DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF OVER-VOLTAGE AND UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTIVE DEVICE WIT.H REMOTE CONTROL

Transcription

1 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF OVER-VOLTAGE AND UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTIVE DEVICE WIT.H REMOTE CONTROL BY LABARAN RILWAN YUNUSA 2005/22045EE A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MINNA. NOVEMBER, 2010

2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF.. ~ OVER-VOLTAGE AND UNDER- VOLTAGE PROTECTIVE DEVICE WITH REMOTE CONTROL BY LABARAN RILWAN YUNUSA MATRIC NO: 2005/22045EE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING; SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING NOVEMBER, 2010

3 DEDICATION This project report is dedicated to Almighty Allah, who has sustained and maintained my life up till this very moment; and also my parents who have helped me fight this battle from the very beginning to where I am right now.

4 DECLARATION I, LABARAN RlL WAN YUNUSA, declare that this work was done by me and has never been presented elsewhere for the award of a degree; I also hereby relinquish the copyright to the Federal University of Technology, Minna. LABARAN RILW AN YUNUSA NAME OF STUDENT ENGR. J.G KOLO NAME OF SUPERVISOR SIGNATURE AND DATE SIGNATURE AND DATE ~bv,g'l:~ ENGR. A. G. RAJI '\ \ ak: l;~ ~ ~ ~ME OFEXTELE{r:( (G SIGNATURE AND DATE Y SIGNATURE AND DATE jj

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincerest gratitude goes to Almighty Allah for His Mercies, Glories, Love and Care bestowed on me, throughout the duration of my academics. I am so grateful to my much-loved Mum; Hajiya Rakiya Labaran and also my Dad; Alhaji YUllusa Labaran who deprived themselves the basic necessities of life and have bypassed all stumbling blocks just to see me through my academic pursuit. I wish to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Engr. J.G Kolo for his time and patience, Sir, you are one in a million. I wished I had known you earlier. My special thanks go to my beloved family and friends: Maryam Labaran, Ummadeedat Labaran, Zaajirah Labaran, Hameedah Labaran, Idris Labaran, Abdul/ahi Labarall, Hassana Mamud, Dalhat T. Dalhat, Adamu Shuaibu, Hamza Ibrahim, Akor Onubi for giving me the Whims and Caprices to proceed and not give up. RILW AN Y LABARAN iii

6 ABSTRACT This project is aimed and strictly targeted for the purpose of detecting voltage variations and fault conditions in the mains supply. When the voltage goes over a preset value or below a preset value, the electrical appliance or equipment disconnects from the mains. This appliance switches on again whenever the voltage falls within the accepted or tolerance range, it also generates sound whenever power resumes from an outage before switching on. This design provides cheap and reliable protection to equipment and appliances. iv

7 LIST OF.FIGURES Page Fig 1.1 block diagram of overvoltage and under-voltage protective device 3 Fig 2.1 signal diode connected backwards 12 Fig 2.2 circuit symbol of a 555 timer 16 Fig 2.3 outputs of 555 timers 17 Fig 2.4 standard protection diode connected backwards 17 Fig 3.1 rectifier/filter stage 18 Fig 3.2 remote transmitter 19 Fig 3.3 remote receiver 19 Fig 3.4 under-voltage protection 21 Fig 3.5 over-voltage protection 21 Fig timer connected in mono-stable mode 24 Fig 3.7 remote transmitter 25 Fig 3.8 over-voltage and under-voltage protective device 25 Fig 4.1 the complete casing 29 v

8 Table of Contents Dedication.... Declaration... ii Acknowledgement Abstract iii iv List offigures... v Table of Contents... vi Chapter One: Introduction General Introduction..., Aim of the project Scope of the Study Sources of Materials Methodology.... Chapter Two: Literature Review Historical Development Field of the Invention Background ofthe Invention The Highs and Lows of voltage...: Effects of under-voltage Effects of over-voltage How Under-voltage affect electrical appliances Rules of thumb for high and low voltage Relays , Protection Diodes for relays Overload Protection Relay II 2.6 Applications of Relays... II 2.7 Relays and Transistors compared Advantages of relays vi

9 2.72 Disadvantages of relays Snubbers RC Snubbers Diode Snubbers The 555 timer Inputs of555 timers outputs of555 timers Relay Coils and other inductive loads Chapter three: Design Procedure System's Monitoring Stage Voltage Grading Rectifier/Filter stage Remote Control stage Over-Voltage and Under-Voltage detection stage Under-Voltage detection Over-Voltage detection Relay and Load stage Sound Generation Stage Operation ofovervoltage and Under-voltage Protective Device Chapter four: Construction, Testing and Packaging Soldering Results Tabulation Packaging...: Chapter five: Conclusion and Recommendation Conclusion Recommendations References vii