rush Hook-moss Wf10 Hudson Bay clubrush Red hook-moss Wf11 Tufted clubrush Star moss Wf12 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Marsh-marigold Wf13 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Shore sedge Wf50 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Peat-moss Wf51 Sitka sedge Peat-moss Wf52 Sweet gale Sitka sedge s Wf53 Slender sedge White beak-rush s = incidental; < 5% of wetlands = minor; 5 25% of wetlands = major; >25% of wetlands i = inland areas only s = southern subzones only

5 TABLE Fen Species Importance Table Species Wf01 Wf02 Wf03 Wf04 Wf05 Wf06 Wf07 Wf08 Shrubs Betula nana yzzz y yzzz Sali barclayi yzzzz Sali pedicellaris yz y y yzz y Spiraea douglasii Myrica gale Herbs Care utriculata yzzz yz y y yz and Care aquatilis yzzz yzz yzzz yzz yz yz Dwarf Comarum palustre y yz y y y yzz y Shrubs Calamagrostis canadensis y yzz Care lasiocarpa yzzzz yzzzz y Menyanthes trifoliata yzzz yzzz yzz Care limosa y yzz yzzz Care chordorrhiza y yz y Eleocharis quinqueflora Trichophorum alpinum Trichophorum cespitosum Eriophorum angustifolium y y y y Caltha leptosepala y y Care anthoanthea Equisetum fluviatile y y y y Care magellanica Care sitchensis y y yz yz Rhynchospora alba Care livida Eriophorum chamissonis Vahlodea atropurpurea Drosera anglica y Hypericum anagalloides Triantha glutinosa y Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Fauria crista-galli Senecio triangularis yz y Andromeda polifolia y y Kalmia microphylla Oycoccus oycoccos y Triglochin maritima y y Drosera rotundifolia Leptarrhena pyrolifolia y Platanthera dilatata y Sanguisorba canadensis y Utricularia intermedia y Viola palustris Lichens Sphagnum Group I y yz yzz yz and Aulacomnium palustre yz yz yzz Mosses Drepanocladus spp. yz y yzz yz yz yz Sphagnum Group II yz yz y Tomentypnum nitens yzz yz y yz y Philonotis fontana y yz Calliergon stramineum Scorpidium spp. y yzz y Campylium stellatum y y Warnstorfia spp. y yz y Meesia triquetra y y 80 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

6 Wf09 Wf10 Wf11 Wf12 Wf13 Wf50 Wf51 Wf52 Wf53 Common Name y scrub birch Barclay s willow y bog willow yz pink spirea yzzzz yz sweet gale y y beaked sedge yz y yz water sedge y yz y marsh cinquefoil y y y y bluejoint reedgrass yz y yzzz slender sedge yzzz yz y buckbean yz yzz yz yzz shore sedge yzz cordroot sedge yzzzz few-flowered spike-rush yzzzz Hudson Bay clubrush yzzzz yz tufted clubrush yz yz yzzzz yzzz yzzzz y narrow-leaved cotton-grass y yzz yz white mtn. marsh-marigold y yellow-flowered sedge swamp horsetail yz poor sedge y yzzzz yzzz Sitka sedge y yzz white beak-rush y pale sedge y Chamisso s cotton-grass y y mountain hairgrass yzz y y great sundew bog St. John s-wort yz y y y sticky asphodel y great bulrush yz deer-cabbage arrow-leaved groundsel yz bog-rosemary y yz western bog-laurel yz y bog cranberry yz seaside arrow-grass y y round-leaved sundew y y leatherleaf saifrage y y fragrant white rein orchid y y Sitka burnet y flat-leaved bladderwort y marsh violet y y yz yzz yzz peat-moss Group I y yz yz y y glow moss yz y y hook-mosses y yz yz yzz peat-moss Group II yz yz y golden fuzzy fen moss y yz spring moss y yz y straw spear-moss y yzz sausage-moss yzzz yzzz y yellow star-moss y y hook-mosses y three-ranked hump-moss Chapter 5.2 Fens 81

7 Wf11 Tufted clubrush Star moss Trichophorum cespitosum Campylium stellatum General Description The Tufted clubrush Star moss Fen Site Association is scattered throughout the Interior at middle to subalpine elevations, most commonly in regions underlain with base-rich parent materials. These fens occur on level and gently sloping, groundwater-fed peatlands that are permanently saturated but rarely inundated. Sites have smooth, ribbed, or slightly hummocked topography and any depressions are water-filled. Trichophorum cespitosum and Campylium stellatum are constant dominants and occur mainly on drier microsites. Menyanthes trifoliata and calcium-encrusted Scorpidium scorpioides and Scorpidium revolvens are commonly found in very shallow pools. Most sites have a distinct dense and tenacious turfy peat. Deep peat is typical (to 5 m) but occasionally thin peat veneers occur. Fibrisols and Mesisols are typical soil types. Characteristic Vegetation Tree layer ( ) Shrub layer ( ) Herb layer ( ) Care limosa, Eriophorum angustifolium, Menyanthes trifoliata, Trichophorum cespitosum Moss layer ( ) Campylium stellatum, Sphagnum Group II Comments Soil Nutrient Regime A B C D E F The Wf11 occurs where etremely high ph limits the availability of phosphorous, making these sites nutrient-poor even though they have an abundance of cations.tufted clubrush dominated wetlands are also found in regions underlain by base-poor granitic parent material, such as coastal British Columbia, where phosphorus is also limited.these communities lack minerotrophic site indicators and have a Sphagnum-dominated moss layer. Tufted clubrush Peat-moss ecosystems (Wb52) are very common in coastal British Columbia but several sites have been observed in interior locations where the local geology is of igneous intrusive origin (e.g., Monashee Ranges). Soil Moisture Regime VM W VA MA SA N Ak ph VW Wetland Edatopic Grid St Sl Mo Dy VD Hydrodynamic Inde 92 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

8 Chapter 5.2 Fens 79 TABLE Distribution of Fen Site Associations by biogeoclimatic zone BG BWBS SBPS PP SWB ESSF ICH IDF MS SBS CDF CWH MH Wf01 Water sedge Beaked sedge i Wf02 Scrub birch Water sedge Wf03 Water sedge Peat-moss Wf04 Barclay s willow Water sedge Glow mosss Wf05 Slender sedge Common hook-moss Wf06 Slender sedge Buckbean Wf07 Scrub birch Buckbean Shore sedge Wf08 Shore sedge Buckbean Hook-moss Wf09 Few-flowered spike-rush Hook-moss Wf10 Hudson Bay clubrush Red hook-moss Wf11 Tufted clubrush Star moss Wf12 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Marsh-marigold Wf13 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Shore sedge Wf50 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass Peat-moss Wf51 Sitka sedge Peat-moss Wf52 Sweet gale Sitka sedge s Wf53 Slender sedge White beak-rush s = incidental; < 5% of wetlands = minor; 5 25% of wetlands = major; >25% of wetlands i = inland areas only s = southern subzones only

9 TABLE Fen Species Importance Table Species Wf01 Wf02 Wf03 Wf04 Wf05 Wf06 Wf07 Wf08 Shrubs Betula nana yzzz y yzzz Sali barclayi yzzzz Sali pedicellaris yz y y yzz y Spiraea douglasii Myrica gale Herbs Care utriculata yzzz yz y y yz and Care aquatilis yzzz yzz yzzz yzz yz yz Dwarf Comarum palustre y yz y y y yzz y Shrubs Calamagrostis canadensis y yzz Care lasiocarpa yzzzz yzzzz y Menyanthes trifoliata yzzz yzzz yzz Care limosa y yzz yzzz Care chordorrhiza y yz y Eleocharis quinqueflora Trichophorum alpinum Trichophorum cespitosum Eriophorum angustifolium y y y y Caltha leptosepala y y Care anthoanthea Equisetum fluviatile y y y y Care magellanica Care sitchensis y y yz yz Rhynchospora alba Care livida Eriophorum chamissonis Vahlodea atropurpurea Drosera anglica y Hypericum anagalloides Triantha glutinosa y Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Fauria crista-galli Senecio triangularis yz y Andromeda polifolia y y Kalmia microphylla Oycoccus oycoccos y Triglochin maritima y y Drosera rotundifolia Leptarrhena pyrolifolia y Platanthera dilatata y Sanguisorba canadensis y Utricularia intermedia y Viola palustris Lichens Sphagnum Group I y yz yzz yz and Aulacomnium palustre yz yz yzz Mosses Drepanocladus spp. yz y yzz yz yz yz Sphagnum Group II yz yz y Tomentypnum nitens yzz yz y yz y Philonotis fontana y yz Calliergon stramineum Scorpidium spp. y yzz y Campylium stellatum y y Warnstorfia spp. y yz y Meesia triquetra y y 80 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

10 Wf 05 Slender sedge Common hook-moss Care lasiocarpa Drepanocladus aduncus General Description Slender sedge Common hook-moss fens are common throughout the Interior at elevations below 1400 m. These fens occur on peat flats surrounding small lakes and ponds or in infilled palustrine basins. Prolonged shallow surface flooding and continual surface peat saturation are typical. Care lasiocarpa and Drepanocladus aduncus are constant dominants. Other large water sedges, such as C. aquatilis and C. utriculata, are also common. There can be a very sparse shrub cover of Sali pedicellaris, S. candida, or Betula nana. The moss layer is usually well developed but is occasionally absent. Hookmosses usually dominate with occasional inclusions of other brown mosses. Deep peat deposits are common but some sites may occur on thin organic veneers. Mesisols are the most common soil type but Humisols and Fibrisols also occur. Characteristic Vegetation Tree layer ( ) Shrub layer ( ) Herb layer ( ) Care aquatilis, C. lasiocarpa, C. utriculata Moss layer ( ) Drepanocladus aduncus Comments Some Wf 05 sites are marsh-like with deep flooding, low diversity, and virtually no moss layer.the related Wf 06 occurs on floating mats with a more equable water regime and hummock/hollow topography. Slendersedge fens (Wf 05, Wf 06) occur in locations similar to the Wf 01 but seem to represent sites with longer surface saturation and more basic soil water. Similar sites in coastal areas are described by the Wf53. Soil Moisture Regime VM W VW Wetland Edatopic Grid Soil Nutrient Regime A B C D E F VA MA SA N Ak ph St Sl Mo Dy VD Hydrodynamic Inde 86 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

11 Chapter 5.4 Swamps 125 TABLE Distribution of Swamp Site Associations by biogeoclimatic zone BG BWBS SBPS PP SWB ESSF ICH IDF MS SBS CDF CWH MH Ws01 Mountain alder Skunk cabbage Lady fern w Ws02 Mountain alder Pink spirea Sitka sedge w Ws03 Bebb s willow Bluejoint Ws04 Drummond s willow Beaked sedge Ws05 MacCalla s willow Beaked sedge Ws06 Sitka willow Sitka sedge w Ws07 Spruce Common horsetail Leafy moss Ws08 Subalpine fir Sitka valerian Common horsetail Ws09 Black spruce Skunk cabbage Peat-moss w Ws10 Western redcedar Spruce Skunk cabbage Ws11 Spruce Subalpine fir Skunk cabbage w Ws50 Pink spirea Sitka sedge w Ws51 Sitka willow Pacific willow Skunk cabbage Ws52 Red alder Skunk cabbage Ws53 Western redcedar Sword fern Skunk cabbage Ws54 Western redcedar Western hemlock Skunk cabbage Ws55 Yellow-cedar Mountain hemlock Skunk cabbage = incidental; < 5% of wetlands = minor; 5 25% of wetlands = major; >25% of wetlands w = wet subzones only = very dry subzones only

12 TABLE Swamp Species Importance Table Species Ws03 Ws04 Ws05 Ws02 Ws06 Ws07 Ws08 Ws01 Trees Picea X yzzz yzzz yz Picea mariana Abies lasiocarpa y yzzzz y Tsuga heterophylla Thuja plicata Picea sitchensis Alnus rubra Acer macrophyllum Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Tsuga mertensiana Abies amabilis Shrubs Sali bebbiana yzzzz Sali drummondiana yzzz Sali maccalliana yzzzz Alnus incana yzz yzzz yz yz yzzzz Lonicera involucrata yz y y y y yzz y yz Spiraea douglasii y yzz y yzz Cornus stolonifera yz y y y Vaccinium alaskaense/ovalifolium y Sali sitchensis y yzzzz Sali lucida Rubus spectabilis Sambucus racemosa Gaultheria shallon Ribes bracteosum Elliottia pyroliflorus Herbs Calamagrostis canadensis yzzz yz yzz yzz yz y y yz and Care aquatilis/sitchensis yzz yzz yzzzz yzzz y Dwarf Care utriculata yz yzz yzzz y yz Shrubs Gymnocarpium dryopteris y y y Valeriana sitchensis yzz Scirpus microcarpus yz Equisetum arvense yzz y yzz yzzzz yzzz yz Lysichiton americanus y yzzzz Athyrium fili-femina y yzzz Tiarella trifoliata y y Streptopus lanceolatus Maianthemum dilatatum Oenanthe sarmentosa Polystichum munitum Equisetum telmateia Blechnum spicant Veratrum viride y Fauria crista-galli Mosses Drepanocladus spp. yzz and Mnium spp. yz y yz yz y yzzz yzzz yzz Lichens Aulacomnium palustre y yz yzz yzz Sphagnum spp. Hylocomium splendens yzz Pleurozium schreberi yz y Eurhynchium praelongum Rhytidiadelphus loreus 126 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification

13 Sitka willow Sitka sedge Ws06 Sali sitchensis Care sitchensis General Description Sitka willow Sitka sedge swamps are uncommon at low elevations in the Coast and Mountains, Nass Basin, and wet subzones of the Southern Interior Mountains and Sub-Boreal Interior. These sites are usually associated with fluvial systems or linked basins and eperience prolonged saturation and brief early-season flooding. Sali sitchensis dominates Ws06 sites. The herb layer is primarily Care sitchensis and Equisetum arvense. Other large sedges and forbs are also common. On some sites, particularly those under shade, Scirpus microcarpus replaces C. sitchensis as the site dominant. The moss layer is poorly developed. Gleysols derived from fluvial materials are the most common soil type. On some sites, sedge peat is layered in fluvial deposits. Characteristic Vegetation Tree layer ( ) Shrub layer ( ) Alnus incana, Sali sitchensis Herb layer ( ) Calamagrostis canadensis, Care sitchensis, C. utriculata, Equisetum arvense, Scirpus microcarpus Moss layer ( ) Mnium spp. Comments Wetland Edatopic Grid Soil Nutrient Regime A B C D E F Adjacent communities are often Wm01 or Wm02 marshes or low bench flood communities.this Site Association is similar to the Ws04 and Ws02; the former occurs in drier subzones and the latter on more active floodplain sites. Sitka willow is well adapted to fluvial sites; twigs and branches have brittle bases that readily break during flood events.these whips will readily root in mineral soils. Soil Moisture Regime VM W VA MA SA N Ak ph VW St Sl Mo Dy VD Hydrodynamic Inde Chapter 5.4 Swamps 133